Clash of the Titans: The competition between the pulp and paper industry and the energy industry...
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Clash of the TitansThe competition between the pulp and paper and the energy industry for woody biomass in the US South.
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Who Am I?
Carl Dahl • Invented the kraft pulp
process in 1884• First US kraft mill –
Pensacola, FL in 1911• Same basic process used
in most all pulp mills today
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
What Am I?Recovery Boiler
• Equipment that revolutionized the pulp and paper industry
• Invented by G.H. Tomlinson in 1931
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Southern Industry Took Off
US Pulp Fiber Consumption1980-2007
Source : FRA and F2M
180
200
220
240
260
280
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
mil
lio
n g
ree
n t
on
s
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
What’s the Point?
• The pulp and paper industry is OLD.—The first suppliers are still in business.
• The pulp and paper industry is ENTRENCHED.—Long-term relationships abound.
• The pulp and paper industry OWNS THE SUPPLY CHAIN.—They receive 9.5 million trucks of trees annually.—$10 billion business.
6Slide
© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
What’s New? The Greening of the World.Here
and There
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
US South DemandTons of wood required at various co-firing rates
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
FL GA NC SC VA AL MS TN AR LA OK
tons
x 1
000
1%
5%
Based upon current technology and estimates, every 1% of co-firing requires 10MM tons of wood.
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
European Demand• To meet green energy targets of 20%
renewables by 2020, the UK must import 20 million tons of pellets annually.
• If 1/3 is sourced from eastern US, then 8-12 new pellet plants are needed.
• Total EU demand is expected to be 120 million tons by 2020 – more than 10x the world’s installed manufacturing capacity.
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Why the US South?
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Pulp and Paper• Economic drivers: GDP,
demographics, population growth
• Largest producer of biomass energy in US
• Conflict: Customer of utility; compete for same raw material – woodfuel
Renewable Energy
• Economic drivers: none – mandate driven
• Highly regulated and subsidized
• Conflict: Vendor to pulp/paper mill; compete for same raw material – woodfuel
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Pulp/Paper Mills Have a Strong Desire to Limit Competition for Wood Fiber
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• Fixed mill locations• High capital investment• No new greenfield permits likely• Wood fiber makes up 25-40% cost of goods sold• Earnings sensitive to movement in raw material price
It’s a good business!
US Pulp/Paper Mills Have a Strong Worldwide Cost Position
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Current Economics Favor Pulp Mills over Bioenergy Markets
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Southern Bleached Softwood Kraft• Price: $1,000 per ton• Cost : $670 per ton
Manufacture - $500 per ton (includes woodfiber)G&A - $50 per tonDistribution - $70 per tonDepreciation - $50 per ton
• Profit: $330 per ton
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
US Energy Economics• Bioenergy is not terribly competitive:
– 25-35 MW plant – $0.13-0.16/KwH – 50 MW plant -– $0.11-0.13/KwH– 100 MW plant – $0.10-0.12/KwH– 300 MW plant – $0.09/KwH (maybe?)
• Wholesale power rates in US are $0.06-0.12/KwH.
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Economics – Pellets to EUForest2Market estimates that pellets manufactured in the US South and shipped to Europe are currently a break-even proposition.
• 350,000 tonnes production ($85 million in capital)
• Rail pellets to port
• European customers
• Based upon March 2007 ENDEX pricing, approximate price FAS US Port is 130 USD/tonne
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Delivered wood cost 30 USD / Ton
Equivalent dry fiber cost in pellets 68 USD / TonneManufacturing & transportation costs to port 67 USD / Tonne
Total Cost - FAS 135 USD / Tonne
F2M Analysis of Pellet Costs
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Even with economic disadvantage, new demands are undeniable.
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Export Pellet Market is Port DependentWhere are the pulp mills? Near ports.
• Only a handful of US ports have the infrastructure to accommodate wood pellet exports– Depth– Port storage and handling
• Favorable growth/drain ratios in surrounding timber basin• Space for expansion• Favorable freight rates to EU
How will it play out?
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© 2014, Forest2Market, Inc.
Two-Tiered Markets
• Export-driven coastal markets near deep water ports with bulk handling capabilities.
• Domestic market will likely be more biomass/bio-electic centric.
Pulp and Paper
• Will become increasingly effective at acquiring subsidies to offset effects of new demand
• Grades will change— Uncoated free sheet (copy
paper) demand will continue to erode
— Fluff pulp and containerboard demand will increase
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