Civil rights movement

Warm-Up: Pick up NOTES PACKET on front cart. • Schedule•Warm Up: •Discrimination against African-Americans—Voting, Court Challenges, Jim Crow, Segregation, Black Codes & NAACP• Cooperative Work

• Closure: How did discrimination impact African-Americans?

Assignment: Packet page 1 due

Warm-Up: Word-Web on page 9• Schedule:•Warm-Up•PowerPoint: Brown v. Board of Education Topeka Kansas 1954•Brown v. Board arguments•Segregation in 21st century America

• Key Question: How did the Brown v. Board case impact American society??• Assignment: Packet page 1 due

Court Decisions and Grassroots Organizing

• Blacks had been fighting for equality since Civil War•Wanted political rights, better jobs, & end to segregation

• Supreme Court decisions & grassroots movement (locally organized by ordinary citizens) helped expand civil rights

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTGHLdr-iak

Brown Takes on Plessy v. Ferguson

• NAACP benefited from these changes

• They established fund to pay for legal challenges to segregation• Still, “separate but equal” law in effect in 1950s• 1950s, African Americans

sued to end segregation – integrate – in public schools

• Before then, white school boards gave white schools newer books, equipment, & school buildings than black schools

• Schools were separate, but they were NOT equal

• Thurgood Marshall, NAACP lawyer, led the fight against segregation in courts

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954• Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson• Court said that because facilities are separate, they can never be equal• America’s schools should be integrated• Brown decision limited to public schools

http://www.umich.edu/~lawrace/index.htm

Warm-Up Answer question at top of page 13 in Notes Packet • Schedule•Warm Up: •Rosa Parks Reading •Rosa Park perceptions of agency•Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott Notes

• Closure: How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott enhance African-American civil rights?

HW: Assignment packet page 1 due Wednesday

The Way Things Were…

Black people could not sit just anywhere they wanted in the bus. They had to sit in the back of the bus. If white people were already sitting in the front of the bus, the

black person had to pay the fare, get off the bus, and reenter at the back door. Sometimes the bus driver just drove off and left them before they could get back on at the back door. If the bus filled up with people, the driver would ask a black person to move so he could reposition the movable sign which divided the

black and white sections.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8AmCc9RfVNs/TWOeDTXfD9I/AAAAAAAABSQ/Cd5zPhBDWvw/s1600/bus+-+Rosaparks_busdiagram.jpg

Rosa Parks

• December 1, 1955, in Montgomery,

Alabama, Rosa Parks got on bus to ride home• Group of white people got on board along way• Bus driver told Parks & other blacks to move to back of bus• Everyone obeyed except Parks• Parks was arrested

• But this event started movement to end segregation in US

Montgomery Bus Boycott• 1955, Rosa Parks arrested for refusing

to give up her seat on bus•News of her arrest spread quickly•NAACP & churches asked blacks to boycott riding buses – Montgomery Bus Boycott• Boycott is type of political activism –

direct action taken to support or oppose

a social or political goal

•That night, NAACP held meeting• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Baptist minister from Georgia – told them “we’re tired of being segregated & humiliated”

•Boycott went on for 13 months• King & other leaders faced death threats, bombings, jailings

•Supreme Court eventually declared bus segregation illegal• Now blacks could sit wherever they wanted on buses

•Results of boycott:• Ended segregation on Montgomery buses• Led to founding of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)• Coordinated nonviolent civil rights protests all over South

• Boycott made Martin Luther King national figure in civil rights movement

Warm-Up Answer question at top of page 18 in notes packet• Schedule•Warm Up: •Little Rock Nine photo analysis•Little Rock Nine Notes•Warriors Don’t Cry Excerpts

• Closure: How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott enhance African-American civil rights?

HW: Assignment packet page

Civil Rights Supporters Face Violence • Civil rights victories angered Southern

whites• Ku Klux Klan used beatings, arson, murder to threaten blacks•Many whites organized groups called White Citizens Councils to prevent desegregation•Opposition of whites to desegregation – “massive resistance”

Showdown in Little Rock

• Massive resistance threatened school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas•After Brown case, Little Rock school board planned to integrate• 9 black kids go to Central High School – “the Little Rock Nine”

• Segregationists tried to stop them• Governor Orval Faubus ordered National Guard to prevent students from entering school• Went on for 3 weeks

• September 24, President Eisenhower ordered 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock• The paratroopers protected the students

as they went to school

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6v0JJak2pg&feature=related

Sit-Ins Energize the Movement

• Victories like one in Little Rock encouraged others to fight for rights•1960, 4 black college students started sit-in at lunch counter in Greensboro, NC•Sit-in – protest where people sit & refuse to move until demands met

• Students ordered coffee – waitress said no b/c they were black• Students came back each

day w/ more protestors (over 100)• Following weeks, 1000s

of protestors held sit-ins in South

• Segregationists began abusing protestors• Threw acid & ammonia,

yelled & beat them, burned w/ cigarettes

• Protests eventually forced stores w/ lunch counters to serve African Americans

•Out of this movement, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed• Student-led group which used nonviolence tactics to pressure for change

Warm-Up: Civil Rights Quiz• Schedule•Warm Up: •When finished with quiz, complete Assignment Packet page + text reading

• Closure: How was discrimination utilized to weaken civil rights of African Americans? How was the civil rights movement strengthened?

Assignment: Packet page 2 due

Warm-Up: Complete top part of page 23 in NOTES PACKET

• Schedule:•Warm-Up• Civil Rights Movement Notes• Birmingham Protest Video & Questions• Equal Rights Notes

• Closure: How did ‘2nd class’ Americans fight for equality??

• Assignment: Packet page 2 due

The Movement Gains Strength• Early 1960s, Congress did not act on civil rights issues• However, ordinary people all over America were joining civil rights movement•As this grassroots movement grew, politicians forced to get involved

Kennedy and Civil Rights• 1960, America elected new president• Southern Democrats supported segregation

• Kennedy did not want to anger them (could prevent him getting reelected)• But civil rights activists kept pressuring the govt.• May 1961, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) staged freedom rides

• Despite attacks, freedom riders kept going• Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect them• 4 months later, federal govt. integrated all interstate bus facilities

Protests in Birmingham

• 1960s, civil rights movement gained strength•Blacks in Birmingham, AL wanted to integrate public places, get better jobs, & better housing• Protestors knew Public

Safety Commissioner would use violence to stop protests

• Also knew sight of segregationists beating up nonviolent protestors would increase America’s pressure for change

•Demonstration began April 1963 – cops arrested & held Dr. King• SCLC used children in protests• Police used dogs & firehouses on them• People watched on television – they were

horrified•Soon Birmingham’s leaders desegregated lunch counters, removed segregation signs, & hired more black workers

Freedom Rides

• Protests against segregation on interstate buses in South• During rides, whites would sit in back, blacks sit in front• Along the way, blacks would try to use “whites only” facilities• Many were attacked for doing so

Equal Rights Struggle: Mexican-Americans• Mexican Americans united to

fight for equality•1950s, Cesar Chavez worked w/ Dolores Huerta to create labor union• Chavez inspired by Dr. King & Ghandi (nonviolent)

•1962, Chavez formed United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)• 1965, California grape growers refused to recognize union• Chavez organized boycott of grapes – it worked

• Farm workers inspired Mexican Americans in cities to organize•Students walked out of class to get better facilities, more Mexican American teachers• This action led to many reforms

•1970, Mexican Americans formed La Raza Unida to elect Mexican Americans to public office• Lead to better jobs, pay, housing, education

Native American Activism• As America grew, Indians lost their

land & millions of their people•Surviving Indians forced onto reservations (poverty)• Many children forced into “Indian schools”• Indian language & culture forbidden here• Indian children taught to assimilate – blend into white culture

• 1950s, Bureau of Indian Affairs started “termination policy”•State governments would control Indians• Indians also lost another 1.6 million acres

• Indians united against termination policy•National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) – founded to protect Indians – led protests• Govt. changed policy 1958

• By 1960s, Indians were least wealthy & least healthy of all groups in U.S.• Indian unemployment – 10 times country’s

average• Life expectancy – 20 years shorter than

country’s average• 1961, Indians issued Declaration of Indian

Purpose – wanted to control own lives• Demanded rights for people on reservations & acceptance of Indian laws• 1970s, Indians won control of social

programs, law enforcement, & education• Native Americans also won back some land• Also went to court over hunting & fishing

rights on old land

The Women’s Movement Revives

• Women’s rights movement began mid-1800s• Victory achieved 1920 – women gained right to vote•But women still had few rights & job opportunities

• WWII, 7 million women filled jobs for men• When soldiers came home, many women lost jobs

• 1960s, women still discriminated against at work & few legal rights•Married women could not sign contracts, sell property, or get credit•Women could lose job if got pregnant (encouraged to quit)

• In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan described problem for women:•Women wanted more than husband, children, & home

• 1966 Friedan started National Organization for Women (NOW)• Tried to help women get good jobs & equal pay• 1966, 4% of lawyers & 1% of judges were women• Women earned only 60% of what men earned• 2012, women still only earned 78% of what men did

• Problem – “Glass Ceiling” – invisible barrier keeping women from advancing• 2012, women lead 18 of 500 biggest companies in US

The Movement’s Impact

• 1972 Congress passed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)• Equality shall not be denied or abridged (shortened) by government because of gender• Tried to protect women against

discrimination & help them achieve equality in jobs, pay, education• 38 states had to accept the law• By deadline, only 35 did

• Opponents argued ERA would destroy families & that women’s problems were not govt’s business

• Other reforms helped reduce inequality•Higher Education Act of 1972 (“Title IX”) – outlawed discrimination against women in school• Example: many schools spent more money on men’s sports than women’s sports• Title IX made that illegal

Warm-Up: Complete question on the bottom of page 26

• Schedule:•Warm-Up•MLK Jr. & Malcolm X Readings

• Closure: Which civil rights leader’s philosophy do you agree? Why?

Warm-Up: Complete question on the top of page 34 on Notes Packet

• Schedule:•Warm-Up•PPT New Civil Rights: President Kennedy/Johnson & New Society

• Closure: How was the civil rights movement a success? How was the civil rights unfulfilled?

The High Water Mark 1963-1965

• Birmingham protests helped inspire others• A march on Washington & voter registration drive helped convince Congress to make more changes

The March on Washington• Birmingham convinced Americans to support laws to protect civil rights•August 28, 1963, 250,000 joined March on Washington• During march, Dr. King delivered

his “I Have a Dream” speech• He hoped his children would be judged by

“their character” rather than “the color of their skin”

•The march united many civil rights groups•Also convinced Kennedy to promise his support

New Civil Rights Laws

• President Kennedy did not live long enough to keep promise•November 22, 1963, Kennedy & V.P. Lyndon Johnson went to Texas to campaign• As motorcade rode through Dallas, shots rang out• Kennedy was hit – died within an hour

• Johnson was sworn in as president – promised to continue Kennedy’s policies•Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law in July• Banned segregation in public places• Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – to prevent job discrimination• Segregation officially became illegal

Kennedy’s Assassination

• Fall 1963, Kennedy losing popularity – he supported civil rights

• But most still supported Kennedy• November 22, 1963, Kennedy landed in Dallas, TX

• Came to make friends w/ state’s Democratic Party• Streets of downtown Dallas full of applause

• Jackie & President Kennedy sat in open-air limousine• Governor John Connally (& wife) sat in front• As limo approached Texas School Book Depository, rifle shots rang out• President Kennedy was shot in head• Taken to nearby hospital – President Kennedy was dead• Lyndon Johnson took over as President

• Dallas police charged Lee Harvey Oswald w/ murder• Palm print found on rifle used to kill Kennedy• Oswald was 24, ex-marine, had lived in Soviet Union, supported

Castro• November 24, while Oswald being transferred to another

prison, Jack Ruby shot & killed Oswald on TV

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbXI0WSlTGw

Unanswered Questions• Some people wondered if Oswald involved in

conspiracy• 1963, Warren Commission investigated Kennedy’s murder• Concluded Oswald shot Kennedy on his

own• Another investigation in 1979 found Oswald had taken part in conspiracy• Investigators believed 2 people fired on

President• Various theories have come about:• Anti-Castro Cubans• Communist-sponsored attack• Conspiracy by CIA• American mafia• V.P. Lyndon Johnson

Fighting For Voting Rights

• South had used literacy tests, poll taxes, & violence to stop blacks from voting•Civil Rights Act said states cannot use different voting standards for blacks & whites•Same year, states ratified 24th Amendment• Outlawed poll taxes• Still, many blacks had hard time voting

• 1964, SNCC organized voter registration drive for Southern blacks – Freedom Summer•Volunteers were harassed & some even killed• But they registered many African

American voters• President Johnson told Alabama

Governor George Wallace he wanted no more violence•President sent troops to protect protestors

• August 6, 1965, Johnson signed Voting Rights Act• Banned literacy tests & other

laws preventing people from voting

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHBE6n6rKn0

Johnson & Great Society• Johnson’s presidency called Great Society•Helped poor, elderly, women, & the disenfranchised (people not allowed to vote)•Also passed laws to promote education, end discrimination, protect environment• Many of these programs still exist today –

Medicare (health insurance for elderly) & Medicaid (medical care for poor)

•Congress also passed Elementary & Secondary School Act – federal funds for education•Congress also strengthened Clean Air Act & Clean Water Act• Passed laws to protect endangered species & preserve forest

Division in the Civil Rights Movement

• Late 1960s, civil rights leader disagreed about movement• SCLC wanted more nonviolent protest• But other groups wanted to be more aggressive• 1966, SNCC kicked out white

members• They began to call for “black power”• Wanted blacks to make own

organizations to fight racism• Nation of Islam – branch of Islam

begun in U.S. – also told blacks to separate from whites• NOI led by Elijah Muhammad• But most popular member was

Malcolm X

• By mid-1960s, however, Malcolm X rejected NOI (but he remained Muslim)

• In Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Malcolm X saw all Muslims living in peace

• He learned that what Nation of Islam taught was not real Islam

• He came back to U.S. & wanted all races to be equal

• 1965, members of Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X

• In North, no laws took away blacks’ civil rights• But they were still discriminated against• African Americans in cities grew frustrated

riots• April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was

assassinated in Memphis, TN• African American communities erupted in

violence (40 died)

Warm-Up: Find prescribed groups

• Schedule:•Warm-Up•Civil Rights Review Packet & Questions

• Closure: How did the civil rights movement progress throughout the 20th century?

Warm-Up: Log onto a computer follow the directions below.

• Schedule:•Moodle.wilsonsd.org•User/password guest•Social Studies US History II –Peshler •1st Tab Civil Rights (JFK Assassination)•Open up link

• Closure: Who killed President JFK?

Warm-Up: Grab Scantron• Schedule:•Warm-Up•Civil Rights Test

• Closure: How did the civil rights movement progress throughout the 20th century?