Classification and

Kingdoms

PhylogenyIs the study of the

evolutionary history of a species...

how it developed over time.

Phylogenetic Tree Example

How are living organisms organized?

•They are grouped into categories according to their similarities

TaxonomyThe science of

classifying organisms

according to their natural

relationships.

Carolus Linnaeus( 1707 - 1778 )

Swedish naturalist, devised the system we still use today. It uses two names

to identify each species

All Organisms were classified

and given a Scientific Name

He placed structurally

similar animals into groups he called species

Linnaeus grouped

similar species into a larger

category called a genus

( plural: genera )

He grouped similar

genera into a still-larger category called a family

Families make up larger groups called orders.

Orders make up larger groups called classes.

Classes make up larger groups called phyla. (singular: phylum)

Phyla make up the largest group called a Kingdom.

In KingdomsPlantae and Fungi ....

the second-largest group is called a

Division instead of a Phylum.

8 Level System of Classification of Living

Things (In order from Largest to Smallest)

•Domain•Kingdom•Phylum•Class•Order•Family•Genus•Species

How can anyone ever remember all of these names --

AND in the correct order ???

How can anyone ever remember all of these names --

AND in the correct order ???There’s a secret to it!

If you can remember the

following sentence, you can remember all of

these groups too!

Dashing King Phillip

Came Over For Great Spaghetti

Domains• Today Scientists have added a new

group called Domains. There are 3 domains: Eukarya

Archaea Eubacteria• Domains are larger than Kingdoms so

we now can add DASHING King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti !

Members of a species can

reproduce and create offspring which are also

capable of reproducing.

A horse and a donkey can mate and produce

offspring. However, the offspring

(called a mule) is sterile and cannot reproduce.Therefore, horses

and donkeys belong to different

species.

Binomial Nomenclatur

e

System of Scientific Naming =

Binomial means “two

names.”Nomenclature means “a system of naming.”

Scientific Name =Genus species•Written in LATIN

•Always Written in Italics or underlined

•Genus is always written with a CAPITAL letter

•species is always written with a LOWER CASE letter

Your genus is Homo and your species is sapiens; therefore, your scientific

name is Homo sapiens.

Your COMMON NAME is Human

You are a member of :Homo sapiens.

You are a multicellular mobile

heterotroph

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Classification of Man:

We named ourselves after our ability to

think

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primata

Family: Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Species: sapiens

Examples of Scientific

Names and their Common Names

Alligator mississippiensis

Alligator mississippiensis

American Alligator

Dichotomous Key

A written set of opposite choices that is used to

identify a species

Does the organism have spines?

If “Yes” continue, if “No” skip to question 114.Does the organism have five

appendages (legs)?If “Yes” continue, if “No” skip to

question 21.

Dichotomous Key Example

6 Kingdom

s

There are:

1. - Archaebacteria2. Eubacteria3. - Protista4. - Fungi5. - Plantae6. - Animalia

EXAMPLESand

CHARACTERISTICS

EuBacteria= Bacteria (Domain)

Eubacteria Unicellular ProkaryoteCell walls are made of peptidoglycan. (sugar)

ArchaebacteriaDomain Archaea

• Prokaryotes• Unicellular• Live in extreme environments like

hot springs, the dead sea and places with no oxygen. ( Thermophiles, Halophiles, methanogens)

• Cell walls DO NOT contain peptidoglycan.

Protista =

Protozoans and Algaes

Protista = Unicellular Eukaryote Mobile and Non-Mobile Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Fungi = Mushrooms Molds and Yeasts

Fungi = Multicellular Eukaryote Non-Mobile Heterotroph

Plantae = Oak Trees and Roses etc...

Plantae = Multicellular Eukaryote Non-Mobile Autotroph

Animalia = Sponges, HumansGrasshoppers, Catsetc...

Animalia = Multicellular Eukaryote Mobile Heterotroph