Civil Rights Civil Rights MovementMovement

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Early Demands for EqualityEarly Demands for Equality AA discontent with segregation AA discontent with segregation

after WWIIafter WWII Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws De Jure SegregationDe Jure Segregation: enforced : enforced

by law vs. by law vs. De Facto De Facto SegregationSegregation: by tradition: by tradition

Congress of Racial EqualityCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)- non violent protest group(CORE)- non violent protest group

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education– NAACP challenges Plessy vs. NAACP challenges Plessy vs.

FergusonFerguson– Segregated schools violate US Segregated schools violate US

constitutionconstitution SC Chief Justice Earl SC Chief Justice Earl WarrenWarren

– Little Rock 9Little Rock 9: Ark. Gov. refused : Ark. Gov. refused integration- called in Nat’l Grd.integration- called in Nat’l Grd.

– Pres. Eisenhower sends Federal Pres. Eisenhower sends Federal troops to escort students troops to escort students

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott: : Rosa Parks refuses to move seat Rosa Parks refuses to move seat for white person, AA boycott bus for white person, AA boycott bus riding for over 1 yrriding for over 1 yr finally finally declared unconstitutionaldeclared unconstitutional

MLK Jr. preaches non violent MLK Jr. preaches non violent resistanceresistance Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Conf. Leadership Conf. (SCLC (SCLC

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Movement Gains GroundMovement Gains Ground Integration slow in coming- Integration slow in coming-

several forms of protest growseveral forms of protest grow– Greensboro sit-in:Greensboro sit-in: 4 black 4 black

students refuse to move when students refuse to move when Woolworth’s refused them serviceWoolworth’s refused them service

– Student Nonviolent Coordinating Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommComm. (SNCC)- grass roots mvmt to . (SNCC)- grass roots mvmt to defeat racismdefeat racism

Civil RightsCivil Rights

– ““Freedom RidersFreedom Riders”- ”- 1961- CORE stages 1961- CORE stages freedom rides freedom rides through deep south through deep south to protest to protest segregation on segregation on public public transportationtransportation met met with bombs and with bombs and mobsmobs

– Pres. Kennedy sends Pres. Kennedy sends federal troopers to federal troopers to protect ridersprotect riders

Civil RightsCivil Rights

March On March On WashingtonWashington: : SNCC, SCLS, CORE, SNCC, SCLS, CORE, etc protestetc protest MLK “ MLK “I I have A Dreamhave A Dream” ” SpeechSpeech

Congress passes Congress passes Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964: banned : banned segregation in segregation in public facilitiespublic facilities

Civil RightsCivil Rights

New Successes and ChallengesNew Successes and Challenges AA still face voting restrictions (poll taxes, AA still face voting restrictions (poll taxes,

literacy tests)literacy tests) Freedom SummerFreedom Summer Students in Miss. register hundreds of AA to Students in Miss. register hundreds of AA to

votevote Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 and and 24th Am24th Am: :

bans literacy tests and poll taxesbans literacy tests and poll taxes Baker vs. CarrBaker vs. Carr- limit gerrymandering based - limit gerrymandering based

on raceon race Race riots: LA, NJ, AA use violence against Race riots: LA, NJ, AA use violence against

cops, white business ownerscops, white business owners

Civil RightsCivil Rights

New voices of Civil RightsNew voices of Civil Rights– Malcolm XMalcolm X: Nation of Islam: Nation of Islam AA AA

radical- separation of racesradical- separation of races– Black PowerBlack Power: continue fight for : continue fight for

equalityequality– Black PanthersBlack Panthers: militant AA- armed : militant AA- armed

patrols, extremist grouppatrols, extremist group 1968: MLK assassinated by James 1968: MLK assassinated by James

Earl RayEarl Ray