Classical Theory of WarClassical Theory of War

Battle of Yarmouk (636)

Early Islamic expansion

Status of Jihad during Al Khulafa ar RashidunStatus of Jihad during Al Khulafa ar Rashidun• The succession of the Prophet: 632-661

Abur Bakr (632-34)Umar (634-644)Uthman (644-656)Ali (656-661)

• Jihad or Arab imperialism?

• Muslims are the majority of the population by 825 CE in Iran, 900 in Egypt, Iraq and Syria.

- Jihad and Daw’a

• Emergence of the Kharijis: (under the second imamate) - puritan- takfiri- jihad against Muslims- obligation of religious murder

• The 4th caliph, Ali declared jihad againt the Kahrijis and was murdered in Kufa in 661.

Abu Bakr

Uthman

Khariji Mosque, Tunisia

Professional Armies and the Professional Armies and the Requirement of JihadRequirement of Jihad

• Emergence of the concept of “Fard al-kifayah” (Shaf’i (767/820)

• Land tax (Kharaj) on the argument that the land belongs to God and therefore to the whole Muslim community

Ottoman armies

Abbasid armies

Classical Jurists on JihadClassical Jurists on Jihad

• The four schools and their divergences on Jihad (dates are for the deaths of the respective founders)

- Shafi’i (820)- Maliki (795) - Hanbali (855)- Hanafi (767)

Abu Hanifa Mosque (Baghdad)

Ahmad bin Hanbal Mosque (Sharjah, UAE)

Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi’i (Egypt)

Dar al Harb/Dar Al IslamDar al Harb/Dar Al Islam

• Is missionary warfare classical Jihad?

• Different treatment for Ahl Al Kitab (considered as Ahl Al Dhimma) and for the polytheists

• Ambiguity of the verse of Qu’ran 9:29:

“You shall fight back against those who do not believe in GOD, nor in the Last Day, nor do they prohibit what GOD and His messenger have prohibited, nor do they abide by the religion of truth - among those who received the scripture - until they pay the due tax, willingly or unwillingly.”

Ibn Rushd (1128-1198)Ibn Rushd (1128-1198)

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

• Born in Cordoba to a family of judges and Maliki legal scholars.

• Wrote books on philosophy, logic, medicine, music and jurisprudence

• Became court judge and physician to Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf, who commissioned him to write commentaries on Aristotle.

• Later, Ibn Rushd was banished and his books were burned for their liberalizing tendencies. The banishment ended two years later, however.