Classes - cs.cornell.edu
35
Classes Lecture 17
Transcript of Classes - cs.cornell.edu
Classes
Lecture 17
Announcements for This Lecture
10/26/21 2Classes
• A4 Thursday at midnight§ Hopefully you are on Task 4§ That and task 5 are hardest
• Will post A5 on Thursday§ Written assignment like A2§ Needs material from Tues
• Will post A6 on Nov 2.§ Not due until November 16§ But is relevant for prelim 2!
Optional VideosAssignments
• Videos 20.1-20.8 today• Videos 20.9-20.10 next time• Also Lesson 21 next time
• Last week for regrades§ Limit them to valid issues
• We will do them eventually
Exams
Recall: Objects as Data in Folders
• An object is like a manila folder• It contains other variables
§ Variables are called attributes§ Can change values of an attribute
(with assignment statements)• It has a “tab” that identifies it
§ Unique number assigned by Python§ Fixed for lifetime of the object
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id2
x 2.0
y 3.0
z 5.0
Unique tabidentifier
Classes
Recall: Classes are Types for Objects
• Values must have a type§ An object is a value§ A class is its type
• Classes are how we add new types to Python
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id2
x 2.0
y 3.0
z 5.0
Point3
class nameClasses• Point3• RGB• Turtle• Window
Types
• int• float• bool• str
Classes
Recall: Classes are Types for Objects
• Values must have a type§ An object is a value§ A class is its type
• Classes are how we add new types to Python
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id2
x 2.0
y 3.0
z 5.0
Point3
class nameClasses• Point3• RGB• Turtle• Window
Types
• int• float• bool• str
Classes
In Python3, type and classare now both synonyms
Classes Have Folders Too
Object Folders
• Separate for each instance
Class Folders
• Data common to all instances
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id2
x 2.0
y 3.0
z 5.0
Point3id3
x 5.0
y 7.2
z -0.5
Point3
Point3
????
The Class Definition
class <class-name>(object):
"""Class specification"""
<function definitions>
<assignment statements>
<any other statements also allowed>
Goes inside a module, just
like a function definition.
class Example(object):"""The simplest possible class."""pass
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Example
The Class Definition
class <class-name>(object):
"""Class specification"""
<function definitions>
<assignment statements>
<any other statements also allowed>
Goes inside a module, just
like a function definition.keyword class
Beginning of a class definition
more on this laterSpecification(similar to one for a function)
Do not forget the colon!
to define methods
…but not often used
to define attributes
class Example(object):"""The simplest possible class."""pass
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Example
Python creates after reading the class definition
Recall: Constructors
• Function to create new instances§ Function name == class name
§ Created for you automatically
• Calling the constructor:§ Makes a new object folder
§ Initializes attributes
§ Returns the id of the folder
• By default, takes no arguments§ e = Example()
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id2id2e
Example
Example
Will come back to this
9
Instances and Attributes• Assignments add object attributes
§ <object>.<att> = <expression>§ Example: e.b = 42
• Assignments can add class attributes§ <class>.<att> = <expression>§ Example: Example.a = 29
• Objects can access class attributes§ Example: print(e.a)§ But assigning it creates object attribute§ Example: e.a = 10
• Rule: check object first, then class10/26/21 Classes
id2id2e
Example
Example
42b
29a
10
Instances and Attributes• Assignments add object attributes
§ <object>.<att> = <expression>§ Example: e.b = 42
• Assignments can add class attributes§ <class>.<att> = <expression>§ Example: Example.a = 29
• Objects can access class attributes§ Example: print(e.a)§ But assigning it creates object attribute§ Example: e.a = 10
• Rule: check object first, then class10/26/21 Classes
id2id2e
Example
Example
42b
29a
Not how usually done
11
Instances and Attributes• Assignments add object attributes
§ <object>.<att> = <expression>§ Example: e.b = 42
• Assignments can add class attributes§ <class>.<att> = <expression>§ Example: Example.a = 29
• Objects can access class attributes§ Example: print(e.a)§ But assigning it creates object attribute§ Example: e.a = 10
• Rule: check object first, then class10/26/21 Classes
id2id2e
Example
Example
42b
29a
10a
12
Invariants
• Properties of an attribute that must be true• Works like a precondition:
§ If invariant satisfied, object works properly§ If not satisfied, object is “corrupted”
• Examples:§ Point3 class: all attributes must be floats§ RGB class: all attributes must be ints in 0..255
• Purpose of the class specification10/26/21 Classes 13
The Class Specification
class Worker(object):"""A class representing a worker in a certain organization
Instance has basic worker info, but no salary information.
Attribute lname: The worker last nameInvariant: lname is a string
Attribute ssn: The Social Security numberInvariant: ssn is an int in the range 0..999999999
Attribute boss: The worker's bossInvariant: boss is an instace of Worker, or None if no boss"""
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The Class Specification
class Worker(object):"""A class representing a worker in a certain organization
Instance has basic worker info, but no salary information.
Attribute lname: The worker last nameInvariant: lname is a string
Attribute ssn: The Social Security numberInvariant: ssn is an int in the range 0..999999999
Attribute boss: The worker's bossInvariant: boss is an instace of Worker, or None if no boss"""
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Description
Invariant
Shortsummary
Moredetail
The Class Specification
class Worker(object):"""A class representing a worker in a certain organization
Instance has basic worker info, but no salary information.
Attribute lname: The worker last nameInvariant: lname is a string
Attribute ssn: The Social Security numberInvariant: ssn is an int in the range 0..999999999
Attribute boss: The worker's bossInvariant: boss is an instace of Worker, or None if no boss"""
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Warning: New format since 2019.Old exams will be very different.
Recall: Objects can have Methods
• Object before the name is an implicit argument• Example: distance
>>> p = Point3(0,0,0) # First point>>> q = Point3(1,0,0) # Second point>>> r = Point3(0,0,1) # Third point>>> p.distance(r) # Distance between p, r1.0>>> q.distance(r) # Distance between q, r1.4142135623730951
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Method Definitions
• Looks like a function def§ Indented inside class§ First param is always self§ But otherwise the same
• In a method call:§ One less argument in ()§ Obj in front goes to self
• Example: a.distance(b)
1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6. def distance(self,q):7. """Returns dist from self to q8. Precondition: q a Point3"""9. assert type(q) == Point310. sqrdst = ((self.x-q.x)**2 +11. (self.y-q.y)**2 +12. (self.z-q.z)**2)13. return math.sqrt(sqrdst)
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self q
Methods Calls
• Example: a.distance(b) 1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6. def distance(self,q):7. """Returns dist from self to q8. Precondition: q a Point3"""9. assert type(q) == Point310. sqrdst = ((self.x-q.x)**2 +11. (self.y-q.y)**2 +12. (self.z-q.z)**2)13. return math.sqrt(sqrdst)
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id2Point3
id3b
x 1.0
y
z
2.0
3.0
id3Point3
x 0.0
y
z
3.0
-1.0
id2a
Classes
Methods Calls
• Example: a.distance(b) 1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6. def distance(self,q):7. """Returns dist from self to q8. Precondition: q a Point3"""9. assert type(q) == Point310. sqrdst = ((self.x-q.x)**2 +11. (self.y-q.y)**2 +12. (self.z-q.z)**2)13. return math.sqrt(sqrdst)
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id2Point3
id3b
x 1.0
y
z
2.0
3.0
id3Point3
x 0.0
y
z
3.0
-1.0
id2a
Point3.distance 9
id3q
id2self
Classes
Methods and Folders
• Function definitions…§ make a folder in heap§ assign name as variable§ variable in global space
• Methods are similar...§ Variable in class folder§ But otherwise the same
• Rule of this course§ Put header in class folder§ Nothing else!
1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6. def distance(self,q):
….
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distance(self,q)
Point3
Methods and Folders
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Just this
Initializing the Attributes of an Object (Folder)
• Creating a new Worker is a multi-step process:§ w = Worker()§ w.lname = 'White'§ …
• Want to use something likew = Worker('White', 1234, None)
§ Create a new Worker and assign attributes§ lname to 'White', ssn to 1234, and boss to None
• Need a custom constructor10/26/21 23
Instance is empty
Classes
Special Method: __init__
def __init__(self, n, s, b):"""Initializes a Worker object
Has last name n, SSN s, and boss b
Precondition: n a string, s an int in range 0..999999999, b either a Worker or None. """self.lname = nself.ssn = sself.boss = b
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w = Worker('White', 1234, None)
id8
lname 'White'
ssn
boss
1234
None
Worker
Called by the constructor
Special Method: __init__
def __init__(self, n, s, b):"""Initializes a Worker object
Has last name n, SSN s, and boss b
Precondition: n a string, s an int in range 0..999999999, b either a Worker or None. """self.lname = nself.ssn = sself.boss = b
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w = Worker('White', 1234, None)
id8
lname 'White'
ssn
boss
1234
None
Worker
Called by the constructordon’t forget selftwo underscores
use self to assign attributes
Evaluating a Constructor Expression
Worker('White', 1234, None)
1. Creates a new object (folder) of the class Worker§ Instance is initially empty
2. Puts the folder into heap space3. Executes the method __init__
§ Passes folder name to self§ Passes other arguments in order§ Executes the (assignment)
commands in initializer body4. Returns the object (folder) name
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id8
lname 'White'
ssn
boss
1234
None
Worker
Aside: The Value None
• The boss field is a problem.§ boss refers to a Worker object§ Some workers have no boss§ Or maybe not assigned yet
(the buck stops there)• Solution: use value None
§ None: Lack of (folder) name§ Will reassign the field later!
• Be careful with None values§ var3.x gives error!§ There is no name in var3§ Which Point3 to use?
id5Point3
id5var1
id6var2
Nonevar3
x 2.2
y
z
5.4
6.7
id6Point3
x 3.5
y
z
-2.0
0.010/26/21 Classes 27
A Class Definition
class Example(object):
def __init__(self,x):self.x = x
def foo(self,y):x = self.bar(y+1)return x
def bar(self,y):self.x = y-1return self.x
>>> a = Example(3)
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1312
1415161718192021
What does the heaplook like now?
Ignoring the class folderwhat does the call stack and the heap look like?
B:
C: D:
A:
Which One is Closest to Your Answer?
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id1Example
3x
id1Example
id1Example
Ex.__init__ 13
id1self 3x
Ex.__init__ 13
id1self 3x
A Class Definition
class Example(object):
def __init__(self,x):self.x = x
def foo(self,y):x = self.bar(y+1)return x
def bar(self,y):self.x = y-1return self.x
>>> a = Example(3)
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1312
1415161718192021
What is the next step?
D:id1
Example
B:
C: D:
A:
Which One is Closest to Your Answer?
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id1Example
3x
id1Example
3x
id1Example
id1Example
Ex.__init__ 13
id1self 3x
Ex.__init__ 13
id1self 3x
Ex.__init__ 13
3x
Ex.__init__ 13
3x
A Class Definition
class Example(object):
def __init__(self,x):self.x = x
def foo(self,y):x = self.bar(y+1)return x
def bar(self,y):self.x = y-1return self.x
>>> a = Example(3)
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1312
1415161718192021
What is the next step?
B:id1
Example
Ex.__init__ 13
id1self 3x
Making Arguments Optional
• We can assign default values to __init__ arguments§ Write as assignments to
parameters in definition§ Parameters with default
values are optional• Examples:
§ p = Point3() # (0,0,0)§ p = Point3(1,2,3) # (1,2,3)§ p = Point3(1,2) # (1,2,0)§ p = Point3(y=3) # (0,3,0)§ p = Point3(1,z=2) # (1,0,2)
1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6.7. def __init__(self,x=0,y=0,z=0):8. """Initializes a new Point39. Precond: x,y,z are numbers"""10. self.x = x11. self.y = y12. self.z = z13. …
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Making Arguments Optional
• We can assign default values to __init__ arguments§ Write as assignments to
parameters in definition§ Parameters with default
values are optional• Examples:
§ p = Point3() # (0,0,0)§ p = Point3(1,2,3) # (1,2,3)§ p = Point3(1,2) # (1,2,0)§ p = Point3(y=3) # (0,3,0)§ p = Point3(1,z=2) # (1,0,2)
1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6.7. def __init__(self,x=0,y=0,z=0):8. """Initializes a new Point39. Precond: x,y,z are numbers"""10. self.x = x11. self.y = y12. self.z = z13. …
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Assigns in order
Use parameter name when out of order
Can mix two approaches
Making Arguments Optional
• We can assign default values to __init__ arguments§ Write as assignments to
parameters in definition§ Parameters with default
values are optional• Examples:
§ p = Point3() # (0,0,0)§ p = Point3(1,2,3) # (1,2,3)§ p = Point3(1,2) # (1,2,0)§ p = Point3(y=3) # (0,3,0)§ p = Point3(1,z=2) # (1,0,2)
1. class Point3(object):2. """Class for points in 3d space3. Invariant: x is a float4. Invariant y is a float5. Invariant z is a float """6.7. def __init__(self,x=0,y=0,z=0):8. """Initializes a new Point39. Precond: x,y,z are numbers"""10. self.x = x11. self.y = y12. self.z = z13. …
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Assigns in order
Use parameter name when out of order
Can mix two approaches
Not limited to methods.
Can do with any function.
