Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and...

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Volume 59 | Issue 2 Article 15

1968

Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters andTypefacesDavid A. Crown

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Recommended CitationDavid A. Crown, Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces, 59 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 298 (1968)

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THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY AND POLICE SCIENCE Vol. 59, No. 2

Copyright © 1968 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A.

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGNTYPEWRITERS AND TYPEFACES

DAVID A. CROWN

David A. Crown, M. Crim., is a Questioned Document Analyst, U. S. Postal Inspection Service andis currently assigned to the Washington Identification Laboratory. During the time that this articlewas in preparation Mr. Crown was Assistant Director of the San Francisco Identification Laboratory.He received his Master's degree in Criminology from the University of California, Berkeley where hehas continued his graduatestudies toward his D. Crim. Hehas published severalpapers in this and othertechnical journals and is a fellow in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and serves as theSecretary of the Questioned Document Section of that Academy.-Enrron.

The ever increasing number of foreign madetypewriters imported into the United States, aswell as the usage of foreign made typefaces onAmerican made typewriters, has caused a basicchange in the document examiner's approach totypewriter classification and differentiation. Theearlier schemes for American typewriters basedupon gross form differences no longer suffice.While the primary problem in typewriting case-work has been, and will continue to be, theindividualization and identification of specific type-writers, the problem of classification and differen-tiation of typewriting on the basis of manufactur-ing origin remains of frequent invesItigatorysignificance.

It is the purpose of this paper to codify andclassify all the available data on foreign type-writers and foreign typefaces so as to provide ascheme for differentiation. No coverage is providedfor American made typewriters equipped withAmerican made typefaces. This paper supercedesall prior compilations by the author on foreigntypewriter differentiation. (3, 4, 5) While everyeffort has been made to provide comprehensivecoverage of the subject, no claim is made or im-plied of complete coverage of all past and presentforeign typewriters and/or typefaces.

Until the early 1950's, a knowledge of thecommon American made typefaces, i. e., Royal,Remington, Underwood, Woodstock, Smith-Corona, and IBM, sufficed for most documentexaminers in the United States. With certain ex-ceptions, each of the major American companiesproduced its own distinctive typefaces and madeperiodic changes in its typeface designs. While itwas expected that Royal typefaces, for example,would be found only on a Royal typewriter, this

situation did not always obtain. The Smith-Coronacompany, to cite one manufacturer, made"matched" typefaces for years which approximatedthe designs of competitive typefaces. Over theyears, several typewriter manufacturers havesupplied "Tower" typewriter models, marketed bySears, Roebuck & Company. The typefaces usedon these machines, all bearing the same "Tower"brand name, are the current typefaces used by theparticular typewriter manufacturer. It is knownthat the major typewriter manufacturers have soldtypewriters equipped with typeface designs oftheir competitors in order to comply with specificcustomer preference. Further, one should note themanufacture of some Underwood and Monarchnoiseless typewriters by Remington, using partsand typefaces identical to corresponding Reming-ton models.

In spite of the fact that one could only dis-tinguish typeface designs rather than typewritermanufacturers, the problems in classification wererelatively easy in the pre-1950 era. The Americantypewriters in the pica and elite size were allspaced 10 characters to the horizontal inch and 12characters to the horizontal inch, or a unit spacingof 2.54 mm and 2.12 mm per character, respec-tively. Differentiation was usually based upongross characteristics, rarely upon subtle differences,assuming all pertinent characters were representedin the exemplar. The published schemes of Hiltonserve this purpose admirably. (11, 12)

Foreign made typewriters began to enter theUnited States in quantity in the early 1950's. Asthe import of European typewriters increased, theproduction of American typewriters, particularlyportables, declined in volume. American type-writer companies began to manufacture type-

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

writers in European factories and to market thesetypewriters in the United States under their ownbrand names. Certain American typewriter com-panies started buying European typefaces for useon American made typewriters, also marketedunder their own brand name. A consequentialnumber of European typewriter manufacturersinitiated models with a unit spacing of 2.54 mm and2.12 mm, a departure from their usual unit spacing.The consideration of European typewriters as aproblem separate and distinct from Americantypewriters ended, for all practical purposes, in1955 when the R. C. Allen Company importedRansmayer and Rodrian typefaces from Germanyfor use on the Allen typewriters.

In the post-World War I era, typewriter pro-duction outside the United States was centered inWestern Europe, Central Europe, and Italy. Inthe last few years, the Japenese have entered intolarge scale typewriter production and concurrentexport to the United States. (1) In the last year, anew development has taken place. German type-writer manufacturers have sold or transferred theirmanufacturing facilities to areas with lower laborcosts, i. e., Portugal and Yugoslavia. (10) It is to beexpected that further developments in typewritermanufacture will follow this trend toward produc-tion in areas with lower production costs.

Appendix 1 lists all the known foreign typewritermanufacturers, the country where manufactured,and the dates when produced, plus a cross-index ofalternate brands names. It is to be noted that inaddition to each typewriter manufacturer usingmultiple brand names, in some cases, severaldifferent typewriter manufacturers have used thesame brand name, i. e., "AMC". Typewritersbearing an "AMC" nameplate could have beenmade by Alpina, Japy, or Orga. Furthermore, theproducts of the overseas factories of Americantypewriter manufacturers must be consideredseparate and apart from American produced type-writers.

The classification and differentiation of foreigntypewriters and foreign typefaces involves severalnew factors, not normally encountered in Americanmade typewriters.

a. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers buytheir typefaces from typeface manufacturers, i. e.,Torpedo.

b. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers havemanufactured their own typefaces and have not

sold these typefaces to other typewriter manu-facturers, i. e., Consul.

c. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers havemanufactured their own typefaces and have soldtypefaces to other typewriter manufacturers, i.e.,Olivetti.

d. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers haveproduced their own typefaces at one time in theircorporate existence and have brought typefacesfrom typeface manufacturers at other times, i. e.,Adler.

e. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers havebought typefaces from several different typefacemanufacturers, sometimes at different times andsometimes concurrently, i. e., European Reming-ton.

f. Foreign typeface manufacturers sell theirproducts to many different typewriter manufac-turers, i. e., Setag.

g. Foreign typeface manufacturers introducechanges occasionally in their typeface designs,i. e., Ransmayer and Rodrian (RaRo).

h. Foreign typeface manufacturers do notordinarily strive toward individuality in typefacedesigns, but prefer to make their typeface designsquite similiar to other typefaces on the market,i. e., Tangens and RaRo.

i. Foreign typewriter manufacturers use aspectrum of letter spacings based upon the metricscale. For elite sized type, the following unit spac-ings or pitches are used;

2.00 mm, 2.10 mi, 2.12 mm, 2.17 mm, 2.20 mm,2.23 mm, 2.25 mm, 2.30 mm, 2.35 mm, 2.50mm, 2.54 mm, and 2.60 mm

For pica sized type, the following unit spacings areused:

2.50 mm, 2.53 mm, 2.54 mm, 2.55 mm, 2.60 mim,and a variety of spacings 2.60 mm plus.

j. Foreign typewriter manufacturers tend toshow some consistency in the unit spacings used ontheir typewriters. Typewriter manufacturers mayproduce typewriters with several different unitspacings, but not all the possible spacings.

k. The same typeface design of a typefacemanufacturer may be found on several differentbrand name typewriters with varied unit spacings.

Tables 1 and 2 correlates the known usage oftypefaces produced by the various major typefacemanufacturers with usage by the specific type-writer manufacturers with the indicated unit spac-ings. The pattern of pitch usage and typefaceusage can be used for extrapolative and predictive

1968]

DAVID A. CROWN

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TABLE 2-PICA SIZETYPEFACE AND UNIT SPACING USAGE BY TYPEWRITER MANUFACTURERS

Unit SpacingTypeface_______________________________________Manufacturer

2.5 nn 2.54 mm 2.55 mm 2.6 nun

Adler, West German Adler Adler

Barlock, English BarlockBar-let

Brother, Japanese Brother

Caracteres S. A. (CSA), Swiss Hermes HaldaFacitNorden

"East", East German GromaRheinmetall

ErikaMercedesIdealFortunaUraniaCombina

Empire, English Empire

Everest, Italian Montana Everest Everest

Iris, West German Everest WandererHermes Rlheinmetall

KappelInvictaUraniaMercedesTorpedoAdlerSwissa

Oliver, English Oliver Oliver

Olivetti, Italian Hermes Olivetti SIM OlivettiJapy Antares EverestMontana Montana Japy

SIM PatriaCapri Underwood

Olympia East* (Optima), East German SIM SIM OlympiaAEG AEG Rheinmetall

Olympia Optima

Olympia West, West German Olympia

Ransmayer & Rodrian (RaRo), West Montana R.C. Allen TorpedoGerman Hermes Hermes Rooy

ABC Halda ABCPrincess Facit Silver ReedJapy Antares GossenRooy Royal Princess

Olivetti VossRemington BrosetteSmith-Corona SiemagJaguar AlpinaSinger AdlerNippo Olympia

RoyalDianaRemingtonGromaTriumph

* 2.53 mm pitch, Olympia East (Optima) typeface is found on some SIM machines.

302

1968] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS 303

TABLE 2-Coninued -

Unit SpacingManufacturer

2.5 mm 2.54 mm 2.55 mm 2.6 mm

Ransmeyer & Rodrian (cont.) ContinentalUraniaMercedesEverestSuperiaHalbergOrgaPatriaReginaSIMSwissaKappelMAPNordenOliverConsulHaldaOlivettiIdealInvictaJapyJuwel

Rooy, French Rooy

Seidel & Neumann, (S&N), East Ger- Erikaman) Ideal

Groma

Setag, Swiss Hermes Antares DianaRoyal Underwood RoyalCalanda AMCJapy JapyPrincess Patria (Sp.)Halberg SwissaUnderwood SiemagSinger Halberg

JuwelRemingtonMeteor

J. H. Shand, English Royal Empire-CoronaSmith-Corona

Tangens, West German ABC Remington RemingtonHermes Singer Voss

AlpinaAdlerRooyTorpedoJuwel

Union, West German Princess AlpinaPrincessHalbergVoss

G. Webb, English Imperial

Zeta, Czech Consul ConsulFortoClaudia

DAVID A. CROWN

TABLE 3A-Eir= Size TYPEFACES

KNOWN USAGE OF SPECIFIC TYPEFACE FoRmATIONS

Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.00 mm Pitch

CSA 2A ............. Hermes Std and Port 1942-51CSA 2B ............. Hermes Std and Port 1949-54Olivetti 7A .......... Hermes Std and Port 1940-50RaRo 7B ............ Hermes Std and Port 1931-60RaRo7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

62RaRo 7D ........... Standard RaRo, typeface 1961-

65RaRo 7D1 .......... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

65RaRo 7E ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

DRaRo 7E1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964--

DSetag 7 ............. Hermes Std and Port 1948-D

Japy StdCalanda

Setag 7A ............ HermesWebb 3 ............. Imperial

2.10 mm Pitch

Adler 4 ............. Adler Std and Port 1920-45Brother 2 ........... Brother Port 1962-DlCSA 2A ............. Patria Port 1945-49

Swissa Port 1950-53CSA 2B ............. Patria Port 1949

Swissa Port 1950-Olivetti 7A .......... Patria Port 1945-49

Swissa Port 1950Olivetti Port (Spanish)

RaRo 7B ............ Torpedo Port 1930-58Remington Port 1946-53; 1957-

58Adler Std and Port 1929-58Patria PortRooy

RaRo 7B3 ........... Torpedo Port 1957-RaRo 7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

52Torpedo Port 1958-62Remington Port 1958-62

RaRo 7D ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65

Adler StdRaRo 7D1 .......... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-


DRaRo 7E1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

D

2.10 mm Pitch (cont.)

Setag 7 ............. Patria Port 1949Swissa Port 1950-Remington Travelriter PortPatria Port (Spanish)

Tangens 12B ........ Torpedo Port 1954-Remington Travelriter Port

1953-Rooy

Tangens 12C ........ Singer Graduate (Remington)Port 1963-Dl

Zeta 2 .............. Consul Std and Port 1946-

2.12 mm Pitch

Barlock 4 ........... Barlock StdBarlock 5 ........... Barlock StdCSA 2A ............. Halda Std 1942-50CSA 2B ............. Halda Std 1950-51

Facit StdCSA 29 ............. Facit Std and Port -DEast 3BA ........... RheinmetallEmpire 4 ............ British EmpireEmpire 5 ........... EmpireEverest 7C ......... Everest Std 1961-Olivetti 7A ......... Olivetti Std 1959-Olivetti 7B ......... Olivetti Electric PortOliver 5 ............ Oliver Model 15 (English)Olympia W8C ...... Olympia Std 1957-Olympia W8D ...... Olympia Std 1967-RaRo 7A............ Stoewer Std 1920-30RaRo 7B ............ R. C. Allen 1955 only

Stoewer Std 1929-30Halda Std 1930-40; 1950-58Royal Std (German) 1957-59Triumph

RaRo 7B1 .......... Olympia Std 1958-RaRo7B2 ........... R. C. Allen 1955-RaRo 7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

62Facit Std and Port 1958-62Royal Std 1958-62Triumph

RaRo 7C3 ........... Olympia StdRaRo 7D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-


65Adler Port 1962-Dl

RaRo 7E ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

[Vol. 59


TABLE 3A-Continued


2.12 mm. Pitch (cont.)

RaRo 7E1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

Ransmayer RA ...... Stoewer Std 1920-25Setag 7 ............. Traveler Port

Oliver Std and Port (English)1956-

Hermes StdRemington Travelriter Port

Shand lE ........... Empire-Corona Skyriter 1958-Shand 2E ........... Smith-Corona Port

Sears Scout PortTangens 12C ........ Remington Std (U.S. and

Italian)Remington Port (Dutch) 1961-

DRooyTorpedo Port

Webb 4 ............. Imperial Std and PortWebb 5 ............. Imperial Good Companion Port

Imperial Model 66Zeta 2 .............. Consul Std and Port 1946-Zeta 3 .............. Century Port (Czech)

2.17 mm Pitch

,ansmayer RA ...... Torpedo Std 1920-32RaRo 7A ............ Torpedo Std 1920-32RaRo 7B ............ Torpedo Std 1930-60RaRo 7C ............ Torpedo Std 1958-60RaRo7B3 ........... Torpedo Std 1957-60RaRo 7D ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-




D

2.20 mm Pitch

East 3A ............. Fortuna Std 1946-50Urania Std and Port 1946-54Rheinmetall Port 1950-56

East 3B ............. Rheinmetall Port 1954-Iris 3 ............... Mercedes Std 1924-30

Rheinmetall Std 1928-33Urania Std and Port 1928-33

Iris 133 ............. Mercedes Std 1928-30Urania Std and Port 1937-51Rheinmetall Std and Port

1932-45Nippo .............. Nippo Port


RaRo 7A ............ Mercedes Std 1920-25Rheinmetall Std 1920-29Urania Std 1920-32Fortuna Std 1923-33Orga Std 1923-35

RaRo 7B ............ Urania Std and Port 1931-50Gossen Tippa Port 1948-58Superia Std 1950-53Adler Tippa Port 1956-58Triumph Tippa Port 1956-58Torpedo Port 1938-58Fortuna Std 1930-48Orga Std 1933-50

RaRo 7B3 ........... Torpedo Port 1957-RaRo 7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

62Torpedo Port 1958-62Adler Tippa Port 1958-62Triumph Tippa Port 1958-62

RaRo 7D ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65

Torpedo Port 1961-66Nippo Port 1961-

RaRo 7D1 .......... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65

RaRo 7E ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

Torpedo PortRaRo 7E1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

DRansmayer RA ....... Mercedes Std 1920-25

Urania Std 1920-31Rheinmetall Std 1920-29Orga Std 1923-34

Setag 7 .............. Royalite Port (Dutch) 1955-D

2.23 mm Pitch

East 3A ............. Continental Std 1946-56Groma Std and Port 1946-56

East 3B ............. Groma Kolibri Port 1957-Groma Combina Port 1957-

Everest 7A .......... Everest Std and Port 1948-Brillant Port 1958-

Everest 7B .......... EverestIris 133 ............. EverestOlivetti 7A .......... Olivetti Std and Port 1935-

Everest Std and Port 1937-52Underwood Port

Olivetti 7B .......... Olivetti Port 1960-DRaRo 7A ............ Continental Std 1920-32

Groma Std 1924-35Kappel 1920-34

19681

DAVID A. CROWN

TABLE 3A-Conlinued



RaRo 7B ............ Siemag Std 1949-59Continental Std and Port 1930-

56Kappel Std 1930-45Brosette Port 1953-59Groma Std and Port 1931-45Olivetti Std and Port 1931-37:

1957-59RaRo 7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

62Siemag Std 1958-62Brosette Port 1958-62Olivetti Std and Port 1958-62

RaRo 7B3 ........... Olivetti Port 1957-RaRo 7D ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-


65RaRo 7E ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

DRaRo 7E1 .......... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

DRansmayer RA ...... Kappel Std 1920-30

Continental Std 1920-32Setag 7 ............. Halberg-Traveler Port

2.25 mm Pitch

CSA 2B ............. Halda-Facit Std and Port 1951-60

CSA 29 ............. Halda PortFacit Std

East 3A ............. Rheinmetall Std 1948-56Groma-Gromina Port 1951-56

East 3B ............. Rheinmetall Std 1954-Groma-Kolibri Port 1955-Erika Port 1955-Groma-Gromina Port 1954-Ideal Std 1955-Brillant Port 1958-

East 3BA ........... RheinmetallEverest 7A .......... Everest StdOlympia E8A ........ Optima Std and Port 1951-56Olympia E8B ........ Optima Std and Port 1955-Olympia E8C ........ Optima Std and Port 1957-RaRo 7B ............ Halda-Facit Std and Port 1950-

58ABC Port 1956-58

RaRo 7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-62

Facit Std 1958-62ABC Port 1958-62


RaRo 7D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65

RaRo 7DI ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65



S&N 104A .......... Ideal Std 1920-32Erika Port 1920-32

S&N 104B .......... Ideal Std 1931-45Erika Port 1932-48

S&N 104C .......... Erika Port 1948-Ideal Std 1954-

Tangens 12B ......... ABC Port 1955-57

2.30 mm Pitch

East 3A ............. Mercedes Std and Port 1946-56East 3B ............. Mercedes Std and Port 1954-Iris 3 ............... Mercedes Std 1930-34Iris 133 ............. Mercedes Std and Port 1930-50

Adler Std and Port 1938-45Triumph Std and Port 1935-48

Olympia E8 .......... Olympia Std and Port 1930-52Diplomat Std and Port 1931-45DM Std and Port 1931-45Kappel Port 1931-45

Olympia W8B ....... Orbis Port 1949Olympia Std and Port 1949-

Olympia W8C ....... Olympia Std and Port 1957-Olympia W8D ....... Olympia Std and Port 1967-RaRo 7A ............ Triumph Std 1920-31

Merz Port 1926-34RaRo 7B ............ Diana-Royal Administrator

Port 1952-58Triumph Std and Port 1929-58Adler Std and Port 1931-58Olympia Std 1953-58Princess Port 1954-58Merz Port 1931-39Alpina Port 1951-58Voss Port 1948-58Siemag Std 1958-59

RaRo 7B1 ........... Olympia Port 1958-RaRo 7B2 ........... Triumph Electric StdRaRo 7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

62Torpedo 1960-Royal Century Port (Dutch)Siemag Std 1958-62Triumph Std and Port 1958-62

[Vol. 59


TABLE 3A-Confhnued



RaRo 7X (cont.)Princess Port 1958-62Adler Std and Port 1958-62Alpina Port 1958-62Royal Diana Port (German)

1958-59Royaluxe Port 1959-62

RaRo 7C1 ........... Olympia Port 1957-RaRo 7D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

65RaRo 7D1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

65Triumph Std and Port 1959-Adler Std and Port 1959-

RaRo 7D2 ........... Olympia Std and Port 1958-RaRo7E ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-

DAdler Std and PortTriumph Std and PortPrincess Port


Ransmayer RA ...... Triumph Std 1920-31S &N 104C .......... Erika-Aztec Port 1954-Setag 4 .............. Juwel Port 1955-Setag 7 .............. Princess Port 1952-55Tangens 12A ......... Voss Port 1951-52Tangens 12B ......... Voss Port 1951-

Alpina Port 1951-Juwel Port 1960-

Union 8,34 .......... Princess Port 1952-

2.35 mm Pitch

Brother 1 ............ Brother Port 1962-D

2.50 mm Pitch (Elite)

CSA 2A ............. Hermes Std 1942-51CSA 2B ............. Hermes Std 1949-51RaRo 7B ............ Hermes Std 1931-50

Montana Port 1951-59RaRo7C ............ Montana Port 1958-62RaRo 7D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

65RaRo 7D1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-



D

2.50 mm Pitch (Elite) (cont.)

Setag 7 .............. Hermes Std 1948-Princess Port 1951-52CalandaJapy


CSA 2A ............. Halda Std 1942-51CSA 2B ............. Halda-Facit 1950-60RaRo 7B ............ Antares-Jolson Alma Port

HaldaNorden

RaRo7C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-62

RaRo 7D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65

RaRo 7D1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-65



S &N 104B ........ Erika Port


CSA 2A ............. Patria Port 1945-49Swissa Port 1950-53

CSA 2B ............. Patria Port 1949Swissa Port 1950-

Olivetti 7A .......... Patria Port 1945-49Swissa Port 1950-

RaRo 7B ............ Voss Port 1948-50Olivetti Std and Port 1931-37

RaRo 7 ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-62

RaRo 7C2 ........... Swissa PortRaRo 7D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

65RaRo 7DI ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-



DSetag 7 .............. Patria Port 1949

Swissa Port 1950-Japy Port

Tangens 12A ......... Voss Port 1950-52Tangens 12B ......... Voss Port 1951-52

1968]

DAVID A. CROWN

TABLE 3B-PicA Sizvn Tv'EFAcES


2.50 mm Pitch

Adler 2 .............. Adler Std to 1948Adler 3 .............. Adler Std and Port to 1948Brother 3 ............ Brother Port 1962-DCSA 4 .............. Hermes PortCSA 5 .............. Hermes PortCSA 6 .............. Hermes PortEverest ............. Montana PortIris 8 ............... Everest PortIris 207 ............. Hermes Port 1935-54

Hermes Std 1942-55Olivetti 1 ............ Hermes Std

JapyMontana

Olympia El ......... SIM PortAEG Std

RaRo 1A ............ Montana Port 1950-58Hermes PortABC Port 1957-Princess Port to 1954JapyRooy

RaRo 1B ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-62

Rooy Port 1958-62Montana Port 1958-62

RaRo 1C ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-64

RaRo iC1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-64

RaRo ID ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

RaRo IDI ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

Setag 6B ............ Hermes Port-DPossibly:

RoyalCalandaJapyPrincess

Setag 6C ............ Hermes Std and Port 1947-DJapy StdPrincess Port to 1954Halberg PortUnderwood 18 (Antares) PortPossibly:

RoyalCalanda

Setag 6D ............ Royal Port (Dutch) 1962-DSinger Scholastic Port

Setag 6E ............ Princess PortShand IP ............ Royal Port (Dutch) 1959-


Tangens 19 .......... ABC Port 1955-58Hermes

Union 16 ............ Princess Port 1954-59Zeta 1 .............. Consul Port (Czech) 1946-

Forto Port (Dutch)Zeta 1A ............. Claudia Port (Czech)Zeta lB ............. ZetaType L ............. Urania Perkeo PortType N ............. Juventa Port

2.53 mm Pitch

Olympia El ......... SIM Port

2.54 mm Pitch

Barlock 1 ............ Barlock StdBarlock 2 ............ Barlock StdBarlock 3 ............ Bar-let PortCSA 4 .............. Halda

NordenFacit Std

CSA 5 .............. Halda Std and PortFacit Std and Port

CSA 6 .............. Halda Std and PortFacit Std and Port

Empire 1 ............ EmpireEmpire 2 ............ EmpireEmpire 3 ............ EmpireEverest ............. Everest Std 1948-Oliver 1 ............. Oliver Std (English)Oliver 2 ............. Oliver Std and Port (English)Oliver 3 ............. Oliver Std (English)Olivetti 1 ............ Olivetti Std 1959-

Antares PortSIM-Montana PortCapri Port (Italian)

RaRo 1A ............ R. C. Allen 1955 onlyHermes PortHalda Std and Port 1930-40;

1950-58RaRo lB ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-

62Antares Port 1958-62Royal Std (Dutch) 1958-62Facit Std and Port 1958-62Possibly:

OlivettiRemingtonSmith-Corona

RaRo IBI ........... Smith-Corona Galaxie Port(Canadian)

[Vol. 59


TABLE 3B-Confinuid



RaRo lB1 (cont.)Jaguar Port (Japanese)Singer Graduate Port (French)

RaRo 1A1 ........... R. C. Allen 1955-RaRo 1C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

64Nippo P-100 Port 1965-DRoyalite

RaRo ICI ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-64

RaRo 1D ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

RaRo 1D1 ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

Setag 6D ............ Antares-Underwood Port 1961-D

Shand IP ............ Empire-Corona Port 1958-Sears-Tower Port

Shand 2P ............ Smith-Corona PortSears Tutor Port

Tangens 11 .......... Remington PortRemington Std (U. S. and

Italian)Singer Graduate Port (Dutch)

1963-DTangens 19 .......... Remington Port 1961-Dl

Torpedo PortWebb 1 ............. Imperial Std and PortWebb 2 ............. ImperialType K ............. Orga

2.55 mm Pitch

Olivetti 2 ............ SIM PortOlympia El ......... SIM Port

Olympia Std 1928-40KEG Std

2.60 mm Pitch

Adler 1 .............. Adler Noiseless to 1948Adler 2 .............. Adler Std and Port to 1948East I .............. Kolibri Port 1955-

Groma Port 1950-Rheinmetall Port 1950-Combina Port 1957Erika Port 1953-Mercedes Port 1950-Ideal Std 1955-Possibly:

FortunaUrania

East 2 .............. Rheinmetal Std and PortCombina Port


Everest 1 ............ Everest Std and Port 1948-Iris 8 ............... Wanderer Port

Rheinmetall Std 1930-34KappelInvictaUrania Std and Port 1928-34Mercedes Std 1930-34Torpedo Std 1927-30Torpedo Port 1927-47

Iris 117 ............. Adler PortMercedes Std and Port 1931-50Rheinmetall Std and Port 1932-

37

Iris 201 ............. Swissa Port 1944-Oliver 2 ............. Oliver Port (English)Olivetti 1 ............ Olivetti Std and Port 1932-D

Everest Jolson Port 1948-56JapyPatria PortUnderwood-Olivetti Port

Olympia El ......... Olympia Std and Port 1928-49Rheinmetall 1945-48

Olympia E2 ......... Optima Port 1949-Optima Std 1947-

Olympia E2A ........ Optima StdOlympia W1 ......... Olympia Port 1949-52Olympia W2 ......... Olympia Std and Port 1952-Olympia W3 ......... Olympia Port 1959-62Olympia W3A . ... Olympia Port ca. 1962-Olympia W4A ....... Olympia Std to 1960Olympia W4B ....... Olympia Std 1960-Olympia W4C ....... Olympia Std and Port 1967-RaRo 1A ............ Torpedo Std and Port 1930-58

Gossen Tippa Port 1948-58Princess Port 1954-58Voss Port 1947-58Brosette PortSiemagAlpina 1951-58Adler 1931-58Olympia StdDiana-Royal Administrator

PortEuropean Remington Port

1964--53Groma 1924-45Triumph Std and PortContinental StdRoyal Port (Dutch)Possibly:

Urania, Mercedes,Everest, Superia,

DAVID A. CROWN

TABLE 3B-Continued



RaRo 1A (cont.)Halberg, Orga, Patria,Regina, SIM, Swissa,Kappel, MAP, Norden,Oliver, Consul, Halda,Olivetti, Ideal, Japy,Imperial, Invicta,Juwel

RaRo 1B ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1958-62

Diana-Royal AdministratorPort 1958-62

Rooy Port 1958-62Triumph Std and Port 1958-62Torpedo Std and Port 1958-62Siemag Std 1958-62Voss Port 1958-62Princess Port 1958-62ABC Port 1957-Alpina 1958-Adler Std and Port 1958-62European Royal StdRoyal Port (Dutch)

RaRo IBI ........... Triumph StdRaRo 1B2 ........... Olympia Std 1957-RaRo 1C ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1961-

64Torpedo Std and PortTriumph Std and Port

RaRo ICI ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1961-64

RaRo ID ............ Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

Silver Reed Port (Japanese)1966-D

Adler Std and PortPrincess PortTriumph Std and PortABC Std and Port

RaRo 12 ............ Olympia StdRooy ............... Rooy Port 1940-60S&N 120A .......... Erika Port 1931-56

Ideal Std 1932-45Groma and Gromina 1951-54

S&N 120B .......... Erika Port 1955-Setag 6A ............ Diana-Royal Port


Setag 6C ............ AMC Port 1956-58Japy PortPatria Port (Spanish) 1948-56Swissa Port 1950-SiemagHalberg PortJuwelRemington Travelriter PortRoyalMeteor (Spanish)

RaRo 1Di ........... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-D

Adler PortTriumph Port

Tangens 11 .......... Remington Travelriter Port1953-

Voss PortAlpina Port 1951-DAdler 1949RooyPossibly:

TorpedoTangens 19 .......... Juwel Starlet Port 1960-Union 16 ............ Alpina

PrincessHalberg PortPossibly:

VossZeta 1 .............. Consul Port 1949-DType B ............. Erika Port

Wanderer PortMercedes

Type C ............. Mercedes StdType D ............. RheinmetallType F ............. Wanderer PortType G ............. Wanderer PortType A ............. Ideal StdType j .............. Continental StdType M ............. Urania PortType P ............. Kappel

2.60 mm plus Pitch

Adler 2 .............. Adler StdCSA 5 .............. Halda PortIris 8 ............... MerzType B ............. Orga Privat Port

purposes. From the tables it can be noted, forexample, that 2.17 mm pitch and 2.35 mm pitch areused only by two typewriter manufacturers,Torpedo and Brother, respectively, regardless of

typeface design. On the other hand, RaRo type-faces can be found on a broad selection of type-writers, regardless of pitch, while Caracteres S. A.(CSA) typefaces are used by only a few typewriter

I

[Vol. 59


manufacturers, i. e., Hermes, Patria-Swissa, andHalda-Facit, each with a different pitch.

Tables 3A and 3B lists by pitch the known usageof the various typeface designs by the indicatedtypewriter manufacturers. The type of machine,i. e., standard (office) or portable, as well as thedates of usage are given when known. The usagedata have been derived from comparison of sped-mens, inspection of machines, and from availabledata. Credit for much of the outstanding work inthis field must be given to two diligent documentexaminers-Krininalhauptkommissar Josef Haas,of Stuttgart, Germany, and Mr. Jan Beck ofSeattle, Washington. (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9)

The designations of the various typeface for-mations are somewhat arbitrary. In some cases, thedesignation conforms with the typeface manu-facturer's symbol on the typeblock, i. e., "CSA29", in other cases, the designation is an arbitrarydesignation by the author, i. e., "RaRo 7E".Some attempt has been made to follow the designa-tions used by Haas; however, complete compara-bility has not been possible. Wherever possible,the name of the typeface manufacturer has beenused in designating the same of a typeface forma-tion. The name of the typewriter manufacturer isused where it is known that the typewriter manu-facturer produces or has produced his own type-faces. In some instances, typeface designs which canbe differentiated from all other known typefaceformations have become available only as sped-men strike-ups. In the absence of information ontypeblock symbols, these typeface formations havebeen designated "Type A", etc. Should informa-tion become available as to the source of the type-faces, then the designation can be changed toindicate the manufacturer.

Because of the ubiquitous usage of RaRo typeand the need for extrapolation, recent RaRo type-faces are listed in each pitch category even thoughno data are available to indicate that any type-writer manufacturer has used these RaRo type-faces in that unit spacing. It should be stressedagain that these tables are not absolutely completeor all-encompassing in the sense that they can beused for purposes of exclusion. These tables reflectall the data currently available from public andprivate sources. No coverage is provided for minortypeface manufacturers such as Feler.

Table 4 presents a dichotomous-type scheme fordifferentiating all the typeface designs referred toin Table 3. These schemes were predicated uponthe basis of full strike-ups being available for pur-

poses of differentiation. The following charactersare used for this purpose:

Upper Case: M, E, T, N, S, D, RLower Case: a, w, m, f, i, g, p, z, d, j, t, r, nNumerals: 3, 4, 7, X

It is recognized that the letter "z" and the symbol"Y2 " have a very low frequency in the averagequestioned document. However, because of thecomplexities of differentiating foreign typefaces,the author has found specific need of these char-acters to differentiate similiar appearing type fonts.It is a fact that the foreign typeface manufacturershave striven to make their designs similiar ratherthan distinctive. The only broad exceptions to thispractice have been the Olympia typefaces, bothEast (E) and West (-W). The format used is notthe only way of presenting data, but it is theclearest, considering the problems involved.

The following list illustrates and summarizesthe differences between the various designs ofcharacters used for differentiation.

Upper Case

Mi laM 1bM

2a M 2b M 2c M2d M3"M -o .

M-la Low center, unbalanced feetlb Low center, balanced feet2a High center with short connections from

staff to diagonals2b High center without connections2c Very shallow center portion2d Normal depth of center portion3 Middle section staff

E IE 2EE-1 Normal serif on center bar

2 Shortened serif on center bar

T 1T 2TT-1 Vertical serifs on top cross bar

2 Canted'serifs on top cross bar

N-1 Wide form2 Narrow form

1968]

DAVID A. CROWN

s IS 2S

S-1 Terminus and serif project to left of uppercurve

2 Terminus and serif flush with uppercurve

Di1D 2 DD-1 Long serifs

2 Short serifs

i1R 21R

R-1 Right leg inset with rounded connectionto foot

2 Right leg only slightly inset with angularconnection to foot

Lower Case

a la 2aa-1 Terminus does not curve upward

2 Terminus curves upward

WI iaWibW

2W

3a W 3b Ww-la Low center, median height

lb Low center, very low2 High center without center serif3a High center with middle serif, normal

width3b High center with middle serif, narrow

formS1 MTJ

2a M 2b mm-1 No serif on center leg

2a Serif on center leg, balanced feet2b Serif on center leg, unbalanced feet

f la flb flcf

2f

f-la Center bar as wide as footlb Center bar as wide as foot, narrow form

lc Center bar as wide as foot on left side,shorter on right side

2 Center bar shorter on left side

£ I&J lb 1 cl Id

2ji-la Upper serif flush with foot

lb Upper serif flush with foot, narrow formIc Upper serif flush with foot, dot placed

highId Upper serif flush with foot, dot centered

to left2 Upper serif shorter than foot

gig

2a g 2b g2c gg-l Gooseneck form

2a Slanted left back2b Straight left back2c Inset connector

pip

p-1 Balanced foot2 Unbalanced foot

Z 1Zz,-l Normal width

2 Narrow form

didd-1 Normal upper serif

2 Short upper serif

Ji

2 p

2Z

2d

j-l Dot centered over staff2 Dot to left to staff

t lat lbt

2& 2bt

t-la Short balanced cross barlb Wide balanced crossbar2a Broad unbalanced crossbar2b Moderate sized unbalanced crossbar

[Vol. 59

168] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS 313

TABLE 4A-ELiT Di PNmON SCHEmE

al..wi..33 ................................................... Olympia E8B34..t.. ................................................. Olympia E8C

t 2. .i .............................................. Olympia W 8C................................................. Olympia W8D

w .. M ...... ........................................... Olympia 8M 2 .. gl .............................................. East 3A

g . .45 .......................................... Brother 241..f. ....................................... Brother 1

fi..Si ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olympia W8BS2 ................................... Olympia E8A

M I..4 ... ............................................ Oliver 5t2 ........................................... S&N 104A

41 ............................................... W ebb 342 ................................................ Iris 133

a2. .v .. g J. ib .............................................. Adler 4fl ................................................ Em pire 5

gi. r .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R aRo 7C2r.. ................................................ Setag 4

wi..M .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Everest 7Cm2 .. ti..44 ............................................ Shand lE

42 ........................................... Olivetti 7Bt2.. 3a ............................................ S&N 104C

34..41..fl ..................................... RaRo7Blf2..ri .................................. RaRo 7C3

r, ................................. RaRo 7D242..fj..m2b ................................ Tangens 12A

mi .. r ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RaRo 7B2r1b. . 3

4b......................... Setag 734..M2 .................. Setag 7A

Mb .................. CSA 2Bfs..ii. .p2................................. Nippo

p .............................. RaRo7D1is .................................. RaRo 7E1

w .32..wa .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barlock 5W b. . .71 ........................................... East 3B

72 .......................................... East 3BA31 ................................................... Zeta 332. .2 ................................................ R aR o 7A

fi..g ............................................ Iris 3g2..h ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barlock 4

t2 ........................................ S&N 104B33b..-TI ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RaRo 7B3

T 2. . t2 .......................................... Everest 7Btib..Ni ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Everest 7A

N 2 ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olivetti 7A34b. .z2 ............................................... Zeta 2

z . ... ............................................ CSA 2Aj ............................................ CSA 29

3 .. 421 .. ............................................. RaRo 7C1fi..g ........................................ W ebb S

g. ........................................ W ebb 442.-:Js..r.b..i. ..................................... RaRo7D

i2 .................................... RaRo7Era..n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shand 2E

. . . .................................... RaRo 7Cf..r...R .................................... RaRo7B

R2 .................................... Union 8,34r1. ib..d2 ................................ Empire 4

d, ................................ Ransmayer RAisa. .Y2 ............................... Tangens 12B

M 2 ............................... Tangens 12C* %vs includes both subgroups w3. and Wab, high center with middle serif.

DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

TABLE 4B-PIcA DIrFERENTiATnoN ScHEmE

al..w2..3, .................................................... Zeta 133 .................................................... Zeta 1B34 .................................................... Zeta 1A

wi..M ud..E, ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olympia W 3E2 .............................................. Olym pia W 3A

M 2..El ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olym pia W 4A2. .ii .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olympia W 4B

il ........................................... Olympia W 4CW3. .g2b. .fl..i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olympia El

i2 ............................................. Olympia W 1f23 Ei ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olym pia W 2

E2 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R aRo 12g .. f2..ib.. 4 1 ......................................... Iris 117A

42 ......................................... TypeD

ia............................................. Brother 3

f£ .. ti ............................................ W ebb 1t2-34 ......................................... Olympia E2

33 ......................................... Olympia E2A32 ......................................... Type C

a2..w 2..r3 .................................................... Em pire 1r1 .. t2 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A dler 2

ti ................................................. A dler 3w .. mi .................................................... Everest 1

M 2..r3 ................................................ S&N 120Brl.fI ..fi b ........................................ CSA 6

ii.. rio ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setag 6Dr. .. J2 ................................. RaRo 1A1

j: ................................. Setag 6Cfib..tl ......................................... Setag 6E

t2. W1 .................................... Setag 6BWib .................................... CSA 5

f2. .42. r . .................................... RaRo IBLrib. .i ...................................... RaRo ICI

i .................................. RaRo LD i41 ......................................... RaRo 1B2

W3..M 2 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shand IPM 1..g2. ti. i...b ........................................ Oliver 1

ill. .3 ................................... Type N33 .................................... Barlock 134 .................................... Type R

tib..rl ........................................ W ebb 2r3.. T .................................... S&N 120A

T2 .................................... Union 16t2..33..42 ..................................... East 1

41 ..................................... East 2

34..i2 ..................................... Type B

il... 2 .................................. Type Gf1. .tb .............................. Type A

t2..rs ........................... Iris 8r. ........................... TypeK

32 J.. ..................................... Oliver 3j2. .r 3 ..... ... ... ...... ................. Empire 2

r..id................................... Type J

i .............................. Type P


TABLE 4B-Continued

a2. .w,. -M i. .gi.h. . p .. 2 ..................................... Shand 2Pf1 ..................................... Oliver 2

P2..7

1b .................................... Rooy 1

71a ..................................... CSA 4

t2..3 .. ri..................................... Olivetti 1r2 ..................................... Olivetti 2

32. .p2.ii ................................... Type F1ib ................................. Type L

p1..n ................................. Barlock 2

n2 ................................. Barlock 334. .f l.r - P..pl. ib .......................... Empire 3

ia. .Mlb. .1 ................ Tangens 11

42 ................ Setag 6AMia ..................... Iris 201

p2. .ta. .2 ....................... Type Mii ...................... RaRo 1A

t2b .......................... Iris 207rib ................................. Adler 1

r..r...D ............................. Tangens 19Di ............................. RaRo 1B

r.b.i. .............................. RaRo ICi2 .............................. RaRo ID

nif1n 2f

n-1 Balanced right'foot2 Unbalanced right foot

rlaribrier

3rr-la Balanced foot, upper serif flush with

left side of footlb Flush left side, unbalanced footlc Flush left side, narrow foot2 Short upper serif3 pump handle projection

Numerals

313

3a 3 3b 323

4a 3 4b33-1 Round top with terminal dot

2 Flat top with terminal dot

3a Round top with downward openings3b Round top with horizontal openings4a Flat top without projection4b Flat top with downward projection

414

444-1

2345

24 34

54Open top, straight cross barClosed top, without footClosed top, with footCross bar with reverse curveSmall gap between staff and diagonal

7 1a 71b7

277-la Simple diagonal staff with slight pro-

jectionlb Simple diagonal staff with long projec-

tion2 Compound diagonal staff

k413

Y2-1 Diagonal bar2 Horizontal bar

2

DAVID A. CROWN

It should be noted that the pertinent characters inall the type fonts covered fit into only one of thecategories for each character. While the "4" in aspecimen might not look precisely like the illustra-tions of the various types of "4"s, it can be placedin only one of the categories by virtue of the listeddifferentiating criteria. If just a "2" is used in thescheme to denote a style of letter, rather than sub-divisions "2a", "2b", or "2c", etc., for example, itcovers all the described subdivisions.

The practicalities of coping with the differentia-tion of foreign typewriters involves two determina-tions-that of pitch and of typeface design. Eachof these will serve to limit the possibilities as out-lined in Tables 1 and 2. Pitch determination isordinarily accomplished using specially ruled glassplates. Accurate plates are a necessity since thedifference between 2.10 mm and 2.12 mm, forexample, is very slight. One should be very cautiousin making any pitch determinations with photo-copies, unless they are exactly one to one in size.In some of the 'reproductive processes there is aslight but significant change in the relative size ofthe copy.

In the absence of all the significant charactersnecessary for complete typeface differentiation,much can be done otherwise. Classification first bypitch will delimit the possibilities so that theentire scheme in Tables 4A and 4B need not benecessary. The list of possible typeface designs foreach specific pitch can be determined from Table3. Using this restricted list of typeface possibilities,the scheme in Tables 4A and 4B may become moreworkable in the light of the characters availablefor use in differentiation. In any event, reasonedextrapolations can be made with the data availablein this paper.

Accurate determination of typeface designsshould involve comparison of all characters with acomplete strike-up of the typeface design. Speci-mens on hand should be categorized by pitch andtypeface design so that they can be used for thispurpose. Defects in the examiner's reference fileshould be made up as is possible. In collectingspecimens, care should be taken to include a sketchof the typeblock symbol for use in determiningtypeface manufacturer. A study of full strike-upsof the various designs will reveal other characters

which can be used for differentiation, if less thanthe total number of known typeface designs isunder consideration.

In communicating the results of examinations,it is best to report that the document was preparedon a typewriter equipped with RaRo style type-faces, for example, and that with a specific unitspacing, certain typewriters have been equippedwith this typeface design. Reporting that a docu-ment was typed on a certain brand typewritercould lead to problems if "copied" type is involvedor alternate brand names. Because of the lack ofcomplete data it is always well to include a clausesuch as "and possibly other foreign made type-writers", after the listing of typewriter manu-facturers known to have used a certain typefacedesign.

REFERENCES

1. BEcK, JAN, The Japanese Typewriter Industry,American Society of Questioned DocumentExaminers, August 1966 Conference.

2. BECK, JAN, privately circulated communications.3. CRowN, DAvD A., A Preliminary Scheme forDif-

ferentiating European Typewriters, June 1959.4. CROwN, DAvID A., The Differentiation of Type-

Writers Using European Typefaces, 1960Edition.

5. CRowN, DAvm A., AND CONwAy, JAMEs V. P.,Class Characteristics of European Typewriters,California Association of Criminalists, July 1962Conference.

6. HAAS, JOSEP, Determining Class Characteristicsof Typewriting, KRDUNALISTIK, No. 2, April1954, p. 13.

7. HAAS, J., Class Characteristics of Olympia Type-writers; ARcH. r. KRnr., Vol. 121, No. 5/6,1958, p. 126.

8. HAAS, J., Determining the Make and Model ofTypewriters Based on Elite Type, ARcH. F.KxIm., Vol. 123, No. 3/4, 1959, p. 65.

9. HAAS, J., Determining the Make and Model ofTypewriters on the Basis of Ransmayer andRodrian Style "Ro 7" (Elite) Type; ARcr. P.KRin., Vol. 125, No. 1/2, 1962, p. 2.

10. HAAS, J., Letter dated May 10, 1967.11. IHILTON, ORDWAY, A Systematic Method for

Identifying the Make and Age-Model of aTypewriter From Its Work, J. or C. L. & C.,Vol. 41, No. 5, 1951, p. 661.

12. HILTON, ORDwAy, SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OFQUESTIONED DOCUmENTS, Callaghan, Chicago,1956, p. 50.

13. MAULY, W. The Identification of Typewriters,KRnNALisTiE, May 1956, p. 182.

14. Scnmm, LISTE DER HERSTELLUNOSDATENSCHREIBmASCHINEN, Burghagen Verlag, Ham-burg, 1962.

[Vol. 59


APPENDIX 1

FoREIGN Tyvwra PRoDucTioN AND B ,RAND NAME CROSS-INDEX

Name Produced Dates

ABCABC StandardAdler

Admiral (see Montana)Alba (see Antares)Amina (see Torpedo)Administrator (see European Royal)ADS (see ABC)

AEGAgar (see Juventa)Aigle (see Adler)Ajax (see Imperial)Ala (see Hermes)Al Abram (see Rheinmetall)Alfa (see Minerva)

AmataAmbassador (see Hermes)AMC (see Alpina, Japy, or Orga)Annabelle (see Antares)

AntaresArcho

Aristocrat (see Empire or Urania)Astoria (see SIM-Montana)Athena (see European Remington (Holland))Atiantida (see Japy)

AtlasAugusta (see SIM-Montana)Avona (see ABC, Alpina, or Juwel)Aztec (see Erika)Azzurra (see Hermes)Baby (see Hermes or Torpedo)Baka V (see Stoewer)Balila (see Montana)Baltica (see Norden)Bambino (see Olympia (East))Bar-let (see Barlock)

BarlockBart Stevens Deluxe (see Consul)Beaucourt (see Japy)Bel Air (see European Remington)Beta (see Consul)Bijou (see Erika or Rooy)Blitz (see Juwel)Blue Bird (see Torpedo)Bradford (see Brother)Brillant (see ABC, Everest, or Groma)Briton (see Imperial)

BrosetteBrotherByron

Byron (see also Japy or Swissa)

West GermanyPortugalWest Germany

Germany

Austria

ItalyGermany

Japan

England

West GermanyJapanEngland

1955-19661967-1900-D ("date")

1914-1930

1923-1925

1954-D1920-1941

1935-?

1887-1953

1953-19591961-D1952-1954?

DAVID A. CROWN

APPENDIX 1-Continued

Name I Produced Dates

CalandaCampus

Capri (see Antares)Century (see Consul or European Royal)Champion (see Consul)Cicero (see European Remington (Holland) or Halda-

Facit)Cito (see Stoewer)Classic (see Torpedo)Claudia (see Consul)Cole Steel (see ABC)Collegiate (see ABC)Combina (see Groma)Comet (see Consul, European Remington, or Halberg)

Commodore (see Consul)Concentia (see Orga)Concord (see Merz)Concordia (see Urania)

CondorConsulContinContinental

Cosmopolitan (see Mercedes)Courier

Courier (see also Japy)Crisler (see Rooy)CZ (see Consul)

DankersDansk (see Norden)Dart (see European Royal (Holland))Davis (see Empire)Definitiv (see Alpina)Dejur (see Triumph)De-Lux (see Olympia (West))De Luxe (see Siemag)

DeutschlandDiana (see European Royal)Diaspron (see Olivetti)Diplomat (see Olympia (East))DM (see Olympia (East))Domus (see Antares)Drake-London (see Mercedes)Durabel (see Triumph)Dynacord (see Torpedo)Edida (see Triumph)El Dorado (see European Royal)Electa (see Invicta)Elektra (see Mercedes)Elematic (see Everest)E.M.A. (see European Remington)

EmonaEmpire

Empire-Canadian (see Empire)Empire-Corona

SwitzerlandJapan

JapanCzechoslovakiaFranceEast Germany

Austria

Germany

Germany

YugoslaviaEngland

England

1942-1956post-war

unknown1949-D1922-19331904-1956

1903-1927

1935-1939

1909-1926

1952-1897-1958

1958-D

[Vol. 59

APPENDIX I-Continuedi

Name Produced Dates

EngadineErikaEuropean Remington

European RoyalEuropean RoyalEverest

Everlux (see Antares)Express (see Mercedes)

Facit (Ex-Halda)Fairbanks-Ward (see Consul)Favorit (see Adler or Mercedes)Filius (see Juwel)Fix (see Juwel)

F.K.F.K. Mala

F.K. Mala (see also Hermes)Flott (see Juwel)F.N. (see MAP)

FortoFortuna

Fortuna (see also SIM-Montana)Forward (see European Royal)Futura (see Princess)Gabrielle (see Adler or Triumph)Gallia (see Urania)Gazelle (see Japy)Good Companion (see Imperial)

GossenGrand Chariot (see Rooy)Graphika (see Olivetti)

GromaGromina (see Groma)Haddad (see Urania)

HaldaHalberg

Harrods (see Olivetti)Hermes

Hispano (see Olivetti)Holiday (see European Remington or Torpedo)

HosraitoIdeal

Imperator (see Urania)Imperia (see SIM)

ImperialInvicta

Iris (see Montana)Ivriah (see Olivetti)

JaguarJapy

Jolson Alma (see Antares)Jolson Everest (see Everest)Junior (see ABC, Adler, or Swissa)

JuventaJuwel

ItalyEast GermanyEngland, Holland,

France, ItalyWest GermanyHollandItaly, Argentina

Sweden

PolandPoland

HollandGermany

West Germany

East Germany

SwedenHolland

Switzerland

JapanEast Germany

EnglandItaly

JapanFrance

GermanyWest Germany

Current production1910-D1946-D

1933-19611955-D1937-Dl

1957-D

1932-19391938-1939

Dutch assembly of Consul1922-1950 ?

1948-1958

1924-D

1902-19581952-1954

1921-fl

unknown1900-D

1908-D1921-1950

Current production1910-D

1923-19281936-D

APPENDIX 1-Continued

Name Produced Dates

KappelKappel-Fips (see Olympia (East))Kappel-Knirps (see Olympia (East))Karin (see Voss)Kenbar (see Rheinmetall)Koh-i-nor (see Triumph)Kolibri (see Groma)Kolumbus (see Mercedes)Lafayette (see Torpedo)Leoma (see Alpina)Lettera (see Olivetti)Lexicon (see Olivetti)Libelle (see Consul)Liberte (see Japy)Littoria (see Invicta or SIM-Montana)Lloyd (see Imerpial or Stoewer)Majestic (see Alpina or Brother)

MAPMarion (see Consul)MAS (see SIM-Montana)Master (see Rooy)Masteriter (see European Remington (Holland))Matura (see Triumph)MBM Mercury (see Consul)Mead (see Torpedo)Media (see Hermes or Montana)Meister (see Erika)Meisterin (see Siemag)Melitta (see Mercedes)

MercedesMerzMessa (Ex-ABC)

Messa (see also Siemag)Meteor

Micro (see Antares)Mignon

Mirian (see Montana)Mitex (see Barlock)Mobdiale (see Triumph)Monarch (see European Remington)Monica (see Olympia (West))

Montana (Ex-SIM)Montana (see also SIM)

Nagri (see Orga)NippoNorden

Norma (see Princess)Nuova-Levi (see SIM)

OdomaOfrex (see Everest)

OliverOliver (see also Fortuna, Halda, Japy, or SIM)

OlivettiOlympia (East (Ex-AEG)

Olympia-Erfurt (see Olympia (East) and Optima)

Germany

France

East GermanyGermanyPortugal

Spain

France

Italy

JapanDenmark

Germany

England

Italy, ArgentinaEast Germany

1914-1945

1922-1954

1907-D1926-19391967-

Current production

1904-1932

1950-1966

1961-D1928-?

1921-1937

1928-1959 ?

1911-D1930-1950

APPENDIX 1-Conlinued

Name Produced Dates

Olympia (West)Optima (Ex-Olympia-E)

Orbis (see Olympia (West))Orga

Orga (see also European Royal (German))Orga Privat (see European Royal (German))Oriette (see Olympia (West))Orven (see Atlas)P-100 (see Nippo)

ParettoParva (see Antares)

PassatPatriaPatria (Spanish)

Patria (see also Japy, SIM, or Swissa)Patricia (see Japy)Perfect (see Empire)Perfekt (see Triumph)

PerkeoPerkeo (see also Urania)Piccola (see Adler, Erika, Swissa, or Urania)Pilot (see Gossen)Plana (see Olympia (East))Pluma (see Olivetti)Pontiac Minor (see Montana)Porto-rite (see Torpedo)Prestige (see Brother)Prima (see Mercedes)Primus (see Adler or Triumph)

PrincessPrivat (see Adler, Orga, Triumph, or Voss)Professional (see Consul)Progress (see Olympia (East))Protos (see Mercedes)Queen (see Rooy)Racer (see Rooy)Rapid (see Juwel)Rapide (see Empire)Rapid-riter (see European Remington)Record (see Adler)Referent (see Olympia (East))Regent (see Hermes)

ReginaRekord (see Stoewer)Rembrandt (see European Remington)

Remington JunioriterRemington MasteriterRemington Quietriter

Remington Senioriter (see Torpedo)Remington Superiter

Remington Travelriter (Ex-Halberg)Rem-riter (see European Remington (Holland))Remtor (see Torpedo)

West GermanyEast Germany

West Germany

Japan

FranceSwitzerlandSpain

Germany

West Germany

Germany

HollandHollandEngland, Norway

England, France, Nor-way, Japan, Holland,Italy

Holland

1949-D1950-D

1923-1950

unknown

1948-19501937-19501948-D

1912-1933

1948-D

1902-1934

1933-?1950-D1951-?

1950-Dl1933-?

APPENDIX I-Continued

Name

RheinmetallRheinmetall (see also Stoewer)Rocket (see Hermes)

RooyRosanta (see Triumph)Roxy (see Rooy)Royal Express (see Empire)Royalite (see European Royal (Holland))Royaluxe (see European Royal (Holland))RUF (see Alpina)Sabaudia (see Invicta)Saleem (see Urania)Salter (see Empire)Sava (see Alpina)

Sava (Ex-Alpina)Scholastic (see European Remington)Scribe (see Olivetti)Scriva (see Triumph)Select (see Japy)Selecta (see Mercedes)Serio (see Everest)

SiemagSignature (see Brother)Signet (see European Royal)Silenta (see Continental or Olympia (East))

Silver ReedSIM

SIM (see also Montana)Simplex (see Adler, Erika, Groma, Merz, or Torpedo)Simtype (see SIM-Montana)Singer Graduate (see European Remington (Holland))

Singer Scholastic (see European Royal (Holland))Skylark (see European Remington)Skyriter (see Empire-Corona)Splendid (see Olympia (West))Solid (see Siemag)Solitaire (see Torpedo)Star (see Halda-Facit)Star-tab (see European Remington)Starfire (see European Remington)

StarletStarlet (see also Juwel)Sterling (see Siemag)

StoewerStudio (see Olivetti)Style (see Japy)Superba (see Mercedes)

SuperiaSuperia (see also European Royal (German))Supermetall (see Rheinmetall)Supra (see Montana)Swift (see Stoewer)

Swissa (Ex-Swiss Patria)Tell (see Barlock)Tippa (see Adler, Gossen, or Triumph)

Produced

East Germany

France

Yugoslavia

West Germany

JapanItaly

Germany

Germany

West Germany

Switzerland

Dates

1920-D

1937-D

1967-

1948-1966

Current production1931-1951

1958-

1903-1930

1950-1953

1950-D


APPENDIX 1-Confiied

Name I Produced IDatesTorpedoToshiba

Tower Attache (see Empire-Corona)Tower Capri (see European Remington)Tower Centurion (see European Remington)Tower Script (see Japy)Traveler (see Halberg)Travelriter (see European Remington (Holland))

TriumphTVB (see Brother)Typo (see Japy)UHU (see Alpina)UjIaki (see Urania)

UraniaUrania (see also Erika)Underwood (see Olivetti)Underwood 18 (see Antares)Unitype (see Torpedo)Universal (see Adler or Merz)Urdu (see Urania)US Mirsa (see Ideal)Valiant (see Brother)Viking (see Montana)

VossWanamaker (see Empire)Wanderer (see Continental)Wards Signature (see Brother)Webster (see Brother)Wizard Tin-Type (see Brother)Z-2 (see Consul)Zbojovka-2 (see Consul)Zeta (see Consul)

West GermanyJapan

West Germany

East Germany

West Germany

1907-1966post-war

1909-DI

1909-1954

1947-D

Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and...

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