Classification & KingdomsDecember 7, 2013

Nancy DowJill Hansen

Tammy Stundon

Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium

5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard

Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428

850-769-1551 877-873-7232

www.gulfcoast.edu

Biology Partnership

(A Teacher Quality Grant)

Pre-testQ and A board

What is a dichotomous key?

How is all life grouped?

How do you represent the diversity of animals?

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

• SC.912.L.15.6* Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (MODERATE)

• SC.912.L.15.4* Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. (HIGH)

• SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. (HIGH)

(Also assessed SC.912.N.1.3, and SC.912.N.1.6.)

Item Specs

Benchmark Clarifications– Students will classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics

of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms.– Students will identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are

hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships.– Students will identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how

organisms are classified.– Students will identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g.,

through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations).

– Students will identify examples of scientific inferences are made from observations.

Content Limits – Items referring to distinguishing characteristics of living organisms are

limited to the domains of Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya and the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

– Items will not require specific knowledge of organisms classified in any domain or kingdom; items should describe the characteristics of an organism and assess its classification.

– Items may refer to prokaryotic, eukaryotic, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms, autotrophs, and/or heterotrophs, but they will not assess the definition of those terms.

– Items referring to changes in classification systems should be conceptual and will not require specific knowledge of those changes.

– Items may address evolutionary classification, phylogeny, and the use of cladograms, but they may not assess the definition of those terms.

– Items assessing a scientific claim are limited to the classification of organisms.

Stimulus Attribute Scenarios addressing scientific inferences are limited to classification.

Response Attributes Responses in item referring to scientific claims and scientific inferences should be specific to the context of the item instead of generic statements.

From 5 Kingdoms to 6

►

One Kingdom was split into 2 – which one?

Kingdom Monera – which contained ALL bacteria

Why? – We’ll learn why today a little later

6 Kingdom Foldable• Match up the ends of your paper as if

you doing a hamburger fold…DO NOT FOLD YOUR PAPER!

• Use your pencil to make a light mark on the inside of your paper.

• Shutter fold… fold you paper in on both side and let them meet in the middle of your paper

• Fold each side

• Using a ruler (share) you will make a tiny mark every 7 ½ cm

• Draw lines across your shutters where you made your marks at every 7 ½ cm.

• On the inside draw a line down the middle of your paper. This will give you an idea on the space you will have

for your information.

• You will then cut the lines on the shutters, but be sure not to cut the back side of your foldable( this will

give you three tabs on each side of your foldable).

Kingdom Foldable

Topics to include: • Domain

• Reproduction

• Single/multi celled

• Membrane/wall

• Obtain/use energy

• Examples

Simpler version

• Use what works for you

On each tab, at the top, you will write each kingdom on the tabs shown

ARCHAEBACTERIA

FUNGI

ANIMALIAPLANTAE

PROTISTA

EUBACTERIA

Old Way of Thinking

5. K: Protists K: Fungi K: Plant K: Animal

PROKARYOTE

5. K: Monera

4. BF & sexual

3. ribosomes

2. linear DNA

plasma membrane

3. membrane bound nucleus

2. Circular DNA

3. Little to no ‘true’ organelles

1. Smaller (µm) 1. larger (nm)

EUKARYOTE

Students need to include topics!

1. Size

2. Shape of DNA

3. Presence of organelles

5. Kingdoms

4. Means of reproduction

4. Binary Fission

New View• 90’s Carol Woese

established a significant difference within bacteria to warrant 2 separate kingdoms

Eubacteria: peptidoglycan present in cells walls

Archaobacteria: no peptidoglycan

www.comicvine.com 

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

(Monera)

Bacteria have a biomass greater than that of all the plants and animals on earth. They thrive in a variety of habitats including arctic ice, volcanic vents, and the human intestine.

The two Prokaryote Kingdoms

Both: • 1st living forms on Earth • Lack a nucleus• Reproduce by binary fission • Singled-celled• Autotrophic (photo and chemosynthesis) and

heterotrophic• Lack nuclei, mitochondria and other membrane –bound organelles• live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats

Eubacteria – bacteria in less extreme environments; StreptococcusArchaebacteria - live in extreme environments; boiling water, no

oxygen, acid, hydrothermal vents; Cyanobacteria such as Stomatolites

Protista

• Protista means 1st; first with a nucleus (Eukaryotic)• Singled-celled • Autotrophic (photosynthetic)

/heterotrophic

Ameba

Fungus• Multicellular• Nucleus (Eukaryotic)• Cell wall made of Chitin• Heterotrophic; excrete digestive enzymes than filaments absorb the nutrients• Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (spores)

Paramecium

•Binary fission (asexual)•Sexual but only under stress

Filaments magnified

The Eukaryotes

Plants• Multicelluar

• Nucleus

• Autotrophic (photosynthetic)

– Chlorophyll

• Cell wall with cellulose

• Sexual reproduction with little asexual

Animals• Multicellular• Nucleus• Heterotrophic• Trend to only sexual reproduction

Platypus

The Eukaryotes….

Kingdom Manipulative

• Use manipulative to give students

practice with kingdoms

THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Chordata

Mammalia

Artiodactyla

Giraffidae

Giraffa

Giraffa camelopardalis

The official scientificname is a combination of the Genus and Species terms.

Ours: Keep Panama

City

On

Florida’s

Good

Side

Come up with a mnemonic device toremember the sequence! Report back to us…

ClipThe science of

classification is called

taxonomy

Biological Classification

1.Assign a universally accepted name to each organism (Latin)

2. Place organism into groups that have biological meaning • Based on similarities in structures mainly• Many scientist are pushing for a complete DNA grouping; more detailed/precise but a “closest gets more messy before it gets organized affect.”

8th century – Carolus Linnaeus developed a naming system

System called binominal nomenclature; printing of the scientific name is the Genus & species.

Presentation is important!• Underline or italicized • Only the genus is capitalized. Ex: Acer rubrum These characteristics can be placed into a dichotomous key, a key to help others to identify a species

Canis lupus familiarisGenus species subspecies

10 minutes!!

Don’t be late for the

Dichotmous Key Activity

Dichotomous Key

2 formats:

1.Tree

2.Sentences

Example - Of the class

Go out and find 5 tree leaves!

The Dichotomous Key to Holiday Giving and Community Service!

Dichotomous Key to the Family Faveo 1 a. Can be used as a source of nutrition ------------- Go to 2 b. Cannot be used as a source of nutrition --------- Go to 7 2 a. Made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------- Go to 3b. Not made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------Go to 6

3a. A colonial candy ------------------ Chocolatus nomelticusb. A unicellular candy ----------------------------------- Go to 4

Potato Chip Taxonomy

Important to review the details of testing the key; easy for some to become confused.

-Colored pages may help

THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE

BACTERIA ARCHAEA Protists Plants Fungi Animals

EUKARYA

Common ancestor of all life on earth

Each tip branches out further to represent all species on earth today.

An evolutionary tree with a branch for each of the millions of species on earth would be incredibly complex.

Animals

HOW TO READ AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE

Fish Bird Human Rat Mouse

Common ancestor of mice and rats

Common ancestor of mice, rats, and humans

Common ancestor of mice, rats, humans, and birdsCommon ancestor of

mice, rats, humans, birds, and fish

Tim

e

At this point, a speciation event occurred and the ancestral species split into two species. This shows which groups are closely related, not which ones are more primitive or advanced.

Which is more closely related?

Various types of evolutionary trees

No matter the style of tree, all represent possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms and relationships.

Construct your own!

Other Dichotomous Resources

http://webworldwonders.firn.edu/cameras/keys/sa/tree.html

Ferguson Foundation- interactive lessons

Follow up

•Q & A

•Post Test