Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own...

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Classical Realism • Aristotle – 384-322 B.C. • He was a student at Plato’s Academy • He opened his own school, The Lyceum.

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Transcript of Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own...

Page 1: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Classical RealismClassical Realism

• Aristotle– 384-322 B.C.

• He was a student at Plato’s Academy

• He opened his own school, The Lyceum.

• Aristotle– 384-322 B.C.

• He was a student at Plato’s Academy

• He opened his own school, The Lyceum.

Page 2: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Aristotle’s OntologyAristotle’s Ontology• Prime Matter

– Principle of Potentiality

• Pure Form– Principle of Actuality

• FORM and MATTER are separate concepts, but they are never found alone, but matter is prior to form.

• Prime Matter– Principle of Potentiality

• Pure Form– Principle of Actuality

• FORM and MATTER are separate concepts, but they are never found alone, but matter is prior to form.

Page 3: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

PURE FORM

Actuality

Mind Rationality Law

PURE MATTER

Potentiality

Body Materiality

Examples of

behavior

=

Page 4: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Aristotle’s Epistemology

Aristotle’s Epistemology

• The Universe is one of orderly design• All things exist according to a rational

design• All things have a rational function or

purpose.– Acorns become Oak trees, not Elm trees

• Man’s defining characteristic is Rationality. – Homo Sapiens- the rational animal.

• Syllogistic Logic– All men are mortal– Socrates is a man– Therefore, Socrates is Mortal

• The Universe is one of orderly design• All things exist according to a rational

design• All things have a rational function or

purpose.– Acorns become Oak trees, not Elm trees

• Man’s defining characteristic is Rationality. – Homo Sapiens- the rational animal.

• Syllogistic Logic– All men are mortal– Socrates is a man– Therefore, Socrates is Mortal

Page 5: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Aristotle’s Epistemology

Aristotle’s Epistemology

Material Matter Wood,nails

Formal Design Blueprint

Efficient Agent Carpenter

Final Purpose House

THEORY OF THEORY OF CASUATIONCASUATION

Page 6: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Aristotle’s AxiologyAristotle’s Axiology• The Golden Mean is described as "the smaller is to the larger, what the larger is to the whole.“

• It's also known as the Golden Section or the Divine Proportion. It divides a line in such a way as to create an ideal relationship between the parts.

• The Golden Mean is described as "the smaller is to the larger, what the larger is to the whole.“

• It's also known as the Golden Section or the Divine Proportion. It divides a line in such a way as to create an ideal relationship between the parts.

Page 7: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

• Man’s purpose is to lead a rational life of moderation.

• The “Good” life is one of avoiding extremes

• Man’s purpose is to lead a rational life of moderation.

• The “Good” life is one of avoiding extremes

Page 8: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Modern RealismModern RealismOntologyArgued against Syllogistic logic. Deductive A priori reasoning is flawed because you have TRUTH in hand before you begin.

Truth is arrived at through reason (inductive reasoning).

The Material world exists independent of human minds

OntologyArgued against Syllogistic logic. Deductive A priori reasoning is flawed because you have TRUTH in hand before you begin.

Truth is arrived at through reason (inductive reasoning).

The Material world exists independent of human minds

Francis Francis BaconBacon

Page 9: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Modern RealismModern RealismEpistomology

The scientific (inductive)method• Hypothesis• Gather evidence• Formulate Theory

Axiology• The good life is attained through

scientific skepticism. – Examine all previously accepted

knowledge.

Epistomology

The scientific (inductive)method• Hypothesis• Gather evidence• Formulate Theory

Axiology• The good life is attained through

scientific skepticism. – Examine all previously accepted

knowledge.

Francis Francis BaconBacon

Page 10: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

The IDOL of the DEN Limited experience

The IDOL of the TRIBE Follow the Majority

The IDOL of the MARKETPLACE

Current (faddish) language

The IDOL of the THEATER

Emotion

The The Four Four IdolsIdols

Page 11: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

• Absolutist- The search for “TRUTH”- True IdeasAbsolutist- The search for “TRUTH”- True Ideas• Rationalist- The search for truth is a rational process. Thus, Rationalist- The search for truth is a rational process. Thus,

to be educated, is to reason effectively.to be educated, is to reason effectively.• Subjectivist- Individuals should strive for self-realizationSubjectivist- Individuals should strive for self-realization• Character DevelopmentCharacter Development

– WisdomWisdom– Moral convictionMoral conviction– Good willGood will– LoyaltyLoyalty

• Absolutist- The search for “TRUTH”- True IdeasAbsolutist- The search for “TRUTH”- True Ideas• Rationalist- The search for truth is a rational process. Thus, Rationalist- The search for truth is a rational process. Thus,

to be educated, is to reason effectively.to be educated, is to reason effectively.• Subjectivist- Individuals should strive for self-realizationSubjectivist- Individuals should strive for self-realization• Character DevelopmentCharacter Development

– WisdomWisdom– Moral convictionMoral conviction– Good willGood will– LoyaltyLoyalty

AIMS of AIMS of EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Page 12: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

• Depth over breadth • Concepts over specific facts• Confront problems that arise from the “human condition.” • “Self-Directed” learning• Lecture to stimulate thought, not to convey information

• Depth over breadth • Concepts over specific facts• Confront problems that arise from the “human condition.” • “Self-Directed” learning• Lecture to stimulate thought, not to convey information

METHOD of METHOD of EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Page 13: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

• Materials that promote “critical thinking.”• Focus on reading and writing.• Reading materials should foster discussion of “big ideas.”• Classic works are favored because they have passed the

test of time.• Student writing should emphasize both personal

expression and clear reasoning.

• Materials that promote “critical thinking.”• Focus on reading and writing.• Reading materials should foster discussion of “big ideas.”• Classic works are favored because they have passed the

test of time.• Student writing should emphasize both personal

expression and clear reasoning.

CURRICULUMCURRICULUM

Page 14: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

• Socrates might serve as the prototype– Socratic questioning

• Teachers serve as role models– Intellectual– Moral

• An Idealist teacher tends to see teaching as a calling- more than just an occupation

• Socrates might serve as the prototype– Socratic questioning

• Teachers serve as role models– Intellectual– Moral

• An Idealist teacher tends to see teaching as a calling- more than just an occupation

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

Idealism As APhilosophy of Education

ROLE OF THE ROLE OF THE TEACHERTEACHER

Page 15: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Realism as a Philosophy of EducationRealism as a Philosophy of Education• Absolutist- Education should focus on the truth of the

natural and physical world• Empiricist- Teach students the scientific method of

problem solving by exploring the material world• Objectivist- Emphasize basic skills and basic facts-

“3Rs” There are objective skills and facts that all students should learn.

• Character Development:– Establish high standards and increased rigor and hold

students accountable– Emphasize practical knowledge that will prepare students for

the world of work

• Absolutist- Education should focus on the truth of the natural and physical world

• Empiricist- Teach students the scientific method of problem solving by exploring the material world

• Objectivist- Emphasize basic skills and basic facts- “3Rs” There are objective skills and facts that all students should learn.

• Character Development:– Establish high standards and increased rigor and hold

students accountable– Emphasize practical knowledge that will prepare students for

the world of work

Aims of Aims of EducatioEducatio

nn

Page 16: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Realism as a Philosophy of EducationRealism as a Philosophy of Education

Methods of Methods of EducationEducation

• Direct teaching techniques are preferable. • Students should be presented information in an

organized, efficient and logical format.• Given the “information overload” in today’s society, it is

important that “non-essential” learning should be eliminated.

• Students should be taught based upon their strengths and abilities.

• Scientific testing should be used to diagnose and place students in settings most appropriate to their needs

• Technology should be utilized whenever appropriate in schools

Page 17: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Realism as a Philosophy of EducationRealism as a Philosophy of Education

CurriculumCurriculum

• Curricula should be practical and usefulCurricula should be practical and useful• Curricula should concentrate on the “Basics” and avoid Curricula should concentrate on the “Basics” and avoid

fads and frills.fads and frills.• Curricula should be highly organized, correlated and Curricula should be highly organized, correlated and

aligned throughout the scope and sequence offered by aligned throughout the scope and sequence offered by schoolsschools

• Curricula should be based upon pre-established Curricula should be based upon pre-established standards and criteria. standards and criteria.

• Curricula should be “experiential” whenever possibleCurricula should be “experiential” whenever possible

Page 18: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Realism as a Philosophy of EducationRealism as a Philosophy of Education

Role of the Role of the TeacherTeacher

• A Realist teacher should be a subject matter expert.A Realist teacher should be a subject matter expert.• A Realist teachers should be able to present material in A Realist teachers should be able to present material in

an organized and systematic way.an organized and systematic way.• A Realist teacher should be able to explain the lesson A Realist teacher should be able to explain the lesson

objectives in a way that is understandable to the learner.objectives in a way that is understandable to the learner.• A Realist teacher should be able to effectively assess A Realist teacher should be able to effectively assess

students in such a way that all students are challenged students in such a way that all students are challenged and motivated to learn.and motivated to learn.

• A Realist teacher should understand current research A Realist teacher should understand current research and technology and be able to utilize it in the classroom.and technology and be able to utilize it in the classroom.

Page 19: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

PragmatismPragmatism

• A 20th Century Philosophy• Often considered to be the “American”

philosophy– William James– George Herbert Mead– John Dewey

• A 20th Century Philosophy• Often considered to be the “American”

philosophy– William James– George Herbert Mead– John Dewey

Page 20: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- Percepts & ConceptsWilliam James- Percepts & Concepts

Page 21: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- Percepts & ConceptsWilliam James- Percepts & Concepts

Page 22: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- Percepts & ConceptsWilliam James- Percepts & Concepts

Page 23: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- Percepts & ConceptsWilliam James- Percepts & Concepts

Page 24: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- Percepts & ConceptsWilliam James- Percepts & Concepts

Page 25: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- ConceptsWilliam James- Concepts

Page 26: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- PerceptsWilliam James- Percepts

Page 27: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

William James- Making MeaningWilliam James- Making Meaning

Page 28: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

John Dewey – Experience and

Education

John Dewey – Experience and

Education

Page 29: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

John Dewey – Experience and

Education

John Dewey – Experience and

Education

Page 30: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

John Dewey – Experience and

Education

John Dewey – Experience and

Education

Page 31: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

John Dewey – Experience and

Educationp. 19

John Dewey – Experience and

Educationp. 19

The either/or of the two positions

Traditional Progressive

1 imposition from above

expression andcultivation ofindividuality

2 external discipline free activity

3 learning from text/teachers

learning throughexperience

4 acquire them as means ofby drill

attaining ends which makedirect vital appeal

5 prepare for remote future

make most of present opportunities

6 static aims and materials

awareness of changing world

Page 32: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

OntologyOntology

• “What is real?” This is not a useful question.Human beings process perceptions through our senses and construct concepts or ideas. Reality is being constantly constructed through our experiences.

• “What is real?” This is not a useful question.Human beings process perceptions through our senses and construct concepts or ideas. Reality is being constantly constructed through our experiences.

Page 33: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

EpistemologyEpistemology

• Truth is relative to a particular time, culture, place. We learn by making meaning of our experiences. We learn by solving meaningful problems.

• Truth is relative to a particular time, culture, place. We learn by making meaning of our experiences. We learn by solving meaningful problems.

Page 34: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

AxiologyAxiology

• We derive our moral sense through the social consciousness of the human race. Through personal experience we form habits, beliefs, feelings and emotions. These are always shaped by our social world.

• We derive our moral sense through the social consciousness of the human race. Through personal experience we form habits, beliefs, feelings and emotions. These are always shaped by our social world.

Page 35: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

AimsAims

• Education is a social process and school is a form of community life. School should promote personal growth on the part of every child.

• Education is a social process and school is a form of community life. School should promote personal growth on the part of every child.

Page 36: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

MethodsMethods

• Methods should emerge from an understanding of a child’s powers and interests. A teacher should guide a child towards educative experiences that connect personal growth within community.

• Methods should emerge from an understanding of a child’s powers and interests. A teacher should guide a child towards educative experiences that connect personal growth within community.

Page 37: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

CurriculumCurriculum

• Curriculum should grow out of life experiences. It should be centered in authentic problem solving and inquiry.

• Curriculum should grow out of life experiences. It should be centered in authentic problem solving and inquiry.

Page 38: Classical Realism Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student at Plato’s Academy He opened his own school, The Lyceum. Aristotle –384-322 B.C. He was a student.

Role of the TeacherRole of the Teacher

• The teacher should be a guide, not a dispensor of information. Teachers should know their students and their subjects equally well so they can direct students towards educative experiences

• The teacher should be a guide, not a dispensor of information. Teachers should know their students and their subjects equally well so they can direct students towards educative experiences


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