Class 10Urinary System & Reproductive System

Major Structures

2 Kidneys2 Ureters1 Bladder1 Urethra

The Kidneys

Kidney Functions

• Filter waste from blood– Excess vitamins, excess electrolytes

• Regulates fluid volume in the body– Affects BP, HR, cardiac stroke volume

• Regulates electrolyte balance & pH concentrations– Na+, Ca+, K+, H+

• Regulates blood pressure– Secretes enzymes that promote ADH, if necessary

• Regulates hematopoiesis (RBC formation)– Kidneys release erythropoetin

Renal Blood Vessels

Nephron Structure

• Renal corpuscle– Glomerulus– Glomerular capsule

(Bowman’s capsule)• Renal tubule– Proximal convoluted

tubule– Loop of Henle– Distal convoluted

tubule– Collecting Ducts

Urine Formation• Glomerular Filtration

– Blood enters glomerulus and forces fluid through the fenestrae, into the tubules, forming filtrate

• Tubular Reabsorption– Almost ALL of the fluid is

reabsorbed back into the bloodstream at the peritubular capillary level

• Tubular Secretion– Certain substances are re-

inserted into the filtrate, creating urine

Summary of Urine Formation

Urine Composition

Healthy Urine Contents• Dissolved Solids– Nitrogenous waste

products• Urea• Uric acid• Creatinine

– Electrolytes• Sodium chloride• Sulfates• Phosphates

– Pigment

Abnormal Urine Contents• RBC/blood• WBC• Glucose & keytones

Urine Elimination

2 Ureters

1 Bladder

1 Urethra

Kidney Stones• Calcium Stone

– Most common– Excess Ca+ goes to the kidneys. Most people flush out excess, but if

not, stone can form.– Ca+ joins with other waste products & forms stone.

• Struvite stone – Can form after an infection in the urinary system. These stones

contain the mineral magnesium and the waste product ammonia.• Uric acid stone

– Can form when the urine contains too much acid. – May need to cut back on meat consumption.

• Cystine stone– Rare– Cystine is one of the building blocks that make up muscles, nerves,

and other parts of the body. – Cystine can build up in the urine to form a stone. – Can be hereditary

The Male Reproductive System

The Testes

Male External Accessory Organs

Semen

• Mixture of sperm and secretions from various organs– Seminal vesicles– Prostate gland– Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)

Functions– Nourish & transport sperm– Neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina– Lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse– Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and

antibodies

Vasectomy Image

Why does this work to prevent pregnancy?

Releasing Hormones (from hypothalamus) stimulate

Anterior Pituitary Gland to release Gonadatropins:

•FSH – Stimulates sperm cell production•LH (ICSH) – stimulates testosterone production

Testosterone

Female Reproductive System

Oogenesis

Female Internal Accessory Organs

Female External Accessory Organs

Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions

Estrogen :•Matures accessory organs•Develops secondary sexual characteristics•Uptake of Ca+•Produced in ovaries, placenta (pregnant female), and in smaller amounts in breast, liver and adrenal glands.

Progesterone •Promotes uterine changes during menstrual cycle• Produced in the ovaries, placenta (pregnant female), and in the brain.

Releasing Hormones (from hypothalamus) stimulate

Anterior Pituitary Gland to release Gonadatropins:

•FSH – Stimulates maturation of the ovarian follicle•LH – controls production of female sex hormones

Reproductive/Menstrual Cycle

Tubal Ligation Image

Why does this work to prevent pregnancy?

Thank goodness!!!