Class 2 Planning Contexts Perspectives and...

Class 2

PLANNING CONTEXTS, PERSPECTIVES,

I n f r a s t r u c t u r e P l a n n i n g a n d M a n a g e m e n t

PLANNING CONTEXTS, PERSPECTIVES,

AND OBJECTIVES

Dr. Sari Abusharar

The Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

Graduate Program

Infrastructure Engineering

2nd Semester 2012

Outline of Presentation

� Goals vs. Objectives

� Planning Sequences

� Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure

� Some Important Perspectives for Public Works and Infrastructure

� Key Question in the Decision-Making Stages of Planning,

Implementation, and Evaluation

Goals vs. Objectives

The words Goal and Objective are often confused with each other. They both

describe things that a person may want to achieve or attain but in relative terms

may mean different things.

Goals and Objectives

Goals Objectives

Plan Broad plan Narrow plan

Action Generic action Specific action

Example I want to achieve success in the

field of genetic research and do

what no one has ever done.

I want to complete this thesis on

genetic research by the end of this

month.

Measure Goals may not be strictly

measurable or tangible.

Must be measurable and tangible.

Time frame Longer term Short to medium term

Meaning The purpose toward which an

endeavor is directed.

Something that one's efforts or

actions are intended to attain or

accomplish; purpose; target.

Principle Based on ideas Based on fact

In this text on infrastructure planning, an “objective” is generally

considered a more basic concept and is preferred when evaluating

projects and programs in terms of tangible values.

Goals and Objectives (continued)

Planning SequencesPlanning Sequences

For international financing agency, such as the World Bank, this phased process

which the Bank refers to as the “project cycle”, is the norm and supports a loan

application for a project in a developing country.

Planning Sequences

Project Cycle marks progress through 8 steps. As the Bank lends billions of dollars each year to

countries and projects around the world, they need a systematic way to develop and implement their

projects. The steps emphasize large-scale projects, advisory services, policymaking, and multiple stages

of approval:

Planning Sequences (continued)

IdentificationCountry

Assistance Strategy

Preparation, Appraisal, and

Board Approval

Implementation and

Supervision

Implementation and

Completion

Evaluation

Strategy

1 2

3

45

6

StepStep 11 : :Country Assistance StrategyCountry Assistance Strategy

The Bank prepares lending and advisory services, based on the selectivity framework

and areas of comparative advantage, targeted to country poverty reduction efforts .


Step Step 22: Identification: Identification

Projects are identified that support strategies and that are financially, economically,

socially, and environmentally sound. Development strategies are analyzed.

Step Step 33: Preparation: Preparation

The Bank provides policy and project advice along with financial assistance. Clients

conduct studies and prepare final product documentation.

Step Step 44: Appraisal: Appraisal

The Bank assesses the economic, technical, institutional, financial, environmental, and

social aspects of the project. The project appraisal document and draft legal

documents are prepared.

Step Step 55: Negotiations and Board Approval: Negotiations and Board Approval

The Bank and borrower agree on loan or credit agreement and the project is

presented to the Board for approval.


Step Step 66: Implementation and Supervision: Implementation and Supervision

The Borrower implements the project. The Bank ensures that the loan proceeds are

used for the loan purposes with due regard for economy, efficiency, and effectiveness.

Step Step 77:: Implementation and CompletionImplementation and Completion

The Implementation Completion Report is prepared to evaluate the performance of

both the Bank and the borrower.

Step Step 88:: EvaluationEvaluation

The Bank’s independent Operations Evaluation Department prepares an audit report

and evaluates the project. Analysis is used for future project design.

Expected Results from Planning Sequences

1. How alternative projects are identified and selected for

further examination.

2. How projects prepared at different times by different


1 2 3 4 5

2. How projects prepared at different times by different

investigators are compared.

3. How a major project proceeds from preliminary study through

construction and operation.

4. What should be the scope of various types of studies and

reports.

5. What are the appropriate methodologies to employ to

produce the details of the studies and reports.

Basic Contexts for Planning

Public Works and InfrastructurePublic Works and Infrastructure

Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and

Infrastructure

The planning agency

Political

Decision-

Making Context

Global, National, State and local Issue, Objectives, and

Perspectives

Performance-Based/Custom

er/User Context

Organization

and

Institutional

Context

The planning agencyThe responsibility for public infrastructure

planning, development, implementation, and

operations and management, generally rests with

an agency that has been granted statutory

authority for a particular type of facility or


Infrastructure (continued)

authority for a particular type of facility or

system of facilities.

Example

Early planning may be done in a very broad context by state or regional planning

organizations, with input from operating agencies. The need for, and the

performance of an infrastructure facility may have wide-ranging impacts and

involve many persons and organizations.

Global, National, State and local Issue,

Objectives, and Perspectives



The objectives of a project must be viewed from several different

standpoints, depending on the nature and extent of the project.

Several different contexts may be considered with geographic or

political boundaries: global, national, state, and local.



Global Issue National Issue Regional and



The global context

of a major project,

plan, or program of

projects may be

considered in terms

of sustainability or

globalization of the

economy.

Global Issue

National objectives

and concerns are

usually expressed in

federal legislation,

which affects the

actions of agencies

at all levels of

government.

National Issue

Regional and local

objectives, like state

objectives, may

target additional

concerns. For the

transportation sector.

Regional and

local Issue

State Issue





State objectives are generally expressed in legislation paralleling the federal

structure, but their financial and regulatory policies may be tailored to the

unique requirements within each state. State agencies are often designated as

responsible for specific infrastructure facilities.

State Issue

Example

Department of Transportation is responsible for a portion of the highways in the

state that are designated by law as state highways.

Performance-based

planning and the use

of outcome-driven

performance

Performance-

Based/Customer

/User Context

Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure

(continued)

performance

measures have

become increasingly

important for public

infrastructure

projects. Planners

must recognize and

work within the

nested set of

stakeholders.

Figure 2.2 Stakeholders in performance assessment

Organization and Institutional

Context

There are more than one institution interesting in one infrastructure



There are more than one institution interesting in one infrastructure

facility.

Example

In Gaza strip there are many institution had an interest in water

(Municipality, CMWU, PWA)

In most cases, decisions to

provide public physical

infrastructure will be made

within the political

decision-making process.

Political decisions are

made through the different

funding and regulatory

Political Decision-

Making Context

Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure

(continued)

funding and regulatory

contexts, and through the

decision processes of

governing entities such as

mayors, city councils,

county executives,

governors, state legislators,

and politically appointed

agency heads and boards.

For any project, the planner

must understand the

political decision-making

process that will govern the

implementation of the

project.Figure 2.3 A view of strategic choice

Some Important Perspectives for

Public Works and InfrastructurePublic Works and Infrastructure

� Objectives and values change over time

� Infrastructure planning involves the concepts of systems

and a holistic approach to installation, operation, and

management.

Some Important Perspectives for Public Works

and Infrastructure

management.

� The different infrastructure systems need to be integrated.

� Infrastructure planning involves not only the provision of

the physical plant, but also its operation and management.

�The planning of infrastructure is vital to the economic

future of a country.

�The infrastructure is expensive, so the planning process

must be thorough.


and Infrastructure (continued)

must be thorough.

�Many different levels of government are involved.

�There is a need for a strong national role in infrastructure

planning.

�Infrastructure planning is an interdisciplinary process.

�Public works planning methods are based on scientific,

legal, ethical, judgmental, and other concepts.

�Many types of organizations employ infrastructure

planners.



planners.

�A successful project frequently requires the support of

elected and agency officials.

�Public participation in planning is vital.

�Financial considerations are usually an important

component of infrastructure planning.

�Many factors are involved in a successful project.

�Planning should involve a systematic and logical process.



�Infrastructure planning may involve the formulation of alternative plans

to meet different objectives, and a methodology of trade-offs to select an

acceptable plan.



Figure 2.4 Screening alternative plans

�Planning objectives and constraints should be identified and considered

together.



Figure 2.5 Where objectives and constrains come from

Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of Planning,

Implementation, and EvaluationImplementation, and Evaluation

Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of

Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

Planning

EvaluationImplementation

What will it cost to take actions needed to achieve desirable performance,

that is, to meet specific objectives, satisfy stated goals, or conform to

specific regulations?

Planning



(continued)

specific regulations?

�Develop, vision, and set goals and objectives

�Develop and adopt performance measures

�Identify alternatives appropriate actions and select a preferred

course (e.g., use benefit-cost analysis)

�Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan

How can action best be carried out to achieve desired performance?

Implementation



(continued)

�Set productivity objectives

�Develop, adopt, and affirm performance measures

�Identify alternative implementation strategies

�Execute strategy, assess costs and achievements

Given that resources were used to take certain actions, are the

consequences(outcomes) of these actions consistent with stated and

subsequent goals, that is, performance ”adequate” “good” or “otherwise”?

Evaluation



(continued)

subsequent goals, that is, performance ”adequate” “good” or “otherwise”?

�Identify and review outcomes of previous actions, plans,

policies, and regulations.

�Develop, adopt, and affirm performance measures.

�Measure performance and compare results to goal, objectives,

vision t o determine if change in the infrastructure system is

warranted

�Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan

Homework #2You should submit a hard copy of your answers in next class (Tuesday, February 21):

1. ULI and Ernst & Young provided an array of large infrastructure projects in some of the

most populous cities in America. From ULI and Ernst & Young, document the future

projects in the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Miami, Seattle, and New York City.

Use the table provided below as a template. Some of the statistics (i.e. cost) may not be

contained within the ULI and Ernst & Young document. If available, you should find

statistics from other sources and be sure to use proper citation and include page

number(s).

City Project Cost ($) Benefits (qualitative)

2. ULI and Ernst & Young discussed the need for using PPP’s to fund large-scale

infrastructure projects. Using information from Chapter 5 of ULI and Ernst & Young,

describe the idea of a PPP, what we as engineers can learn from past experiences and

failures, and give two examples of some ongoing or potential PPP projects from the

readings. Do not exceed 200 words and be sure to use proper citation.

Note: You can easily download ULI and Ernst & Young document by searching Google, use

Infrastructure 2011 as your keywords.

City Project Cost ($) Benefits (qualitative)

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Miami

Seattle

New York City

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