Civil War Era

Civil War Era8th Grade

Unit 2

U.S. History

by the

Standards

Nationalism

Nationalism

• A sense of the South as a distinct region with a common culture and set of political priorities that were in conflict with the rest of the U.S.--in the decades leading up to the Civil War.

• At the heart of that nationalism was slavery.

• This "Southern thought" opposed classical liberalism, capitalism, industrialism, and democracy.

• Saw itself in opposition to the very ideals of the American Revolution.

Sectionalism

Sectionalism

• One big neighborhood dispute, and the neighborhood was the United States in the mid-1800s.

• The nation was divided by its interests, attitudes, and overall lifestyles.

• Northerners focused on fast-paced business and industry, spending their days manufacturing, shipping, and trading goods.

• The Southern economy relied on slow and steady agricultural growth. Planting and picking crops was the work of slaves who supported plantation owners' with their labor.

Expansion of Slavery

Expansion of Slavery

• Spread of slavery into western territory raised tension

• Southerners insisted they be allowed to take their enslaved workers with them anywhere except free states (the plantation system depended on slaves to harvest the cotton)

• In the North and West, which were not economically dependent on slave labor—there was a feeling that slavery was morally wrong—they did not want to extend slavery to new territory

• To Southerners, this meant that no new slave states could be formed—and the political power of the South would decrease

Tariffs

Tariffs

• Northeastern manufacturers and laborers wanted protective tariffs to ensure that their factories could compete successfully with European manufactures

• Southerners whose economy rested mainly on agriculture opposed high tariffs because they would have to pay more for imported goods

• Even though the northwest was a farming region—they were mostly in favor of high tariffs—they felt the high tariffs would provide revenue for roads, canals and railroads—increase urban markets for farm products

Westward Expansion

Westward Expansion

• When Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a slave state—controversy erupted

• What resulted was the Missouri Compromise—Missouri and Maine would be admitted to the union—Missouri slave and Maine free—however, the remainder of the Louisiana Territory would be divided at the 36-30 north parallel—slavery would be forbidden north of this line.

Internal Improvements

Internal Improvements

• Building roads and bridges within America

• President Adams proposed a program of federal support for internal improvements in Dec. 1825; strict Jeffersonians claimed it to be unconstitutional.

• The South had few plans to build canals and roads. Jackson, with a political base in the South, felt that federal support meant a possibly corrupt giveaway program for the North.

Nullification

Nullification

• When a state declares a federal law “null and void”—doesn’t recognize the law

• 1832—Congress passed yet another high tariff—South Carolina threatened to secede or leave the Union if the government tried to collect on these taxes—eventually a bill was passed to lower the tariff rates and South Carolina remained in the Union

Dred Scott vs Sanford

Dred Scott v Sanford

• The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not sue in court

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Plessy v Ferguson

• The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as separate facilities were equal

• Again—founding fathers did not intend for African Americans to be citizens

Lincoln’s Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln’s Suspension of Habeas Corpus

• During the Civil War both presidents (Abe Lincoln and Jefferson Davis) suppressed anti-war opinion by curtailing the civil rights of citizens

• In some areas martial law was declared—a form of military rule that includes suspending constitutional guarantees of civil rights

• Habeas Corpus—was also put aside—requires that persons who are arrested be brought to court to show why they are being held

• It was Lincoln’s belief that the survival of the nation during an emergency overrode the Constitution

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise

• Through the efforts of Henry Clay, two states were admitted, a free Maine and a slave Missouri, and the balance of power in Congress was maintained as before.

• Stipulated that all the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except Missouri, would be free, and the territory below that line would be slave.

• The Missouri Compromise was repealed by the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act and declared unconstitutional in the 1857 Dred Scott decision.

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

• Those favoring the North: California would be admitted a free state and slave trade (not slavery) was forbidden in the District of Columbia

• The South: would gain a stronger Fugitive Slave Law designed to suppress the Underground Railroad

• Territory gained after the Mexican War would be divided into two territories Utah and New Mexico—question of slavery there would be decided by popular sovereignty

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• The area west of Missouri would be divided into to territories—Nebraska and Kansas—the question of slavery in the two areas would be decided by popular sovereignty—this negated the Missouri Compromise because they both lay above the 36-30 parallel

Popular Sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty

• The right to vote on whether slavery shall exist in the territories

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• This book increased anti-slavery feeling in the North by portraying slavery at its worst

• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Issues Leading to Civil War

Slavery

Economics

State’s Rights

Slavery

Slavery

• During the 19th century the South remained almost completely agricultural, with an economy and a social order largely founded on slavery and the plantation system. These mutually dependent institutions produced the staples, especially cotton, from which the South derived its wealth.

• The North had its own great agricultural resources, was always more advanced commercially, and was also expanding industrially.

Economics

Economics

• The North was self sufficient complete with agriculture and industry

• The South was mainly agricultural and depended on New England as well as Europe for manufactured goods

State’s Rights

State’s Rights

• Two sides to the issue: those who want the federal government to have more control and those who felt the states should have more power

• They felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. This resulted in the idea of nullification, where the states would have the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional.

Antietam

Antietam

• General Lee planned to attack Washington D.C. to destroy northern morale—he would split his army into two groups

• McClellan attacked Lee at Antietam in Maryland

• In the bloodiest single day of fighting McClellan forced Lee to retreat to Virginia

• The Confederates lost more than 11,000 casualties—McClellan lost even more—his army was too damaged to pursue Lee and finish him.

Gettysburg

Gettysburg

• Marked the turning point of the Civil War

• After three days of fighting Union casualties were more than 23,000 while more than 28,000 Confederates were killed or injured

• The Union Army under the leadership of General Meade failed to pursue Lee as he retreated.

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

• DID NOT FREE ALL SLAVES!

• Freed enslaved people in those areas that were rebelling against the Union

• It didn’t immediately free anyone as it only pertained to those areas held by the enemy

Sherman’s March to the Sea


• Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, Georgia, defeating Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood.

• After capturing Atlanta, he laid waste to much of the rest of Georgia in what has been called Sherman's March to the Sea, reaching the sea at Savannah, Georgia.


• Burning towns and plantations as they went, Sherman's armies hauled off crops and killed livestock to retaliate and to deny use of these economic assets to the Confederacy

• When Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Virginia lines from the south, it was the end for Lee and his men, and for the Confederacy.

Abolitionists vs. Slaveholders

Comparison

Abolitionists Slaveholders

Robert E. Lee vs. Ulysses S Grant

Comparison

Robert E. Lee Ulysses S Grant

Abraham Lincoln vs. Jefferson Davis

Comparison

Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis

Harriet Beecher Stowe vs. Mary Chestnut

Comparison

Harriet Beecher Stowe Mary Chesnut

Lincoln’s Reconstruction

Congressional Leaders Reconstruction

Congressional Reconstruction

Johnson’s Reconstruction

Impeachment of Johnson

Impeachment Trial

Constitutional Powers

Edmund G. Ross

Impeachment Trial

Constitutional Powers

Edmund G. Ross

Black Codes

Black Codes

• A series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate states. • They varied greatly from state to state as to their

harshness and restrictiveness. • Provided for the segregation of public facilities and

placed severe restrictions on the freedman's status as a free laborer, his right to own real estate, and his right to testify in court.

•

Sharecropping

Sharecropping

• Sharecropping came to define the method of land lease that would eventually become a new form of slavery.

• Without land of their own, many blacks were drawn into schemes where they worked a portion of the land owned by whites for a share of the profit from the crops.

• When accounting time came, the black farmer was always a few dollars short of what he owed the landowner, so he invariably began the new year with a deficit. As that deficit grew, he found it impossible to escape from his situation.

Jim Crow

Jim Crow Laws

• Jim Crow laws were laws that imposed racial segregation.

• They existed mainly in the South. • The laws sprouted up in the late nineteenth century after

Reconstruction and lasted until the 1960s.

Civil War Amendments

Civil War Amendments

• The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery.• The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in Slaves

became citizens.• The Fifteenth Amendment allowed African Americans

(males) the right to vote.

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass

• One of the leaders of the abolitionist movement• The first black citizen to hold high rank (as U.S. minister

and consul general to Haiti) in the U.S. government.

Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan

• The original Ku Klux Klan was organized by ex-Confederate elements to oppose the Reconstruction policies of the radical Republican Congress.

• And to maintain "white supremacy." • After the Civil War, when local government in the South

was weak or nonexistent and there were fears of black outrages and even of an insurrection, informal vigilante organizations or armed patrols were formed in almost all communities to control the blacks.

Exodusters

Exodusters

• Reconstruction gave way to renewed racial oppression, a former slave named Benjamin “Pap” Singleton began urging blacks to form their own independent communities in the West.

• Those who followed his advice called themselves “Exodusters,” because they believed the West would prove their promised land.

•

Border Ruffians

Border Ruffians

• Were from Missouri and supported slavery• Tried to destroy the free staters• Wanted Kansas to be a slave state

Bushwhackers

Bushwhackers

• Supported the Confederacy• Were for slavery

Jayhawkers

Jayhawker

• Supported the Union• Were against slavery

Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad

• A secret passage way for slaves to escape the south to freedom in the north

• Led by Harriet Tubman

Free-Staters

Free-Staters

• Did not want slavery in Kansas

Abolitionists

Abolitionists

• People who are opposed to slavery

Effects of Scarcity on Price

Effects of Scarcity on Price

• Price and Production• When the prices up—production tends to go down

• Consumption and Distribution• When consumption goes down—distribution is limited

Kansas Constitution

Kansas Constitution

• Rights Guaranteed by the Kansas Constitution and Bill of Rights

• Equal rights• People have the political power• Assembly• Petition• Trial by Jury• Search and Seizure• Justice without delay• Voting rights• Free Speech

Agricultural Practices Before and After the Dust Storms

Rotation of Crops

Terracing

Shelter Belts

Irrigation

Stubble Mulch

Rotation of Crops

Rotation of Crops

• Rotate crops in such a way that one takes nutrients out of the ground while the other puts nutrients back in to the ground.

Shelter Belts

Shelter Belts

• Provide protection to the land from erosion due to the wind blowing the top soil away

Irrigation

Irrigation

• Has allowed farmers to grow crops previously only available in those regions which sustain a lot of rain

• Now, however, they have created another problem as the water table in the Ogallala Aquifer is at very low levels.

Terracing

Terracing

• Has allowed farmers to produce crops on land that is not flat—by terracing the land, it keeps the rainfall in the field without washing away topsoil.

Stubble Mulch

Stubble Mulch

• By leaving the stalks in the field after the harvest, moisture collects and the roots rot and place nutrients back in the ground

• Now many use no-till planters which plant right over the stalks.

Birth/Death Rates

Birth/Death Rates

• Birth Rate is calculated by dividing the number of live births in a population in a year by the midyear resident population.

• Death Rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths in a population in a year by the midyear resident population.

Population Growth Rates

Population Growth Rates

• The change in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time.

Migration Patterns

Migration Patterns

• The way in which people move and settle into new places• Early on moved for food• Today most move to improve their way of life

Rural vs. Urban

Rural v Urban

• Steady decline of population in rural areas• Most move to urban areas for opportunity

Juveniles vs. Adults Under the Law

Due Process

Punishment

Trial

Age Restrictions

Rehabilitation

Diversion

Due Process

Due Process

Juvenile

• Is unnecessary in the juvenile courts because they are already protective in how their court is structured.

Adult

• Due process ensures the government will respect a person’s legal rights

• Government can not deny a person of life, liberty or property

Trial

Juvenile

• Less formal than adult courts

• Rules of evidence are more relaxed

• Evidence is allowed that would not be allowed in adult court

Adult

• Formal proceedings• Very structured• Only certain evidence can

be allowed

Age Restrictions

Age Restrictions

Juvenile• When a person who is under 16

years old, but is at least 7 years old, commits an act which would be a "crime" if he or she were an adult, and is then found to be in need of supervision, treatment or confinement, the person is called a "juvenile delinquent". The act committed is called a "delinquent act". All juvenile delinquency cases are heard in Family Court.

Adult• Children who are 13, 14 and 15

years old who commit more serious or violent acts may be treated as adults. These cases may be heard in Supreme Court, but may sometimes be transferred to the Family Court. If found guilty, the child is called a "juvenile offender", and is subject to more serious penalties than a juvenile delinquent.

Punishment

Punishment

Juvenile

• Rehabilitation and treatment, in addition to community protection, are considered to be primary and viable goals.

Adult

• More strict rules• More severe punishment

for offenders

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation

Juvenile

• Programs, schools and treatment to educate criminals and try to return them to society—hopefully without committing another crime.

Adult

• Programs, schools and treatment to educate criminals and try to return them to society—hopefully without committing another crime.

Diversion

Diversion

Juvenile• May cases involving juveniles are not heard in

court. The child's case is handled by another agency, usually a public or private social services agency. This is known as "diversion."

• The child, the child's parents, and the agency come to some agreement about how to handle the child's offense. This will often involve meeting certain conditions, such as, restitution, community service, counseling, or school attendance.

• If the child meets all of the conditions agreed to, the case will be dismissed without court action. If the conditions are not met, the child may be referred to juvenile court.

Adult

• Depending on the crime, diversion is not an option

Influences on World Trade and Interdependence

Location Advantage

Technology

Resource Distribution

Labor Cost

Trade Networks

Trade Organizations

Location Advantage

Location Advantage

• By being located next to a major river, water way, high way or rail system, it is much easier to get goods to market


• If a plan is in place that brings resources from many places together to create a product, then that product will be distributed to more people.

Labor Cost

Labor Costs

• Many companies today are relocating their factories to foreign countries where people will work for less than we do here in America.

Technology

Technology

• As technology advances, there will be less need for manual/physical labor—more work will be done by machine

Trade Networks

Trade Networks

• A group of countries world wide share resources for trading purposes.

Trade Organizations

Trade Organizations

• Work together to get the best deal for those involved

Civil War Era

Documents

Transcript of Civil War Era