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Prof. Sushil Kumar

IIM Lucknow

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Overview of Rural Scenario

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Population million (%)

Urban 377 31.2

Rural 833 68.8

Total 1210 100

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A Habitation is defined as urban if

It is a location within a municipality or a

corporation, a cantonment area or is anotified town area

All other locations which have: a minimum population of 5000,

a population density of more than 400 per sq. km. and

where more than 75% of the male workforce is engaged innon-agricultural occupations

1971 Census

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Habitation is defined as rural if

It has a population density of less than 400

sq. km.

At least 75 per cent of male working

population is engaged in agriculture

related activities, andThere is, in the location, no municipality or

municipal board

NSSO

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State-wise Number of Districts, Sub-Districts,Towns and Villages in India(As per 2011 Census)

States/UTs Districts Sub Districts

No. of Towns Villages

(including un-

inhabited

villages)Statutory Towns Census Towns

Jammu and Kashmir 22 82 86 36 6551

Himachal Pradesh 12 117 56 3 20690

Punjab 20 77 143 74 12581

Chandigarh 1 1 1 5 5

Uttarakhand 13 78 74 42 16793

Haryana 21 74 80 74 6841

Delhi 9 27 3 110 112

Rajasthan 33 244 185 112 44672

Uttar Pradesh 71 312 648 267 106704

Bihar 38 534 139 60 44874

Sikkim 4 9 8 1 452

Arunachal Pradesh 16 188 26 1 5589

Nagaland 11 114 19 7 1428

Manipur 9 38 28 23 2588

Mizoram 8 26 23 0 830

Tripura 4 40 16 26 875

Meghalaya 7 39 10 12 6839

Assam 27 153 88 126 26395West Bengal 19 341 129 780 40203

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State-wise Number of Districts, Sub-Districts,Towns and Villages in India(As per 2011 Census)

States/UTs Districts Sub Districts

No. of Towns Villages

(including un-

inhabitedvillages)Statutory Towns Census Towns

Jharkhand 24 260 40 188 32394

Odisha 30 476 107 116 51313

Chhattisgarh 18 149 168 14 20126

Madhya Pradesh 50 342 364 112 54903

Gujarat 26 225 195 153 18225

Daman and Diu 2 2 2 6 19

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 1 1 5 65

Maharashtra 35 355 256 279 43663

Andhra Pradesh 23 1128 125 228 27800

Karnataka 30 176 220 127 29340

Goa 2 11 14 56 334

Lakshadweep 1 10 0 6 21

Kerala 14 63 59 461 1018

Tamil Nadu 32 215 721 376 15979

Puducherry 4 8 6 4 90

Andaman and NicobarIslands 3 9 1 4 555

India 640 5924 4041 3894 640867

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Population

Number of

Villages

% of Total

Villages Cumulative

Less than 200 114,267 17.9 17.9

200-499 155,123 24.3 42.2

500-999 159,400 25.0 67.2

1,000-1,999 125,758 19.7 86.9

2,000-4,999 69,135 10.8 97.7

5,000-9,999 11,618 1.8 99.510,000 & above 3,064 0.5 100

Total Number

of Villages6,38,365 100.0

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Rural World Urban World

1. Occupation Mainly cultivation with few

non-agricultural pursuits

Mainly non-agricultural

occupations

2. Environment Direct relationship with

nature

Greater isolation from

nature

3. Size of

Community

Small Large

4. Population

Density

Low High

5. Population

Social

Composition

Homogenous in racial and

psychological traits

More heterogeneous than

urban communities

6. Social

Differentiation& Stratification

Less than urban world More

7. Mobility Rural to urban; intensity

less

Urban to urban; intensity

high

8. System of

Interaction

Man is interacted as a

Human Person

Man is interacted as a

number and addressSource: Dilip Shah, 2005

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Village is a community

The village satisfies all needs of the villagers, in the

village

Villagers have a sense of unity and a feeling of

amiability towards each other

They respect the judgment and obey the orders of

their elders and the panchayats. Society, caste and

panchayat have control over the individual.

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Religiosity

Faith in religion and universal power is found in the life

of the villages

The major occupation is agriculture which involves

dependence on nature. Hence, farmers worship forces

of nature

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Caste Most complex issue in an Indian village setting

Ancient and intensely complicated system of social

organization

Everyone knows exactly who and what everyone

else is in the village

Indian village is not one community but rather a

community of communities

The villages are physically divided into major caste groupingsaccording to where people live, and there is essentially no mixing

of neighborhoods

The local power structures are very much shaped along caste

lines

Very thin line between Caste and Class

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Economic Structure

Primarily agrarian

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Local Self-Government System

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Article 40 of the Constitution enjoins that:

`the States shall take steps to organise

village panchayats with such powers and

authority as may be necessary to enable

them to function as units of selfgovernment.

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Number of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Uttar

Pradesh(As on 31.03.2010)

State DistrictsDistrict

PanchayatsBlocks

Block

Panchayats

Village Level Rural Local

Bodies Panchayats

Gram Panchayats

Uttar Pradesh 71 71 820 820 52206

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Law and order maintenance

Revenue collection

Developmental activities

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Appellate Review : DevlopCommissioner

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Revenue Village

Lekhpal

Land Records

Revenue Inspector

Measurement and Fixation

Naib TehsilderRevenue / Mutation

Tehsildar

Revenue / Possession

S D MRevenue / Law &

Order

District Magistrate

Rev. / Law & Order

Commissioner

Revision Powers

Appellate

Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction

Judicial Powers

Law and Order

Law and Order

CDODevelopment

Amin

Revenue Matters Revenue Collect.

Revenue Village

Sub Tehsil

Tehsil

Sub-Division

DistrictDiagram for Revenue

Administration

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After independence, Community Development

Programme started in 1952

Recognizing the need for village-levelinstitutions that represent local communities in

the development processes, three tier

Panchayati Raj system introduced at Zilla

(district), Samiti (Block) and Gram (village)levels during the late-1950s to early-1960s

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The panchayat institutions remained

largely under the government control,

without financial capacity and effective

representation mechanism

The 73rd Constitution Amendment Act,

effective since 1993, provided panchayat

institutions a number of responsibilities

and the accompanying powers in 29

diverse areas

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33 percent seats for women

18 per cent seats exclusively for Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Mandatory Panchayat elections every 5 years

For the tribal communities, a separate

Panchayat Act was legislated in 1996

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Powers and responsibilities delegated to

Panchayats at the appropriate level :-

Preparation of plan for economic development and

social justice

Implementation of schemes for economic

development and social justice in relation to 29

subjects given in Eleventh Schedule of the

Constitution

Levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and

fees

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District Level = Zila Parisad

People's Government

President

Vice-President

Elected members &

Ex-officio Members

Development Administration

Chief Secretary

Deputy Secretaries

Chief Accounts Officer

Chief Planning Officer/CDO/CEO, DRDA

http://www.geocities.com/kstability/learning/banking2/panchayat-raj.html

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Block Level = Panchayat Samiti/ Block

Panchayat/ Taluk Panchayat People's Government

Chairman

Elected Members

Ex-officio-members


Block Development Officer

Standing Committee


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Village Level = Gram Panchayat People's Government

President

Vice-president Elected members


SecretaryVillage Level Workers


Class01&02

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