clap in opertion

8/14/2019 clap in opertion

1/16

DESCRIPTI

ON

The circuit for clap

operated appliance control. it comprisesa condenser microphone ,transistorBC549,timer NE555,display driverCD4033,decade counter CD4017,set

and reset flip-flop CD4013,relay driveruln2803 and new discrete components.


2/16


3/16

CONDENSERMICROPHONES


4/16

CONDENSER

MICROPHONE

Condenser means capacitor, an

electronic component which stores energyin the form of an electrostatic field. Theterm condenser is actually obsolete but hasstuck as the name for this type of

microphone, which uses a capacitor toconvert acoustical energy into electricalenergy. Condenser microphones requirepower from a battery or external source.

The resulting audio signal is stronger signal

than that from a dynamic. Condensers alsotend to be more sensitive and responsivethan dynamics, making them well-suited tocapturing subtle nuances in a sound. They

are not ideal for high-volume work, as theirsensitivit makes them rone to distort.


5/16

A capacitorhas two plates with a voltage between them. Inthe condenser mic, one of these plates is made

of very light material and acts as thediaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates whenstruck by sound waves, changing the distancebetween the two plates and therefore changingthe capacitance. Specifically, when the platesare closer together, capacitance increases anda charge current occurs. When the plates arefurther apart, capacitance decreases and adischarge current occurs. A voltage is requiredacross the capacitor for this to work. Thisvoltage is supplied either by a battery in the

mic or by external phantom power. Cross-Section of a Typical Condenser Microphone

the Electrets CondenserMicrophone .The electretcondenser mic uses a

special type of capacitor which has aermanent volta e built in durin manufacture.


6/16


7/16

Mon-stable multivibrator

Monostable multivibrator oftencalled a one shot multivibrator is a pulsegenerating circuit in which the duration ofthis pulse is determined by the RC networkconnected externally to the 555 timer. In a

stable or standby state, the output of thecircuit is approximately zero or a logic-lowlevel. When external trigger pulse is appliedoutput is forced to go high ( VCC). The timefor which output remains high is determinedby the external RC network connected to thetimer. At the end of the timing interval, theoutput automatically reverts back to its logic-low stable state. The output stays low until

trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle


8/16


9/16

40333DECADECOUNTER

CD4033BMS consists of a 5 stage Johnson decade counter and an output decoder

which converts the Johnson code to a 7 segmentdecoded output for driving one stage in a numericaldisplay. This device is particularly advantageous indisplay applications where low power dissipationand/or low package count is important. A high RESETsignal clears the decade counter to its zero count.

The counter is advanced one count at the positiveclock signal transition if the CLOCK INHIBIT signal islow. Counter advancement via the clock line isinhibited when the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is high. TheCLOCK INHIBIT signal can be used as a negative-

edge clock if the clock line is held high. Antilockgating is provided on the JOHNSON counter, thusassuring proper counting sequence. The CARRY-OUT(Count) signal completes one cycle every ten CLOCKINPUT cycles and is used to clock the succeedingdecade directly in a multi-decade counting chain.

The seven decoded outputs (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)illuminate the ro er se ments in a seven se ment


10/16

OUN


11/16

4017DECADECO

UN

DIGRAM


12/16

DECADECOU

NTER

OPERATION

The

count advances as the clockinput becomes high(on the rising-edge). Each output Q0-Q9 goeshigh in turn as counting advances. For somefunctions (such as flash sequences) outputs maybe combined using diodes. The reset inputshould be low (0V) for normal operation (counting0-9). When high it resets the count to zero (Q0high). This can be done manually with a switchbetween reset and +Vs and a 10k resistorbetween reset and 0V. Counting to less than 9is achieved by connecting the relevant output

(Q0-Q9) to reset, for example to count 0,1,2,3connect Q4 to reset. The disable input should below (0V) for normal operation. When high itdisables counting so that clock pulses are ignoredand the count is kept constant. The 10 outputis high for counts 0-4 and low for 5-9, so it

provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency.It can be used to drive the clock in ut of another
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/ic.htmhttp://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/ic.htm


13/16

DFLIP

-

FLOP


14/16

The type-D flip-flop is a special devicethat functions only as a counter divider. A far moreversatile device is the Data or type-D flip-flop, which ismade by connecting the clocked master-slave flip-

flop inverter is wired between the s and R terminals ofthe flip-flop, so those terminals are always out of phase,and the input is applied via a single and show thesy~nbol and the truth table of the type-T flip-flop,respectively D type flip-flop can be used as a data-tableof its clocked inputs is and that of its direct inputs is

show in.Corresponding Note that both the 4013 and the4027 have SET and RESET inputs in addition to, Thenormal clocked inputs. For both IC's counter-reset pulseswhen the desired Figure 25 shows how to make a four-bit cubit can b e c o n v e r t e d to a Second is attained.data latch from four D-type flip-flops. The rial-

lnIParalle1-Out (SIPO) shift register data latch is usefulfor storing binary num- simply by using the Q outputs ofeach flip-Latches and registers rember or data. Inputdata is ignored until a flop. The circuit might be useful,Now let's move away from counters and positive-goingSTORE pulse is applied. at ample, in converting data

transmitted take a brief look at three other applicationwhich point the latch stores the data and from a remote- -


15/16


16/16

ULN2803

A chip with a High Voltage/High Current Darlington Transistor Array. It allows you to interface TTL signals withhigher voltage/current loads. In English, the chip takes low levelsignals (TLL, CMOS, PMOS, NMOS - which operate at lowvoltages and low currents) and acts as a relay of sorts itself,switching on or off a higher level signal on the opposite side.A TTL signal operates from 0-5V, with everything between 0.0

and 0.8V considered "low" or off, and 2.2 to 5.0V beingconsidered "high" or on. The maximum power available on aTTL signal depends on the type, but generally does not exceed25mW (~5mA @ 5V), so it is not useful for providing power tosomething like a relay coil. Computers and other electronicdevices frequently generate TTL signals. On the output side theULN2803 is generally rated at 50V/500mA, so if can operate

small loads directly. Alternatively, it is frequently used to powerthe coil of one or more relays, which in turn allow even highervoltages/currents to be controlled by the low level signal. Inelectrical terms, the ULN2803 uses the low level (TTL) signal toswitch on/turn off the higher voltage/current signal on theoutput side.The ULN2803 comes in an 18-pin IC configurationand includes eight (8) transistors. Pins 1-8 receive the low level

signals, pin 9 is grounded (for the low level signal reference).Pin 10 is the common on the high side and would generally be

clap in opertion

Documents

Transcript of clap in opertion