Classical Era Variations: The Americas 500 BCE to 1200 CE
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Classical Era Variations:The Americas
500 BCE to 1200 CE
AP World History NotesChapter 7
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Mesoamerica
Meso = means middleMesoamerica = stretches from central Mexico to northern Central America
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The Maya
Settled the Yucatan Peninsula of present-day MexicoMayan ruins found throughout the areaNot one unified empire instead, a patchwork of city-states & kingdoms
But all city-states shared common language, culture, and so onLike: Ancient Mesopotamia and Greece!
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Mayan Religion
Religion = center of Mayan lifeBelieved in 2 levels of existence: (1) the daily physical life they lived and (2) the “Otherworld,” a spiritual world of gods, the souls of ancestors, and other supernatural creatures
Actions on 1 level could affect things on the other level
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Mayan Religion
Mayan kings = BOTH political leaders AND spiritual leaders
Performed rituals and ceremonies to satisfy the godsHuge temples and pyramids built where thousands could gather for special religious ceremonies and festivals
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Mayan Religion
Images on Mayan temples, sacred objects, and pottery = tell us a lot about their religion and their godsHuman sacrifice and bloodletting rituals = HUGE part of religious ceremonies
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Mayan Religion
Some ceremonies also included a ritual ball game = pok-a-tok Rubber balls batted back and forth across a walled court
Symbolized back & forth struggle between this world and the next
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Mayan Science
Mayan priests = excellent mathematicians and astronomersDeveloped accurate calendars used to predict eclipses, schedule religious ceremonies, and determine times to plant and harvest
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Mayan Economy
Economy = based on agriculture and tradeFarmers grew: maize, beans, squash, pumpkins, chili peppers, tomatoesFarmers brought surplus crops to open markets traded for cotton, jade, pottery, fish, deer meat, and salt
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Mayan Economy
Merchants traded throughout Mexico & Central America
Canoes used to trade along riversGoods carried by humans overland – no wheels yet; no large domesticated animals
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Mayan Writing
One of the first Native American cultures to develop a writing systemOnly within the past 25 years have we made any breakthroughs in translating Mayan writingMaya recorded: genealogy of their kings & royal families, mythology, history, ritual practices, and trade
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Collapse of the Maya
Unclear as to why the Maya collapsedPolitical disunity?Agricultural breakdown from warfare? From over-farming?Long-term drought?Malnutrition, sickness, famine, high death ratesProbably a combination of all of these factors
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Teotihuacan
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Teothihuacan
Teotihuacan = northeast of present-day Mexico CityHad about 200,000 people at its peakCity laid out on a gridFound in excavations = 600 pyramids, 2000 apartment compounds, 500 workshop areas, and a huge marketplace
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Teotihuacan
Reason for collapse = unknownProbably declined when invaded by the Toltec
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Civilizations of the Andes
South AmericaAlong Pacific coastAndes themselves = towering mountain chain with many highland valleys
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Chavin
Village called Chavin de HuantarBecame the focus of a religious movement that swept throughout the Andes region
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Chavin Religion
Major deities = represented jaguars, crocodiles, and snakes
All animals native to the Amazon basin
Shamans (priests) = used hallucinogenic cactus to connect to the supernatural worldReligious imagery seen on pottery, sculptures, temple walls, textiles, etc.
Carved figure of half-human, half-feline deity
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Moche
Dominated a 250-mile stretch of Peru’s coastIncorporated 13 river valleysGrew maize, beans, squash, and cottonFishermen harvested anchovies from the Pacific
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Moche Political System
Governed by warrior-priestsLived atop huge pyramidsUsed hallucinogenic drugs to mediate between this world and that of the godsPresided over sacrifice of human victims
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Moche Artisans
Metalworkers, potters, weavers, painters, etc.Face masks, animal figurines, and jewelry often plated in goldImages of daily life (of all classes) painted on ceramic pottery