Class 09 emerson_phonetics_fall2014_phonemes_allophones_vot_epg
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Transcript of Class 09 emerson_phonetics_fall2014_phonemes_allophones_vot_epg
Phonetics ~ Class 9
CD 233
Lavoie
Today’s goals
Review articulation of vowels and consonants
Understand phonemes and allophones
Experiment with Palatography
For yourself before we start
Write down:
Descriptors of vowels
Descriptors of consonants
Draw mid-sagittal sections of m and g
Review vowel articulation
What are the dimensions we use to describe vowels?
Where do the English vowels fall along those dimensions?
Review consonant articulation
Descriptors of a consonant Manner
Stop, Fricative, Affricate, Liquid, Glide
Place Bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal
Voicing (voiced or voiceless) Nasality (nasal or oral)
Experiment with place
Run tongue tip from between teeth to as far back as you can go
Now make a sequence of p, f, th, s, t, sh, ch, k, glottal stop
How far apart are each of these places?
Interpreting sagittal sections
The “small articulation heads”
What sound is being articulated? Voicing (look at glottis) Nasality (look at position of velum) Place (look at where articulators approach) Manner (look at how close the articulators
are)
Limitations of mid-sagittal plane
Mid-sagittal does not show pattern of tongue contact on palate
Palatography (static, dynamic) shows: Tongue to palate (linguopalatal) contact Palate to tongue (palatolingual) contact
palatography
Palatography
What pattern does our tongue make on our hard palate when articulating a sound?
See additional handouts
Palatography yields …
Palatogram Linguagram
Capturing palate images
Static palatography
The charcoal method works for a single sound Imagine and draw the contact pattern of the
tongue on the palate when you are sipping from a straw
Now imagine and sketch t, d; s, sh, z, zh, l References if needed:
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiology/static_pal_new/webpal.htm
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~vanderso/LDC.pdf
Dynamic palatography
You really want to know the pattern of contact over time!
But the charcoal method would just make a big black mess and obscure individual contact
That’s where EPG – electropalatography – comes in
Uses a pseudopalate (like a retainer)
/t/ /k/
Pseudopalate and digital display
Clinical uses (Michi et al 1986)
Dynamic palatography generates visual display of constantly changing tongue to palate contact over time, using an artificial palate plate covered with electrodes
The display of contact helps clinician guide client’s sound formation
Pamela’s /s/ (groove width)
Pre-treatment Post-treatment
Pamela’s /r/ (symmetry)
Pre-treatment Post-treatment
Flying 3D palates
From the UCLA Phonetics Lab (section III) We can look at change of contact during phrases
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiology/epg.html
Phonemes and allophones
Allophone cartoon
/Phonemes/ and [allophones]
The single hardest concept in phonetics and phonology!
/Phoneme/: basic mental unit[Allophone]: actual realization of that unit
in a particular context or conditioning environment
Complementary distribution
Non-speech phoneme/allophones
Serving carrots Appropriate preparation for each course
Handwriting, esp. cursive How letters look in particular positions
More metaphors for allophones
/Shirt/ – choose for context [Formal shirt with collar] [Warm cozy hand-knit sweater] [Red t-shirt with rude saying] [No shirt at all – omission]
/Water/ – temperature is context [Liquid] ~ [Ice] ~ [Steam]
Allophones of vowels
Co-articulation, efficient planning yield overlap of articulations
English has oral vowel phonemes
But when an oral vowel occurs before a nasal consonant, it becomes nasalized
French nasal vowel phonemes
French vowels are contrastively oral or nasal
So the oral or nasal vowels give you a difference in meaning http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter14/fr
ench2.html
In English a nasalized vowel doesn’t give a difference in meaning
Free variation
Acceptable variation between realizations of a sound in same position
Two or more sounds in same environment, without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers
Examples: Released or unreleased stops at ends of words /t/ realized as glottal stop or as [t]
As opposed to “complementary distribution”
Allophones of consonants
Light and dark /l/ Lee vs. eel Onset vs. coda position
Fronted /k/ “coo” vs. key” Front/back position of following vowel
Dental /n/ Nine vs. ninth Preceding a dental consonant
Poster child for allophones: /t/
Many realizations of /t/ Some depend on environment
“top” “stop” “butter” “kitten” “hunter” “get your”
Some depend on attitude :) “get out”
Listen for these
Voicing and voice onset time (VOT)
VOT – Voice Onset Time
How voicing and aspiration contrasts are actually articulated
To understand this, we need the concept of articulatory gestures
Hearing voiced, voiceless, aspirated depends on relative timing of glottal gesture with respect to stop release
Articulatory gestures
Have a duration and a magnitude
Can be reduced or increased or overlapped
Some misalignment is perfectly natural Different articulators have different precision “Sluggish” velum vs. very nimble tongue tip
Other misalignment may be disordered http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/CV_or
ganization/Gestural_Scores/index.html
Basics of plosives and VOT
www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/project/siphtra.htm Under Web Tutorials Plosives (Basics) Plosives (VOT and Aspiration)
2-way VOT contrast
EnglishLanguages can choose different cut off
points to make their VOT contrastsEnglish contrasts an aspirated stop
[voiceless] with a voiceless unaspirated stop [voiced], so it’s just a two-way contrast
3-way VOT contrast
Thai http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapt
er6/thai/thai.html
Thai has phonemes of /p/, /ph/ and /b/
Thai contrasts an aspirated stop with a voiceless unaspirated with a voiced
4-way VOT contrast
Hindi http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/lin
guistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/sounds.html
Voiceless, voiceless aspirated
Voiced, AND voiced aspirated Hindi has phonemes of /p/, /ph/, /b/, and /bh/
Summary of VOT contrasts
English has phonemes of /p/ and /b/
Thai has phonemes of /p/, /ph/ and /b/
Hindi has phonemes of /p/, /ph/, /b/, and /bh/
Languages can and do cut up the phonemes and allophones differently
Another piece of evidence that minimal pairs are crucial to show what’s contrastive in a language