CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSIFICATION
Why Classification?* Study the diversity of life
* Group and name organisms in a logical manner
Taxonomy: science of classifying living
and creating scientific names
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Early ClassificationAristotle: 350 B.C.* Greek philosopher who classified organisms into two kingdoms: Plants or Animals
Plants: size and structuresAnimals: behavior and habitat
* What might be some problems with his system?
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http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/bio2000/biomovies/e20_1int.html
Video Clip
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Linneaus: Mid 1700s: developed a new
classification system
His system grouped organisms based on morphology (physical appearance)
Created 7 taxonomic levels
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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Linnaeus’ Taxonomic levels
7 taxonomic levels (taxon=category) :
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Phrase to remember order of levels:King Phil Came Over For Good Soup
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7 Taxonomic levelsCan be compared to our address system
Kingdom (broadest)----- CountryPhylum -------------------- StateClass----------------------- CountyOrder -------------------- CityFamily -------------------- Zip CodeGenus -------------------- StreetSpecies (most specific)- House #
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Leopard
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Human TaxonomyKingdom Animalia -many cells (multicellular)
-cells have a nucleus - don't have any chlorophyll
Phylum Chordata -had NOTOCHORD. That's a rod made
out of cartilage. Class Mammalia -warm blooded
-nurse young-hair
Order Primata -eyes on the front of the head
Family Hominidae -walk upright-no tail-s shaped spine
Genus Homo
Species sapien
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GROUP NAME
ORGANISM
HUMAN CHIMPANZEE HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animali
a Animalia
PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordat
eArthropod
aCLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mamm
al Insect
ORDER Primates Primates Carnivor
aCarnivor
a Diptera
FAMILY Hominidae
Hominidae Felidae Felida
e Muscidae
GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca
SPECIES sapiens troglodytes
domestica leo domestica
Scientific Name
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodyte
s
Felis domestic
aFelis leo
Musca domestica
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What is a Species?
Group of similar organisms that reproduce NATURALLY, with consistent pregnancies, and create FERTILE offspring
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Binomial NomenclatureScientific Names
Scientists avoid using common names to prevent confusion because they vary from region to region. Blue Jay Blue JayEastern Blue Jay Western Blue Jay
Cyanocitta cristata Cyanocitta stellari
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Binomial NomenclatureScientific Names
2 part naming system that consists of genus and species.
Rules for writing scientific names:Genus: first word - first letter capitalizedSpecies: second word - lowercaseBoth are underlined or italicized
EX: Homo sapiens : Human beingsSialia sialis: Eastern Bluebird
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North American Pocket MicePergonathus californicusFound in CaliforniaPergonathus nelsoniDiscovered by someone named NelsonPergonathus spinatusHas prickly fur
Common Factors-Same genus, different species, so would produce infertile offspring.
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Review
What are the eight characteristics of life?Living things are made of cellsMust reproduceSame genetic codeMust grow and developMust obtain energyMust respond to environmentMust maintain homeostasisMust adapt and evolve
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Review
What are the 7 taxonomic levels in order from most general to most specific?KingdomPhlyumClassOrderFamilyGenus Species
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Review
Who created the classification system that is currently in use?
Linnaeus
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Review
The two name scientific naming system for organisms is called ____________.
Binomial nomenclature
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Review
Which taxon comes first in a scientific name?
Genus
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Review
How should you format the scientific name?
Genus- capitalizedSpecies-lower caseEither underline or italicize
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Modern Classification
Problems with traditional system: focused only on morphology (appearance)
Modern Criteria for Classification uses: *Morphology/Anatomy
*Development *DNA Comparison- DNA sequences*Evolutionary descent
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Dichotomous Key
Tool for classifying unknown organismsUses 2 sets of descriptors, known as coupletsSteps:Always start at #1Follow couplets based on organism’s
characteristics
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1) Peacock Flounder
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2) Spotted Goat Fish
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3) Glassy Sweeper
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4) Squirrel Fish
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5) Spotted Eagle Ray
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6) Band Tail Puffer
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7) Spotted Moray Eel
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8) Glass Eyed Snapper
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9) Trumpet Fish
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Rajidaeskates
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AlopiidaeThresher Shark
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PristophorideaSaw Shark
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CarcharhinidaeTiger Sharks
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ScyliorhinidaeCat Shark
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RhincodontidaeWhale Shark
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IsuridaeMackerel Sharks
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SqualidaeDogfish Sharks
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DasyatidaeStingrays
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ScapanorhynchidaeGoblin shark
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PseudotriakidaeFalse Cat sharks
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Hexanchidaecow sharks
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SphyrnidaeHammerhead shark
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MobulidaeManta Ray
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Evolutionary ClassificationCladistics: the science of grouping organisms based on evolutionary descent, not just morphology.
Cladogram: a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Derived character: characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in the older members. Used to build cladograms.
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Cladogram
www.biologycorner.com/cladogram/cladogram_2.htm#
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Cladogram Practice
Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. Match the letter to its character. Note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives.
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To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish the characteristics that they share and ones that are unique o each group. For the animals on the table, indicate whether the characteristic is present or not.