Class deaddiction 2
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DEADDICTION
Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M SMBBS,MDASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGYSSIMS & RC.
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Drug dependence ?
Taking a Drug for any reason other than a
medical one…
To get a feeling of euphoria (high)
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dependence?
uncontrollable compulsive drug seeking and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences.”
Results from both psychological and physical dependence on the drug
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modalities
Treatment of withdrawal
symptoms
Aversion therapy
To reduce craving
To prevent relapse
Rehabilitation & psychosocial
intervention
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First line treatment
SINGLE AGENT
ACAMPROSATE
NALTREXONE
DISULFIRAM
Aimed at complete abstinence , can be started at any time including withdrawal phase, may be started immediately during first consultation
Early onset with family loading, helps in heavy drinking and may be choice in which acamprosate trial has failed, Liver function test is mandatory
Patient completely motivated and with good social support, still low acceptability
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Second line Drugs (based on open label trials, large case report, one or two RCTs and case report
SSRIS (FLUOXETINE, SERTRALINE, CITALOPRAM)
TOPIRAMATE
BACLOFEN
Effective with co morbid depression
Can be used as single agent, or with co morbidities like seizure, bipolar disorder.
Helpful in withdrawal management and relapse prevention in patients with cirrhosis liver. Also co morbid cannabis or solvent or benzodiazepine uses
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Alcohol Withdrawal
General principles of treatment Careful monitoring and supportive care Ample fluids (p/o or IV fluids if
dehydrated) Correction of electrolyte imbalance Parenteral Thiamine(100 mg p.o or i.v or
i.m) daily
Restrict access to addicting substances Involve significant others in the treatment
from the initial stages Liaise with specialists as appropriate
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Alcohol Withdrawal
Cross tolerant medications with alcohol Benzodiazepines Diazepam and Chlordiazepoxide Lorazepam and oxazepam - short acting
(patients with liver problems, in elderly)
Others (more than 150 agents, carbamazepine; valproate, ß adrenergic antagonists etc.,)
Emerging: Baclofen
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Ethanol AcetateAcetaldehyde •Flushing
•Headache•Palpitations•Dizziness•Nausea
ADH ALDH
Disulfi
ra
m
.
.
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Disulfiram
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Prescribing Disulfiram
Main contraindications:
recent alcohol use, pregnancy,
rubber, nickel or cobalt allergy,
cognitive impairment, drug
interactions
hepatitis, neuropathy
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Disulfiram 250 mg/d-->500 mg/dDisulfiram 250 mg/d-->500 mg/d
Main side effects:
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Reduce craving
Acamprosate (calcium acetyl homo taurinate)
structure similar to GABA amino acid.
Restores the GABA activity.
reduce glutamate surges that excite NMDA- Rs.
acts as a neuro-protectant and protect neurons from damage caused by alcohol withdrawal 11
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The RewardPathway
The RewardPathway
Ethanol
DopamineDopamine
Beta endorphin release potentiated
Beta endorphin release potentiated
Naltrexone-
aimed at reducing the psychological need or craving for alcohol.
prefrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens
VTA
Firing
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Prescribing Naltrexone
▪ Main contraindication:
opiates, pregnancy
▪ Main side effects:
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Naltrexone 12.5 mg/d-->25 mg/d-->50 mg/dNaltrexone 12.5 mg/d-->25 mg/d-->50 mg/d
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Ondansetron▪ a 5-HT3 antagonist that exerts its antidrinking
effects through cortico-mesolimbic dopamine system modulation.
▪ improve drinking outcomes in patients with early-onset alcoholism.
▪ Adverse events are mild
▪ starting dosage of 4 mcg/kg twice daily should be maintained throughout treatment.
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Opioids……..
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Intervention
Treatment of Dependence and Abuse
Intoxication
Withdrawal
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Antagonist therapy
Naltrexone Complete abstinence approach long term treatment helps in
maintaining complete abstinence extinction of drug seeking behavior blocking the effects of opioid over
a significant period Reduced craving
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Naltrexone….
Advantage No tolerance or
withdrawal Not a schedule drug No abuse potential
Disadvantage Abstinence for 5-7
days Retention and
compliance issues Sensitivity to over
dosages
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Agonist Therapy
Methadone
Buprenorphine
LAAM( levo Alfa acetyl methadone)
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methadone
Advantages Best available
evidence Lower costs Good Retention and
abstinence rates
Disadvantages Mortality following
overdose Scheduled drug Supervised clinic Daily dosing Abuse and dependence
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Buprenorphine
semi-synthetic opium alkaloid derivative of thebaine.
long acting, highly lipophilic opiate Mixed agonist antagonist Side effects – as in methadone elevated liver enzymes Toxicity – Less risk, none reported but if occurs, difficult to reverse and needs higher
doses of naloxone.
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Thank you for your time, concerns and your support.
Semper Fi !!!
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