ClassificatioClassificationn

grouping of grouping of different types of different types of organisms based organisms based

upon similarities in upon similarities in structure and structure and evolutionary evolutionary relationships relationships

WHY CLASSIFY?WHY CLASSIFY?

In order to more easily study the In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of living organisms unity and diversity of living organisms in an organized manner, biologists in an organized manner, biologists classify organismsclassify organisms

This means that they group This means that they group organisms together based on their organisms together based on their common characteristicscommon characteristics

Physical structurePhysical structure is often the primary is often the primary basis for biological classification basis for biological classification

Early classificationEarly classification

Animals & PlantsAnimals & PlantsWith the discovery of the With the discovery of the MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE in the 1600’s in the 1600’s many new organisms were many new organisms were discovereddiscoveredThis was the basis for the This was the basis for the change in the classification change in the classification system system

BIONOMIAL BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

Carolus LinneausCarolus Linneaus devised binomial devised binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

(2 names in Latin) Genus-Species (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species ex. scientific name of humans ..... ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo Homo sapienssapiens

HomoHomo is the genus name .... is the genus name .... sapienssapiens is is the species namethe species name

Both have to be printed in italics or underlinedBoth have to be printed in italics or underlined -Genus is -Genus is ALWAYSALWAYS capitalized capitalized

MODERN CLASSIFICATION MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:SYSTEM:

KINGDOMKINGDOM PHYLLUMPHYLLUM CLASSCLASS ORDERORDER FAMILYFAMILY GENUSGENUS SPECIESSPECIES

HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:

KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUPGOOD SOUP

KINGDOMS:KINGDOMS:

The 6 Kingdom System is The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following criteria: based on the following criteria:

1. Presence or absence of a 1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membranenuclear membrane

2. 2. UniUnicellularity versus cellularity versus multimulticellularity cellularity

3. Type of 3. Type of nutritionnutrition

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria most primitive and often live in most primitive and often live in

extreme environments extreme environments LIVE IN UNUSUALLY LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH HARSH

ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS unicellular and no nucleus unicellular and no nucleus This is the Proposed 6This is the Proposed 6thth KINGDOM KINGDOM

There are 3 types: There are 3 types: salt lovingsalt loving, , heat lovingheat loving & & methane lovingmethane loving

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Monera bacteriabacteria and and blue green algaeblue green algae have a primitive cell structure have a primitive cell structure no organized nucleus or nuclear no organized nucleus or nuclear

membrane membrane Three basic types of bacteriaThree basic types of bacteria Coccus-Coccus- Baccillus-Baccillus- Spirillum-Spirillum-

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista Predominately unicellular organisms with Predominately unicellular organisms with

plant or animal-like characteristics plant or animal-like characteristics examples include examples include protozoaprotozoa and all and all algaealgae

except the blue-green except the blue-green have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane Classification of ProtistsClassification of Protists:: Most protozoa are Most protozoa are

motilemotile (CAN MOVE) and are divided into (CAN MOVE) and are divided into phyla based on their means of phyla based on their means of LOCOMOTIONLOCOMOTION

Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists Often animal like Protists are called Often animal like Protists are called

PROTOZOAPROTOZOA They can live in fresh or salt water, in the They can live in fresh or salt water, in the

soil, or in the bodies of other organismssoil, or in the bodies of other organisms

Plant-like Protists:Plant-like Protists: Plant-like Protists are commonly called Plant-like Protists are commonly called

ALGAEALGAE They contain chloroplasts and are They contain chloroplasts and are

therefore therefore AUTOTROPHICAUTOTROPHIC

SpirogyraSpirogyra

plant-like Protists that contains plant-like Protists that contains thread-like filaments of thread-like filaments of chloroplastschloroplasts

They may reproduce asexually by They may reproduce asexually by MITOSIS or sexually by MITOSIS or sexually by CONJUGATIONCONJUGATION

Plant and Animal like Plant and Animal like ProtistsProtists

The EuglenaThe Euglena:: exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like

characteristicscharacteristics contains chloroplasts, which are involved in contains chloroplasts, which are involved in

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS contains a contains a flagellumflagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION, which is used for LOCOMOTION euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

depending on the environmentdepending on the environment In a In a light environmentlight environment euglena would be euglena would be

AUTOTROPHICAUTOTROPHIC In a In a dark environmentdark environment the euglena would be the euglena would be

HETEROTROPHICHETEROTROPHIC

KINGDOM KINGDOM FUNGIFUNGI

examples include yeasts, molds, and examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms mushrooms

cells are usually organized into cells are usually organized into branchedbranched, multinucleate , multinucleate filamentsfilaments which which absorbabsorb digested food from the digested food from the external environment external environment

Mushrooms are made up of a network Mushrooms are made up of a network of tubes called of tubes called HYPHAEHYPHAE

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae multicellular - possess multicellular - possess chloroplastschloroplasts and and cell wallscell walls make their own food - make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS Reproduce sexually – can be asexualReproduce sexually – can be asexual Vascular plants are more advanced - they have Vascular plants are more advanced - they have

evolved specialized tissues, evolved specialized tissues, xylemxylem, which is , which is involved in structural support and water involved in structural support and water conduction, and conduction, and phloemphloem, which functions in food , which functions in food conductionconduction

Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an inch or two in height because they do not have inch or two in height because they do not have adequate support, which is provided by vascular adequate support, which is provided by vascular tissues to other plants, to grow biggertissues to other plants, to grow bigger

ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia multi-cellular organisms which multi-cellular organisms which

ingest their food – ingest their food – HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

Reproduce sexuallyReproduce sexually

VirusesViruses not classified in a kingdom not classified in a kingdom contain genetic material (contain genetic material (DNADNA) but ) but lack lack

cell structurescell structures only carry on the life function of only carry on the life function of

reproductionreproduction They must have a They must have a hosthost (another living (another living

organism) to be able to reproduce organism) to be able to reproduce This causes This causes diseasedisease in the host (Ex: in the host (Ex:

colds, rabies, AIDS, flu) colds, rabies, AIDS, flu)

Papillomavirus is a DNA virus that causes warts

Bacteriophages invade the host cell, take over the cell, and begin replicating viruses, eventually lysing or bursting the host cell, releasing the new viruses to infect additional cells

POLIO VIRUS