Classical Greece 500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age 490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at...

Classical GreeceClassical Greece


500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age 490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at Battle of 490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at Battle of

MarathonMarathon 480 BCE – Athens and the acropolis are destroyed by 480 BCE – Athens and the acropolis are destroyed by

Persian invasion forcePersian invasion force 480 BCE – Athenian navy defeats Persian navy at 480 BCE – Athenian navy defeats Persian navy at

Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis 479 BCE – Athens and Sparta defeat Persian army at 479 BCE – Athens and Sparta defeat Persian army at

Battle of PlataeaBattle of Plataea 461 – 429 BCE Pericles rules Athens as strategos461 – 429 BCE Pericles rules Athens as strategos 431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian War between Athens & 431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian War between Athens &

Sparta – Sparta winsSparta – Sparta wins


Greeks were polytheistic – had many Greeks were polytheistic – had many gods – the 12 leading gods were known gods – the 12 leading gods were known as The Olympiansas The Olympians

The Greek gods lived upon Mt OlympusThe Greek gods lived upon Mt Olympus There were also demi-gods – half god There were also demi-gods – half god

half human (Herakles) and heroes half human (Herakles) and heroes (Achilles, Perseus, Theseus, etc).(Achilles, Perseus, Theseus, etc).

Classical GreeceClassical Greece The 12 Olympians were:The 12 Olympians were: Zeus – king of gods, god of lightning, the skiesZeus – king of gods, god of lightning, the skies Poseidon – god of the sea, waterPoseidon – god of the sea, water Hades – god of the underworldHades – god of the underworld Hera – queen of the gods, goddess of marriageHera – queen of the gods, goddess of marriage Aphrodite – goddess of love, beautyAphrodite – goddess of love, beauty Apollo – god of sun, music, archeryApollo – god of sun, music, archery Athena – goddess of wisdom, warAthena – goddess of wisdom, war Ares – god of warAres – god of war Artemis – goddess of moon, the huntArtemis – goddess of moon, the hunt Hestia – goddess of the home, the hearthHestia – goddess of the home, the hearth Hermes – messenger of the gods, medicineHermes – messenger of the gods, medicine Haphaestus – god of metalwork, the forgeHaphaestus – god of metalwork, the forge ** Dionysius – god of wine, the theater, altered states ** Dionysius – god of wine, the theater, altered states

(added to 12 later)(added to 12 later)


Key termsKey terms Agora – public squareAgora – public square Acropolis – citadel on a hillAcropolis – citadel on a hill Stoa – roofed colonnadeStoa – roofed colonnade Cella – center of the temple where statue of Cella – center of the temple where statue of

the god stoodthe god stood Strategos – literally ‘general’ but an elected Strategos – literally ‘general’ but an elected

position of power in the Athenian governmentposition of power in the Athenian government

Characteristics of Characteristics of Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art

Emotionless, expressionless facesEmotionless, expressionless faces Perfection is sought in human formPerfection is sought in human form Man is the measure of all thingsMan is the measure of all things Golden ratio used in buildings – exact Golden ratio used in buildings – exact

ratiosratios Attempt at the ideal Attempt at the ideal Man has control over nature is a themeMan has control over nature is a theme

Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art

AcropolisAcropolis c. 470-420 BCEc. 470-420 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artists: Iktinos, Kallikrates, Artists: Iktinos, Kallikrates,

Phidias, MneskilesPhidias, Mneskiles Rebuilt by Pericles after it Rebuilt by Pericles after it

was destroyed by was destroyed by PersiansPersians

Citadel on a hillCitadel on a hill

Acropolis

Athens, Greece


ParthenonParthenon 448-432 BCE448-432 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Iktinos, Kallikrates and Iktinos, Kallikrates and

PhidiasPhidias Considered most perfect Considered most perfect

building by architectsbuilding by architects Uses the Golden Ratio Uses the Golden Ratio Roof was blown off by Roof was blown off by

Venetians during war with Venetians during war with TurksTurks


Lapith and Centaur Lapith and Centaur MetopeMetope

440 BCE440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias Symbolizing the Symbolizing the

conflict between conflict between civilization and civilization and barbarianismbarbarianism


Three GoddessesThree Goddesses 438-432 BCE438-432 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias Usually identified as Usually identified as

Hestia, Dione, AphroditeHestia, Dione, Aphrodite The drapery appears wet The drapery appears wet

and hence is called – and hence is called – wet draperywet drapery


Procession of WomenProcession of Women 440 BCE440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias Physical types idealizedPhysical types idealized Concept of unity and Concept of unity and

variety – similar enough to variety – similar enough to unify the whole yet unify the whole yet different to capture the eyedifferent to capture the eye


Erechtheus, Praxithea and Their DaughtersErechtheus, Praxithea and Their Daughters 440 BCE440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias This stood above the entrance to the ParthenonThis stood above the entrance to the Parthenon Shows King Erechtheus preparing his daughters for sacrificeShows King Erechtheus preparing his daughters for sacrifice


The PropylaiaThe Propylaia 437-432 BCE437-432 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: MnesiklesArtist: Mnesikles This was the This was the

monumental entrance monumental entrance way into the acropolisway into the acropolis

Similar to Doric templeSimilar to Doric temple

Classical Greek Art – The Classical Greek Art – The Propylaia StairwellPropylaia Stairwell

Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art

ErechtheionErechtheion 421-405 BCE421-405 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: MnesiklesArtist: Mnesikles Served as temple that Served as temple that

held sacred olive tree held sacred olive tree and sacred salt water and sacred salt water poolpool

Erechtheion

Acropolis, Athens, Greece


Porch of the Caryatids Porch of the Caryatids (from the Erechtheion)(from the Erechtheion)

421 – 405 BCE421 – 405 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: MneskilesArtist: Mneskiles Temple was dedicated to Temple was dedicated to

legendary king of Athens legendary king of Athens ErechtheusErechtheus

Porch was used for public Porch was used for public speechesspeeches

Use of female figures as Use of female figures as columnscolumns


Temple of Athena NikeTemple of Athena Nike 427 – 424 BCE427 – 424 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: KallikratesArtist: Kallikrates Use of Ionic columnsUse of Ionic columns Temple dedicated to Temple dedicated to

Athena Victorious as Athena Victorious as protector of city of protector of city of AthensAthens


Kritios BoyKritios Boy 480 BCE480 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: KritiosArtist: Kritios First statue to use First statue to use

contrapposto and contrapposto and stand in true sense stand in true sense with weight shiftedwith weight shifted

Warrior A

ca. 460-450 B.C.E.

from the sea off Riace, Italy

Sculpturebronze

78 in. highFound complete because it is from an

ancient shipwreck

Zeus (or Poseidon?)

ca. 460-450 B.C.E.

from the sea off Cape Artemision, Greece

Sculpture82 in. high

Not sure which god because item is missing from his hands to identify him


Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) 450 – 440 BCE450 – 440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: PolykleitosArtist: Polykleitos Only exists in Roman Only exists in Roman

copiescopies Greeks called in the canon Greeks called in the canon

(meaning rule or measure)(meaning rule or measure) This was considered the This was considered the

best example of best example of contrappostocontrapposto. .

Late Classical Greek ArtLate Classical Greek Art

Aphrodite of Knidos or Knidian Aphrodite of Knidos or Knidian AphroditeAphrodite

350-300 BCE350-300 BCE Knidos, GreeceKnidos, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: PraxitelesArtist: Praxiteles This is a Roman copy, there This is a Roman copy, there

are many versions of this. are many versions of this. Praxiteles chose marble rather Praxiteles chose marble rather

than bronze to work inthan bronze to work in First nude monumental statueFirst nude monumental statue Blatant use of eroticismBlatant use of eroticism Early example of change from Early example of change from

Classical to HellenisticClassical to Hellenistic


Discobolus (Discus Discobolus (Discus Thrower)Thrower)

450 BCE450 BCE Olympia, GreeceOlympia, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: MyronArtist: Myron Roman copy of Greek Roman copy of Greek

bronzebronze Tribute to athleteTribute to athlete Perfection of frozen Perfection of frozen

movementmovement

Late Classical Greek ArtLate Classical Greek Art Apoxymenos (The Scraper)Apoxymenos (The Scraper) 330 BCE330 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: LysipposArtist: Lysippos Arm extending out into Arm extending out into

space for first time in space for first time in sculpturesculpture

Roman copies only existRoman copies only exist Shows an athlete scraping Shows an athlete scraping

oil from his skin with a strigiloil from his skin with a strigil


Muse and MaidenMuse and Maiden 440-430 BCE440-430 BCE Attic, GreeceAttic, Greece PotteryPottery By the Achilles PainterBy the Achilles Painter In classical era the use In classical era the use

of white backgrounds is of white backgrounds is exclusively for funerary exclusively for funerary vasesvases


Theater of EpidaurosTheater of Epidauros 350 BCE350 BCE Epidauros, GreeceEpidauros, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Polykleitos the Artist: Polykleitos the

YoungerYounger Best natural acoustics in Best natural acoustics in

the world; Greek theaters the world; Greek theaters were all built into the were all built into the sides of hills, never sides of hills, never freestanding like Roman freestanding like Roman theaterstheaters


SocratesSocrates 350 BCE350 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: LysipposArtist: Lysippos Copy of Greek bronzeCopy of Greek bronze Socrates is considered Socrates is considered

the first great the first great philosopher of the Westphilosopher of the West


PlatoPlato 350 – 340 BCE350 – 340 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: SilanionArtist: Silanion Plato is considered Plato is considered

western history’s western history’s greatest philosophergreatest philosopher

Plato was his nickname Plato was his nickname meaning “broad one”meaning “broad one”

Hellenistic GreeceHellenistic Greece 388 – 322 BCE Aristotle’s life388 – 322 BCE Aristotle’s life 360 – 336 BCE – Philip II King of Macedon begins conquest of Greece360 – 336 BCE – Philip II King of Macedon begins conquest of Greece 343 – 340 BCE – Aristotle is assigned as tutor for Alexander III343 – 340 BCE – Aristotle is assigned as tutor for Alexander III 338 BCE – Greece united under Philip II of Macedon338 BCE – Greece united under Philip II of Macedon 336 BCE – Assassination of Philip II ; Alexander III becomes king336 BCE – Assassination of Philip II ; Alexander III becomes king 334 – 330 BCE – Alexander conquers Persian Empire334 – 330 BCE – Alexander conquers Persian Empire 327 BCE – Alexander reaches India but is forced to return by troops327 BCE – Alexander reaches India but is forced to return by troops June 10, 323 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in BabylonJune 10, 323 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in Babylon 323 – 30 BCE Alexander’s Empire is split by his generals and ruled over 323 – 30 BCE Alexander’s Empire is split by his generals and ruled over

as Hellenism spreads throughout Mediterranean Worldas Hellenism spreads throughout Mediterranean World Hellenistic World includes Persia, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, parts of Hellenistic World includes Persia, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, parts of

India, Italy, southern France and southern Spain.India, Italy, southern France and southern Spain.

Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art Hellenistic Art Aspired to:Hellenistic Art Aspired to:

Show that idealism was not importantShow that idealism was not important Show that maybe humans could NOT impose Show that maybe humans could NOT impose

order on nature and the universeorder on nature and the universe Believe that perfection was NOT attainableBelieve that perfection was NOT attainable Show more truth and reality in artShow more truth and reality in art Make art more human and emotionalMake art more human and emotional

Hellenistic Art Hellenistic Art CharacteristicsCharacteristics

DramaticDramatic Violent Violent EroticErotic SpontaneousSpontaneous PassionatePassionate EmotionalEmotional

Alexander’s Hellenistic Alexander’s Hellenistic EmpireEmpire

Battle of Issus

ca. 310 B.C.E.

Pompei, Italy

Mosaic/Painting (original)

Artist: Philoxenes of Eretriatessera Mosaic

8 ft. 10 in. x 16 ft. 9 in.Shows Alexander battling the Persian Emperor

Battle of IssusDarius III

Philoxenes of Eretria

Battle of Issus (detail)Detail of Alexander.

Hellenistic ArtHellenistic Art

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great 330 BCE330 BCE Pella, MacedoniaPella, Macedonia SculptureSculpture Roman copy of bronzeRoman copy of bronze Alexander was perhaps Alexander was perhaps

the greatest military the greatest military general the world has general the world has seenseen

His empire spread His empire spread Hellenism to the eastHellenism to the east


Temple of Olympian Temple of Olympian ZeusZeus

22ndnd century BCE century BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Use of Corinthian order Use of Corinthian order

for a major temple is for a major temple is first employed herefirst employed here

Romans would prefer Romans would prefer this order to all othersthis order to all others

Choragic Monument of Lysikrates

334 B.C.E.

Athens, Greece

ArchitectureMarble

Was originally open in middle and trophy was displayed with statue

Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art

Altar of ZeusAltar of Zeus 180 – 160 BCE180 – 160 BCE Pergamon, TurkeyPergamon, Turkey ArchitectureArchitecture Finest example of existing Hellenistic architectureFinest example of existing Hellenistic architecture Sculpture on the friezes is full of movement, violence and emotionSculpture on the friezes is full of movement, violence and emotion


Athena and AlkyoneusAthena and Alkyoneus 166-156 BCE166-156 BCE Pergamon, TurkeyPergamon, Turkey Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture High relief shows play of High relief shows play of

shadows to create depthshadows to create depth Emotion and movement Emotion and movement

portrayed effectivelyportrayed effectively From Altar of ZeusFrom Altar of Zeus


Trojan Horse FriezeTrojan Horse Frieze 22ndnd – 3 – 3rdrd century CE century CE Gandhara, IndiaGandhara, India Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Greek art and themes spread all the way to India Greek art and themes spread all the way to India

because of Alexander’s triumphsbecause of Alexander’s triumphs


Nike of Samothrace (Winged Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)Victory)

200 - 190 BCE200 - 190 BCE Samothrace, GreeceSamothrace, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: Pythokritos of RhodesArtist: Pythokritos of Rhodes One of the 3 Masterpieces of One of the 3 Masterpieces of

Hellenistic art Hellenistic art Part of a monument to a naval Part of a monument to a naval

victory by Eudamos of Rhodes victory by Eudamos of Rhodes Rare instance of a monument Rare instance of a monument

and statue being found in its and statue being found in its original location – found in 1863original location – found in 1863

Captures movement of windCaptures movement of wind


LaocoonLaocoon 11stst century BCE century BCE Rhodes, GreeceRhodes, Greece SculptureSculpture Artists: Hagesandros, Artists: Hagesandros,

Athanodoros & Athanodoros & PolydorosPolydoros

One of the 3 great One of the 3 great masterpieces of masterpieces of Hellenistic ArtHellenistic Art

Extreme show of Extreme show of emotion, violence and emotion, violence and passionpassion


Aphrodite of Melos Aphrodite of Melos (Venus di Milo)(Venus di Milo)

190 – 130 BCE190 – 130 BCE SculptureSculpture Melos, GreeceMelos, Greece Artist: Alexandros of Artist: Alexandros of

AntiochAntioch One of the 3 masterpieces One of the 3 masterpieces

of Hellenistic artof Hellenistic art Erotic pose and draperyErotic pose and drapery Return to classical smileReturn to classical smile

Aphrodite, Eros and Pan

ca. 100 B.C.E.

Delos, Greece

Sculpturemarble

52 in. highDramatic movement is typical of Hellenistic Art

Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)

ca. 230-200 B.C.E.

Pergamon, Turkey

Sculpturemarble

85 in. highCaptures a more intimate moment as he melds

back into the tree

Old Market Woman

ca. 150-100 B.C.E.

Rome, Italy

Sculpturemarble

54 in. highDramatic realism and even slight eroticism

Some Roman artists continued in the Hellenistic style./tradition

Greek ArtGreek Art

The end . . . The end . . . Next Lecture . . . Next Lecture . . . The EtruscansThe Etruscans

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