Classification of Bones
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Classification of Bones
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Classification of BonesBones are identified by:
1. ShapeA. Long bonesB. Short bonesC. Flat bonesD. Irregular bones
2. Internal tissuesA. Compact -Strong able to bear
weightB. Spongy – Light, less dense
3. Bone markings
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Internal Tissues
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
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Long Bones
• Are typically longer then they are wide
• All of the limbs, except the wrist and ankle bones.
• Mostly compact
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Flat Bones• Are thin, flattened and
usually curved
• Found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula
• Have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
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Flat Bones
• The parietal bone of the skullFigure 6–2b
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Sutural Bones• Are small, irregular bones• Are found between the flat bones of the skull
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Irregular Bones • Have complex shapes • Do not fit one of the other categories• Examples:
Vertebrae Pelvis
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Short Bones• Are small and thick• Cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone• Examples:
Carpals
Tarsals
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Sesamoid (ses’ah-moyd) Bones
Special type of short bone
- Form within tendons- Best known example is the patella
- Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet
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The Axial Skeleton
Eighty bones segregated intothree regions
1. Skull2. Vertebral column3. Bony thorax
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Vertebral Column
Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae)
Cervical vertebrae7 bones of the neck
Thoracic vertebrae 12 bones of the torso
Figure 7.13
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Vertebral Column
Lumbar vertebrae 5 bones of the lower back
Sacrum bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones
Figure 7.13
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Cervical Vertebrae: The Atlas (C1)
The atlas – Has no body and no spinous process
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Cervical Vertebrae: The Axis (C2)
• The axis has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae
Figure 7.16c
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Sacrum and Coccyx
• The sacrum– Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape
the posterior wall of the pelvis
• Coccyx (Tailbone)– The coccyx is made up of four (in some cases three
to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum
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Sacrum and Coccyx
Figure 7.18a
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Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)• The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs
and the sternum
• Functions– Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs,
and great blood vessels– Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs– Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest,
and shoulder muscles
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Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
Figure 7.19a
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Sternum (Breastbone)
• A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax
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Ribs• There are twelve pair of ribs forming the flaring sides
of the thoracic cage
• All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
• The superior 7 pair (true ribs) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages
• Ribs 8-10 (false ribs) attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage
• Ribs 11-12 (floatingribs) have no anterior attachment
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Ribs
Figure 7.19a
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Appendicular Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles
• Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk
• Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
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Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
• The pectoral girdles consist of the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae
• They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement
• They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs
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Clavicles (Collarbones)
They provide:
1. attachment points for numerous muscles
2. act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body
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The Upper Limb
• The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm and hand.
• Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb.
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Arm
• The humerus is the sole bone of the arm
• It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow
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Forearm
The bones of the forearm are the 1. Radius2. Ulna
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• The ulna lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius
• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus
Ulna
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Hand
• The wrist contains 8 bones
• The palm contains 5 bones
• Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called phalanges.
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Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
Figure 7.27a
Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs
The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones and together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis
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Femur
• The sole bone of the thigh
• Largest and strongest bone in the body
Figure 7.28b
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Tibia• Receives the weight of
the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
FibulaSticklike bone that does not bear weight
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Calcaneus
• Forms the heel of the foot
• Point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles