Classification of diseases of cns
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CNSCNSwww.freelivedoctor.com
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CNS• Normal
– Neurons
– Glia
• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Ependymal Cells
• Microglia
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Classical Disease Patterns
• Degenerative
• Inflammatory
• Neoplastic
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Classical CNS Disease Patterns
• Degenerative
• Inflammatory
• Neoplastic
• Traumatic
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CELLULAR REACTIONS
• Neurons– Acute (RED neuron, karyolysis)– Subacute, chronic, cell loss, gliosis– Axonal– Inclusions (lipid, prot., carb., viruses)
• Glia, “gliosis”– Swelling– Fibers– Inclusions
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ACUTE NEURONAL INJURY
“RED” NEURONSwww.freelivedoctor.com
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CEREBRAL EDEMA(normal weight 1200-1300 grams)
• Vasogenic (disrupted BBB)–Intravascular INTER-cellular
• Cytotoxic INTRA-cellular
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CEREBRAL EDEMA
• Subfalcine (SUPRA-tentorial)
• Cingulate (TENTORIAL)
• Cerebellar tonsilar (SUB-tentorial, or INFRA-tentorial)
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• DDX:– EVERYTHING
• SYMPTOMS– HEADACHE
– HALLUCINATIONS
– COMA
– DEATH
CEREBRAL EDEMA
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HYDROCEPHALUS
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HYDROCEPHALUS
• Impaired RESORPTION• Increased PRODUCTION• OBSTRUCTION• COMMUNICATING (entire)• NON-COMMUNICATING (part)• HIGH Pressure• NORMAL Pressure
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CNS MALFORMATIONS
• Neural Tube– Anencephaly, Encephalocele, Spina Bifida
• Forebrain– Polymicrogyria, Holoprosencephaly, Agenesis of Corpus
Callosum
• Posterior Fossa (Infratentorial)– Arnold Chiari (infratentorial herniation, SMALL PF), Dandy-
Walker (cerebellar cyst, LARGE PF)
• Syringomyelia/Hydromyelia
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SPINA
BIFIDA
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POLYMICROGYRIA
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HOLOPROSENCEPHALYwww.freelivedoctor.com
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SYRINGOMYELIA
(note “SYRINX”)
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PERINATAL Brain Injuries
• Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage• Intraventricular hemorrhage (premies)• Periventricular “leukomalacia” (i.e., infarcts)
• Cerebral “Palsy” refers to nonprogressive diffuse cerebral pathology apparent at childbirth
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CNS TRAUMA• Skull Fractures
• Parenchymal Injuries
• Traumatic Vascular Injury
• Sequelae
• Spinal Cord Trauma
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BRAIN TRAUMA
• Contusion (bruise)
• Laceration (tear)
• Coup/Contre-Coup
• Concussion
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“HAIRLINE” “DEPRESSED”, aka
“DISPLACED”www.freelivedoctor.com
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HEMATOMAS/HEMORRHAGE
• EPIDURAL (fx)• SUBDURAL (trauma NO fx)• SUBARACHNOID (arterial, no trauma)• INTRAPARENCHYMAL (any)• INTRAVENTRICULAR (no trauma, rare in
adults, common in premies)
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EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
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SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
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SUBARACHNOID www.freelivedoctor.com
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INTRAPARENCHYMALwww.freelivedoctor.com
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INTRAPARENCHYMAL www.freelivedoctor.com
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INTRAVENTRICULAR
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CNS TRAUMA SEQUELAE
• Hydrocephalus (WHY?)
• Dementia (Punch Drunk Syndrome)
• Diffuse Axonal Injury (white matter)
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SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
• Parallels BRAIN patterns of injury on a cellular basis
• Usually secondary to spinal column displacement
• Level of injury mirrors motor loss: Death Quadriplegia Paraplegia
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Cerebrovascular Diseases (CVA, “Stroke”)
• Ischemic (↓ blood and 02)– Global– Focal (regional): – ACUTE: edema neuronal
microvacuolization pyknosis karyorrhexis neutrophils
– CHRONIC: macrophages gliosis
• Hemorrhagic (rupture of artery/aneurysm)
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THROMBOTIC
MCA
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HEMORRHAGIC
ACA
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A) EDEMA
B) “RED” NEURONS
C) POLYs
D) MONO’s (MACs)
E) GLIOSIS
Histopathologic progression of CNS infarcts
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HYPERTENSIVE CVA
• Intracerebral
• Basal Ganglia Region
(lenticulostriate arteries of internal capsule, putamen)
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HYPERTENSIVE CVA
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LACUNAR INFARCTSwww.freelivedoctor.com
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“SLIT” HEMORRHAGE(s)www.freelivedoctor.com
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SUBARACHNOIDHEMORRHAGE
• Rupture of large intracerebral arteries which are the primary branches of the anatomical circle (of Willis)
• Congenital (“berry” aneurysms)• Atherosclerotic (atherosclerotic aneurysms,
or direct wall rupture)
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HYPERTENSIVEENCEPHALOPATHY
• ACUTE– Headaches– Confusion– Anxiety– Convulsions
• CHRONIC– Dementia (MID, Multi-Infarct-Dementia)– Gait Disturbances– Basal Ganglia symptoms
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CNS INFECTIONS• ACUTE MENINGITIS
• ACUTE FOCAL SUPPURATIVE
• CHRONIC BACTERIAL
• VIRAL
• FUNGAL
• OTHER
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INFECTIONS• Meningitis (generally* bacterial)
– E. coli, Strep B (neonates)– H. influenzae (children)– Neisseria meningitidis (adults)– Strep. pneumoniae, Listeria (elderly)– PMNs in CSF, INCREASED protein, REDUCED glucose
• Encephalitis (generally viral)– Arboviruses, HSV, CMV, V/Z, polio, rabies, HIV– Lymphs and macrophages in perivascular “Virchow-Robbins”
spaces
• Meningoencephalitis
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ACUTE FOCAL SUPPURATIVECNS INFECTIONS
• CEREBRAL ABSCESSES– Local (mastoiditis, sinusitis)– Hematogenous (tooth extraction, sepsis)– Staph, Strep– Often fibrous capsule, liquid center
• SUBDURAL EMPYEMA (IN SINUSITIS)
• EXTRADURAL ABSCESS (IN OSTEOMYELITIS)
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SUBDURAL EMPYEMAwww.freelivedoctor.com
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CHRONIC BACTERIALMeningo-encephalits
• TB, brain and meninges
• SYPHILIS, gummas in brain
• LYME DISEASE (Neuro-Borreliosis)
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TUBERCULOMAwww.freelivedoctor.com
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VIRALMeningo-encephalitis
• ARBO VIRUSES (West Nile, Equines, Venez., many more)• HSV1• HSV2• V/Z• CMV• POLIO• RABIES• HIV• Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (JC)• Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (Measles)
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VIRAL
ENCEPHALITIS
PERIVASCULAR
LYMPHOCYTIC
“CUFFING”
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Bitemporal encephalitis is HSV until proven otherwise!
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HSV = TEMPORAL lobe(s)www.freelivedoctor.com
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PERIVASCULAR
GIANT CELLS
in WHITE MATTER in
HIV
ENCEPHALITIS
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PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY (PML)
• JC Polyoma virus is the cause
• Primarilly affects oligodendocytes
• Ergo, demyelination is the main feature
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Demyelination and gliosis
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PMLwww.freelivedoctor.com
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SUBACUTE SCLEROSINGPANENCEPHALITIS (SSPE)
• VERY rare since measles eradicated
• Thought to be caused by measles virus
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FUNGALMENINGO-ENCEPHALITIS
• CRYPTOCOCCUS• CANDIDA
• ASPERGILLIS• MUCOR
(Mostly in immunocompromised hosts)
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CRYPTOCOCCUS
MICROABSCESSES
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OTHERS• MALARIA
• TOXOPLASMOSIS (in HIV)
• AMEBIASIS
• TRYPANOSOMES
• RICKETTSIAE
• ECHINOCOCCUS
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CNS IICNS IIwww.freelivedoctor.com
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PRION DISEASES• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)• Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syn. (GSS)• Fatal familial insomnia• Kuru, human variety• Scrapie (sheep and goats)• Mink transmissible encephalopathy• Chronic wasting disease (deer and elk)• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
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PRION DISEASES:common features
• Infectious agents with apparently no DNA
• DEMENTIA
• Prion Protein (PrP) accumulation• “SPONGIFORM” changes in neurons and glia
• TRANSMISSIBLE, FATAL, NO Rx
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PRION PROTEINNormally found in humans
Exact structure known, 208 amino acids
Specific chromosome, #20, specific genes also known
Requires a conformational change to accumulate and do damage
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CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)
• 1 per million incidence, 7th decade
• Sporadic cases, not epidemic
• Transmitted!• Familial cases well documented• Rapidly progressive dementia• Grey Matter• Cerebellar ataxia also, usually• FATAL, no treatment known, like ALL prion
diseases
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DEMYELINATING DISEASES• MS (MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS)• MS variants
• ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ADEM)
• ACUTE NECROTIZING HEMORRHAGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ANHE)
• Many, many, many others. Remember: DEMYELINATION is a NON-SPECIFIC reaction to MANY types of CNS injury
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MS• Cause: ?• USA prevalence: 1:1000 • F>>M, Ages: 30’s, 40’s• Immune response primarily against CNS myelin (white
matter)• Regional area of white matter demyelination is called
“PLAQUE”• Increased CSF gamma globulin, i.e., oligoclonal bands• Often presents with VISUAL problems• EXACERBATIONS/REMISSIONS
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PLAQUES, MS
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CNS DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
• CORTEX (dementias)
• BASAL GANGLIA and BRAIN STEM (parkinsonian)
• SPINOCEREBELLAR (ataxias)
• MOTOR NEURONS (muscle atrophy)
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CNS DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
• CORTEX (dementias)– ALZHEIMER DISEASE– Frontotemporal– Pick Disease (also primarily frontal)– Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)– Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD)– Vascular Dementias (MID)
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ALZHEIMER DISEASE• Commonest cause of dementias (majority)
• Sporadic, 5-10% familial
• CORTICAL (grey matter) ATROPHY• NEURITIC PLAQUES (extraneuronal)
• NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES (intraneuronal)
• AMYLOID!!!
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Neuritic plaques Neuritic plaques, stained with anti- beta amyloid immunostain
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OTHER CORTICAL DEMENTIAS(tau gene/protein, tau-opathies)
• FRONTOTEMPORAL• PICK DISEASE (LOBAR ATROPHY)• PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY
(PSP)• CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION (CBD)• VASCULAR DEMENTIA (MID)
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VASCULAR DEMENTIA
• Associated with multiple infarcts, hence the name MID (Multiple Infarct Dementia)– Lacunar infarcts– Cortical microinfarcts– Multiple embolic infarcts
• SECOND commonest form of dementia after Alzheimer
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CNS DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
• BASAL GANGLIA and BRAIN STEM– Parkinsonism– Parkinson Disease– Multiple System Atrophy– Huntington Disease
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Parkinsonism• Is a clinical “syndrome”, NOT a disease
– Diminished facial expression – Stooped posture– Slowness of voluntary movement– “Festinating” gate (short, fast)– Rigidity (cogwheel), intention tremor– “Pillrolling” tremor
• The above clinical findings involve pathology of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, and include:– PARKINSON DISEASE
– MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY– POSTENCEPHALIC PARKINSONISM– PSP, CBD (cortical disorders)
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PARKINSON DISEASE
• PALLOR of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (and LOCUS COERULEUS)
• LEWY BODIES (alpha-synuclein protein)
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LOCUS COERULEUS in PONS
(CERULEUS)www.freelivedoctor.com
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PARKINSON DISEASE
• Parkinsonism symptoms, i.e.,– cogwheel rigidity– intention tremor
• Progressive• Hallucinations• Dementia• Symptomatic response to L-DOPA
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MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY
• MSA• WIDE SPECTRUM of diseases• GLIAL CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
(GCIs) in oligodendrocytes (alpha synuclein)
• Clinically,– parkinsonism symptoms – autonomic dysfunction
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HUNTINGTON DISEASE
• Classical familial, genetic disease
• Progressive motor loss and dementia
• “chorea”, i.e. “jerky” movements
• Progressive, fatal• Atrophy of basal
ganglia, i.e., corpus striatum
Cortical (basal ganglia) atrophy
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CNS DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
• SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATIONS (ATAXIAS)– Spinocerebellar ataxias
– Friedrich Ataxia
– Ataxia-Telangiectasia
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SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATIONS
• Cerebellar cortex• Spinal cord• Peripheral nerves
• FEATURES:– ATAXIA (loss of extremity muscle
coordination)– SPASTICITY– NEUROPATHIES
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CNS DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
• MOTOR NEURONS– ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, i.e., Lou Gehrig’s disease)
– BulboSpinal Atrophy (Kennedy Syndrome)
– Spinal Muscular Atrophy
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Unknown etiology• Progressive muscle atrophy due to motor neuron
loss (lower, upper)• 5-10% familial• Lou Gehrig had it, so does Steven Hawking• Hand weakness diaphragm• Anterior horn cells reduced and gliotic
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ALS, DEMYELINATION IN CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS
ALS, pathologic changes in anterior horn cells
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GENETIC METABOLIC DISEASES
• NEURONAL STORAGE DISEASES– (classical autosomal recessive enzyme deficiencies)
• “LEUKO”-DYSTROPHIES– (abnormal “myelin” synthesis)
• MITOCHONDRIAL ENCEPHALOPATHIES– (mitochondrial gene mutations)
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LEUKODYSTROPHIES
• Krabbe
• Metachromatic-
• Adreno-
• Pelizaeus-Merzbacher
• Canavan
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ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLICCNS DISEASES
• Vitamin B1 deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff)• Vitamin B12 deficiency (vibratory sense)• Diabetes Increased/Decreased GLUCOSE• Hepatic Failure (NH4+)• CO (Cortex, hippocampus, Purkinje cells)• CH3-OH, Methanol (Retinal ganglion cells)• CH3-CH2-OH (acute/chronic, direct/nutrit’l)• Radiation (Brain MOST resistant to Rad. Rx.)• Chemo (Methotrexate + Radiation)
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128 Hz
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CNS TUMORS• GLIOMAS
– Astrocytes (I, II, III, IV)
– Oligodendroglioma– Ependymoma
• NEURONAL (neuroblastoma)
• POORLY DIFFERENTIATED (medulloblastoma)
• MENINGIOMAS• LYMPHOMAS• METASTATIC
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CNS TUMORS• SYMPTOMS?
– Headache– Vomiting– Mental Changes– Motor Problems– Seizures– Increased Intracranial Pressure–ANY localizing CNS abnormality
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CNS TUMORS• History• Physical• Neurologic exam• LP (including cytology)• CT• MRI• Brain angiography• Biopsy
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CNS TUMORS• Benign? Malignant?, Primary vs. met?• Location?• Age?• X-ray Density? MIR signals?• Calcifications?• Vascularity?• Necrosis? • Liquefaction?• Edema?• Compression of neighbors?
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GLIOSIS vs. GLIOMA• Age?• White vs. Grey Matter?• Gross texture?• Vascularity?• Mitoses? • (N/C, Pleomorphism, Hyperchromasia)• Calcifications?• Cysts?• Satellitosis?• Delineation?
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MENINGIOMAS• Occur where dura is• Very vascular• BENIGN, but….• Can invade skull, etc.• Only invade (displace) brain in areas adjacent to dura, i.e.,
parasagittal, falx, tentorium, venous sinuses• Small, firm, and well defined like a SUPERBALL• Often (usually?) have PSAMMOMA bodies
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METASTATIC CNS TUMORS
• LUNG• BREAST• MELANOMA• KIDNEY• GI
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“PARA”NEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
• SMALL CELL, LUNG
• LYMPHOMAS• BREAST CA
• Purkinje Cell Degeneration
• Encephalitis, Limbic System
• Sensory Neuron Degeneration, DRG
• Eye Movement Disorders
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FAMILIAL TUMOR SYNDROMES
• NF1– Neurofibromas– Gliomas
• NF2– Schwannomas– Meningiomas
• Tuberous Sclerosis, i.e., CNS and somatic “hamartomas”
• Von-Hippel-Lindau, CNS hemangioblastomas, chiefly cerebellar
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