Class 8: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
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Transcript of Class 8: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Class 8: Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Today’s topics: Jupiter & Saturn
• Jupiter: Internal structure, magnetic field
atmosphere, moons
• Saturn: Exploration, internal structure,
rings
• The other guys: Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Class Updates
• Reading: 23.2, 23.4-23.6
• Midterm 2: April 18th
Class 8: Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
mostly H2
• Size (radius) 6378 km 11x Earth
Jupiter: A Global Perspective
Differences Earth Jupiter
• Mass 6x1024 kg 317x Earth
• Density 5.5 g/cm3 1/4 of Earth
• Atmosphere 78% N2 21% O2 86% H2 14% He
• Surface temperature 20°C -120°C
• Plate tectonics yes no
• Tectonism, volcanism yes no
• Liquid water yes no
• Rotation 1 day 2/5 of Earth• Orbit 1 yr 11.9 yrs
• Pioneer 10 & 11 fly-bys 1974/75US
Exploration of Jupiter
CassiniGalileoVoyager 2Pioneer 10
• Voyager 1 & 2 fly-bys 1979 US
• Galileo fly-by 1995-2003 USprobe
• Cassini fly-by 2004 US/Europe
Jupiter’s Internal Structure
~12,000 km
60,000 km
(1)
(2)
(3)core
30,000 °C
Electron (-1)
Nucleus: Proton (+1) Neutron (0)
Molecular & Metallic Hydrogen
Magnetic Field Generation?
rocky core liquid metallic hydrogen molecular
hydrogen
EarthJupiter
Jupiter’s Magnetic Field
artist’s rendition
Jupiter’s Atmosphere
Voyager 2
Voyager 1
warmcool
The Great Red Spot
2006: New “Junior” Red Spot
Jupiter’s Rings
Voyager 1 (pseudo color)
Halo Ring (inner-most)
Jupiter & moons (backyard telescope)
1,000,000 miles
Jupiter’sMoons
Jupiter’s Moons: 65 & counting……..
Saturn
mostly H2
Saturn: A Global Perspective
• Size (radius) 6378 km 9x Earth
Differences Earth Saturn
• Mass 6x1024 kg 95x Earth
• Density 5.5 g/cm3 0.70 g/cm3
• Rotation 1 day 1/2 of Earth
• Atmosphere 78%N2 21%O2 90%H2 10%He
• Surface temperature 20°C -180°C
• Plate tectonics yes no
• Tectonism, volcanism yes no
• Liquid water yes no
Exploration of Saturn
CassiniVoyager 2
• Voyager 1 & 2 fly-bys 1979 US
• Cassini-Huygens orbiter (Saturn) 2004 US/Europe probe (Titan) 2005
Huygens Probe
Cassini Observations
Saturn’s Internal Structure (I)
(1)
• Layer 1: molecular hydrogen
30,000 km
• Layer 3: water, methane, ammonia
(3)
(2)
• Layer 2: metallic hydrogen
• Core: heavy-elements(?)
core
Saturn’s Internal Structure (II)
molecular H
core
Saturn: 0.70 g/cm3
metallic H
• less dense than Jupiter
Jupiter: 1.3Water: 1.0
Saturn’s Rings
Saturn’s Rings Characteristics
Mimas
Enceladus
TitanEpimetheus
Rhea
Saturn’s Moons
Dione
Tethys
Iapetus
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
Solar System Distances
*Planets not to scale Distances not to scale
Uranus: A Global Perspective
Differences EarthUranus• Size (radius) 6378 km 4x
Earth• Mass 6x1024 kg 145 Earth
• Density 5.5 g/cm3 1.3 g/cm3
(methane)• Atmosphere 78%N2 21%O2 84%H 14%He 2%CH4
• Surface temperature 20°C -200°C
• Rotation 1 day -17.9 hours
• Orbit 365 days 84.01 years
• Satellites 1 27
Exploring Uranus
Herschel
Uranus moons
Voyager 2Hubble Space Telescope
Uranus’s Interior
(1)
(2)
core
METHANEMETHANE
Axis of Rotation
98 °
Uranus
23.5°
Earth
Atmosphere & Magnetic Fieldultraviolet
visible
rotationaxis
magneticaxis
58°
The Rings of
Uranus
dust bands
Ariel
Umbriel
Oberon (2nd largest) Titania
(largest)
Miranda
Puck
Total: 27
The Moons of Uranus
r ≈ 789 km
Neptune: A Global Perspective
Differences EarthNeptune• Size (radius) 6378 km 3.9x
Earth• Mass 6x1024 kg 171 Earth
• Density 5.5 g/cm3 1.6 g/cm3
(methane)• Atmosphere 78%N2 21%O2 84%H 14%He 2%CH4
• Surface temperature 20°C -210°C
• Rotation 1 day 16 hours
• Orbit 365 days 165 years
• Satellites 1 11
Exploring Neptune
Adams
Le Verrier
Galle
Voyager 2
Neptune’s Interior
H, He, CH4
H2O, CH4, NH3
(1)
(2)
core
Neptune’s Atmosphere & Clouds
Scooter
Neptune clouds
The Great Dark Spot
Voyager 2
GDS changesVoyager 2
Voyager 2
Neptune’s Rings & Moons
faint rings
Triton
A Parting Look
Pluto: A Global Perspective
Similarities EarthPluto• Moon 1 - Moon 1 - Charon
• Size (radius) 6378 km 0.2x Earth
Differences
• Mass 6x1024 kg 0.002x Earth
• Density 5.5 g/cm3 0.4x Earth
• Atmosphere 78% N2 21% O2 probably N2, thin
• Surface temperature 20°C -220°C
• Rotation 1 day 6.4 days
• Orbit 365 days 248 years
Exploring Pluto
Tombaugh, Lowell Observatory
Charon
Photo 1 Photo 2
planetary symbol
Pluto’s Elliptical Orbit
Pluto: Is it a planet?
Real Planets & Dwarf Planets
ErisPlutoCeres
Pluto’s Size & Interior
core
Pluto - Charon System
112°
Pluto and Charon from Hubble
Bright/dark regions: differences in methane/nitrogen frost cover
New Horizons Mission