Civil Civil RightsRights

Thinking SkillThinking Skill: Explicitly assess : Explicitly assess information and draw conclusionsinformation and draw conclusionsObjectiveObjective: Assess the impact and : Assess the impact and tactics of the early Civil Rights tactics of the early Civil Rights MovementMovement

1950s -1970s

Identify AssumptionsIdentify Assumptions What was life like in the 1950’s for African What was life like in the 1950’s for African

Americans?Americans? What changes did people seek?What changes did people seek? What tactics did they use?What tactics did they use? Who were the leaders? Lesser known Who were the leaders? Lesser known

individuals?individuals? How successful were they?How successful were they? What issues are still present today?What issues are still present today? Caution – do not oversimplify as a Caution – do not oversimplify as a

“southern thing” (Yet understand the “southern thing” (Yet understand the unfinished legacy of the region)unfinished legacy of the region)

African Americans Begin to African Americans Begin to Seek ChangeSeek Change

Short-lived success post Civil WarShort-lived success post Civil War Slow changes from 1880s-1950sSlow changes from 1880s-1950s South was segregatedSouth was segregated De-facto segregation and/or De-De-facto segregation and/or De-

jure segregationjure segregation Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws

Dubois and B.T. WashingtonDubois and B.T. Washington Limitations on Progressive Limitations on Progressive

Reforms Reforms African Independence movementsAfrican Independence movements Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance Move to Northern citiesMove to Northern cities WWIIWWII Cold War PoliticsCold War Politics

Early Early GainsGains

Jackie Jackie Robinson - Robinson - 19471947

A. Philip A. Philip RandolphRandolphAction: Randolph threatens to march on Action: Randolph threatens to march on

Washington in June, 1941.Washington in June, 1941.

Result: FDR issued Executive Order 8802 Result: FDR issued Executive Order 8802 (Fair Employment Act), (Fair Employment Act), barring barring discrimination in defense industries discrimination in defense industries and federal bureaus.and federal bureaus. ______________________________________________________________________________

Action: After WWII, Randolph led a Action: After WWII, Randolph led a campaign in favor of racial equality in the campaign in favor of racial equality in the military. military.

Result: Truman issued executive order Result: Truman issued executive order 9981 in July, 1948, 9981 in July, 1948, banning segregation banning segregation in the armed forces.in the armed forces.

The Murder of Emmett The Murder of Emmett TillTill

Money, Mississippi; August 1955Money, Mississippi; August 1955 Till was pulled from his bed at 2:30 AMTill was pulled from his bed at 2:30 AM Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam beat Till, crushed his Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam beat Till, crushed his

head, shot him, tied him to an industrial fan and head, shot him, tied him to an industrial fan and threw him in the Tallahatchie Riverthrew him in the Tallahatchie River

Bryant and Milam were acquitted in sham trial; Bryant and Milam were acquitted in sham trial; later admit guilt in magazine article which they later admit guilt in magazine article which they were paid forwere paid for

Murderers were mostly upset about Murderers were mostly upset about “miscegenation”“miscegenation”

Open casket galvanized the Civil Rights Open casket galvanized the Civil Rights MovementMovement

One researcher claimed as many as 14 may have One researcher claimed as many as 14 may have been involved in the lynchingbeen involved in the lynching

The impact of Emmet TillThe impact of Emmet Till

His murder and the subsequent trial of his accused His murder and the subsequent trial of his accused killers became a lightning rod for moral outrage, both at killers became a lightning rod for moral outrage, both at the time and to this day. The case was not just about the the time and to this day. The case was not just about the murder of a teenage boy. It was also about a new murder of a teenage boy. It was also about a new generation of young people committing their lives to social generation of young people committing their lives to social change. As historian Robin Kelley states, The Emmett Till change. As historian Robin Kelley states, The Emmett Till case was a spark for a new generation to commit their case was a spark for a new generation to commit their lives to social change. They said, "We're not gonna die like lives to social change. They said, "We're not gonna die like this. Instead, we're gonna live and transform the South so this. Instead, we're gonna live and transform the South so people won't have to die like this." And if anything, if any people won't have to die like this." And if anything, if any event of the 1950s inspired young people to be committed event of the 1950s inspired young people to be committed to that kind of change, it was the lynching of Emmett Till.to that kind of change, it was the lynching of Emmett Till.

Till’s LegacyTill’s Legacy

Civil rights activists used the murder of Emmett Civil rights activists used the murder of Emmett Till as a rallying cry for civil rights protest, Till as a rallying cry for civil rights protest, transforming a heinous crime into a transforming a heinous crime into a springboard for justice. springboard for justice.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed closely The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed closely on the heels of the case. Indeed, Rosa Parks is on the heels of the case. Indeed, Rosa Parks is quoted as saying, "I thought about Emmett quoted as saying, "I thought about Emmett Till, and I could not go back. My legs and feet Till, and I could not go back. My legs and feet were not hurting, that is a stereotype. I paid were not hurting, that is a stereotype. I paid the same fare as others, and I felt violated."the same fare as others, and I felt violated."

Till’s LegacyTill’s LegacyBlack men, including black teenage boys, had been brutally Black men, including black teenage boys, had been brutally

lynched by white men before the murder of Emmett Till. lynched by white men before the murder of Emmett Till. Likewise, before Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam were Likewise, before Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam were acquitted for this crime, other white men had also gone acquitted for this crime, other white men had also gone unpunished for the murders they committed (and even unpunished for the murders they committed (and even confessed to committing outside of the courtroom). confessed to committing outside of the courtroom).

So why, then, did the lynching of Emmett Till and the So why, then, did the lynching of Emmett Till and the subsequent trial "set in concrete the determination of subsequent trial "set in concrete the determination of people to move forward," according to Reverend Fred people to move forward," according to Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, in a way that previous events of a similar Shuttlesworth, in a way that previous events of a similar nature did not? What factors contributed to making this nature did not? What factors contributed to making this event a pivotal moment in the history of the civil rights event a pivotal moment in the history of the civil rights movement? The answer to this question reveals the movement? The answer to this question reveals the dynamic relationship between individual actions and dynamic relationship between individual actions and historical context and highlights the power of courageous historical context and highlights the power of courageous acts to transform society acts to transform society

Till’s LegacyTill’s Legacy

““Somehow [Till's death and trial] Somehow [Till's death and trial] struck a spark of indignation that struck a spark of indignation that ignited protests around the ignited protests around the world... It was the murder of this world... It was the murder of this 14-year-old out-of-state visitor that 14-year-old out-of-state visitor that touched off a world-wide clamor touched off a world-wide clamor and cast the glare of a world and cast the glare of a world spotlight on Mississippi's racism.”spotlight on Mississippi's racism.”

---Myrlie Evers---Myrlie Evers

Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)(1896)

Supreme Court ruled that Supreme Court ruled that segregation of facilities was segregation of facilities was constitutional if “separate but constitutional if “separate but equal”equal”

Upheld Jim Crow laws, De jure Upheld Jim Crow laws, De jure segregationsegregation

Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Education (1954)

Brown v. Topeka Board of EducationBrown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)(1954) Oliver Brown sued to allow his daughter to Oliver Brown sued to allow his daughter to

attend an all-white school, challenged attend an all-white school, challenged segregationsegregation

Supreme CourtSupreme Court: separating children “: separating children “solely solely because of their race generates a feeling of because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undoneway unlikely ever to be undone””

Supreme CourtSupreme Court ruled ruled ““separate separate facilities are inherently unequalfacilities are inherently unequal”” Desegregate “with all deliberate speed”Desegregate “with all deliberate speed”

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education 1954 1954Brown family sued to allow their Brown family sued to allow their

daughter to attend an all white school, daughter to attend an all white school, challenge segregationchallenge segregation

Chief Chief Justice Earl Justice Earl

WarrenWarren

Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of Education 1954Education 1954 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2

0d11fGz-0&playnext=1&list=PL43D0d11fGz-0&playnext=1&list=PL43D9C89B6A0A3A61&feature=results_vi9C89B6A0A3A61&feature=results_videodeo

The “doll study” by Kenneth Clark (1940s) was key evidence in this court case - It demonstrated the negative impact of internalization of race on academic performance and self-image

School Segregation- School Segregation- Local historyLocal history

The Tredyffrin-EasttownThe Tredyffrin-Easttown‘‘School Fight’School Fight’1932 – 19341932 – 1934

An attempt to segregate An attempt to segregate in the north after decades in the north after decades of having been integratedof having been integrated

Raymond Pace Alexander was a Philadelphian born in 1897, the first Raymond Pace Alexander was a Philadelphian born in 1897, the first black graduate of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, black graduate of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, class of 1920, and a 1923 graduate of the Harvard Law School. By class of 1920, and a 1923 graduate of the Harvard Law School. By

1932 he had been in practice for 9 years.1932 he had been in practice for 9 years.

The Coatesville RecordThe Coatesville RecordMay 1, 1934May 1, 1934

“Tredyffrin township's segregated school controversy ended yesterday when Negro boys and girls and white children attended the same schools.  

Announcement was made by Raymond Pace Alexander, colored attorney representing the parents of more than 220 Negro children who refused to attend schools specially designated for them, that the joint school boards of Easttown and Tredyffrin townships had notified him yesterday that the segregated system would be done away with at once. 

Alexander, in turn, sent notice to the parents that they should send their children to school yesterday morning, and a check up showed that nearly all of the parents had complied.”

 

Civil Rights Civil Rights OrganizationsOrganizations

NAACPNAACP= National Association for = National Association for the Advancement of Colored People the Advancement of Colored People (1909)(1909)

SCLCSCLC= Southern Christian = Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)Leadership Conference (1957)

SNCCSNCC= Student Non-violent = Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (1960)Coordinating Committee (1960)

CORECORE= Congress of Racial Equality= Congress of Racial Equality

(1942)(1942)

Myths/Myths/OversimplificationsOversimplifications

There were no black activists before There were no black activists before King and his followersKing and his followers

Rosa Parks - a saint - was a simple Rosa Parks - a saint - was a simple woman who had just "had enough" that woman who had just "had enough" that day (she said “the only tired I was, was day (she said “the only tired I was, was tired of GIVING IN”)tired of GIVING IN”)

The whole movement and its successes The whole movement and its successes came down to Martin Luther King came down to Martin Luther King

King was basically a Christian version King was basically a Christian version of Gandhiof Gandhi

Bayard Rustin-an over-Bayard Rustin-an over-looked CR activistlooked CR activist

Locally significantLocally significant Embraced Gandhi techniquesEmbraced Gandhi techniques Key CORE memberKey CORE member ““Journey of Reconciliation”Journey of Reconciliation” Spent time in prisonSpent time in prison Controversial LifestyleControversial Lifestyle Varied protestsVaried protests March on Washington 1963March on Washington 1963

Rosa ParksRosa Parks Rosa Parks was an educated, principled Rosa Parks was an educated, principled

activist who pursued civil rights activism in activist who pursued civil rights activism in significant ways – significant ways – before the bus boycott.before the bus boycott. She was active in the local NAACPShe was active in the local NAACP She attended classes about school desegregation She attended classes about school desegregation

at the at the Highlander Folk SchoolHighlander Folk School (1955) (1955) Founded in 1930s as a ‘labor school’Founded in 1930s as a ‘labor school’ Focused on racial equality in the 1950sFocused on racial equality in the 1950s Held integrated workshops, investigated as Held integrated workshops, investigated as

“communist training school” by a McCarthy-era “communist training school” by a McCarthy-era committeecommittee

Had a powerful impact on Parks’s thinking about race Had a powerful impact on Parks’s thinking about race relationsrelations

Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)(1955)

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on segregated bus—planned well in advance segregated bus—planned well in advance

Black leaders led by Martin Luther King Jr. (27 Black leaders led by Martin Luther King Jr. (27 yrs old) organized boycottyrs old) organized boycott

It took the mobilization and individual sacrifices It took the mobilization and individual sacrifices of an entire community to make this happenof an entire community to make this happen

This Boycott helped save COREThis Boycott helped save CORE 1956 Supreme Court ruled bus segregation 1956 Supreme Court ruled bus segregation

unconstitutional (inter-state travel segregation unconstitutional (inter-state travel segregation had been ruled unconstitutional already in had been ruled unconstitutional already in 1946)1946)

Freedom Riders – (1961) - challenged the status Freedom Riders – (1961) - challenged the status quoquo

““Little Rock Nine” Little Rock Nine” (1957)(1957)

Central High School in Little Rock, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to desegregate with 9 black Arkansas to desegregate with 9 black studentsstudents

Gov. Orval Faubus sent National Guard Gov. Orval Faubus sent National Guard to block studentsto block students

White students blocked entranceWhite students blocked entrance Eisenhower sent Eisenhower sent

101101stst Airborne Airborne

to protect students to protect students

Late 1950s---Early 1960sLate 1950s---Early 1960s

Optimism faded by end of decadeOptimism faded by end of decade Montgomery seemed an isolated successMontgomery seemed an isolated success Even King had concerns about the Even King had concerns about the

movementmovement Eisenhower presidency - significance of Eisenhower presidency - significance of

Civil Rights Act of 1957 (reduced to Civil Rights Act of 1957 (reduced to symbolic terms?)symbolic terms?)

1960 election, Kennedy promise vs. politics 1960 election, Kennedy promise vs. politics of Cold Warof Cold War

Impact of Cold War on CR movementImpact of Cold War on CR movement

Major Major ConfrontationConfrontation

s (early s (early 1960’s)1960’s)

Lunch Counter Sit-ins - NC, TN (1960)

James Meredith and Ole Miss (1962)

Birmingham, AL (1963)

CORE Freedom Rides (1961)

Diane NashDiane Nash

Diane Judith NashDiane Judith Nash (born May 15, 1938) was a (born May 15, 1938) was a leader and strategist of the student wing of the leader and strategist of the student wing of the 1960s Movement. A historian described her as: 1960s Movement. A historian described her as: "…bright, focused, utterly fearless, with an "…bright, focused, utterly fearless, with an unerring instinct for the correct tactical move at unerring instinct for the correct tactical move at each increment of the crisis; as a leader, her each increment of the crisis; as a leader, her instincts had been flawless, and she was the kind instincts had been flawless, and she was the kind of person who pushed those around her to be at of person who pushed those around her to be at their best—that, or be gone from the movement."their best—that, or be gone from the movement."

Nash's campaigns were among the most Nash's campaigns were among the most successful of the era. Her efforts included the successful of the era. Her efforts included the first successful civil rights campaign to de-first successful civil rights campaign to de-segregate lunch counters (Nashville); the segregate lunch counters (Nashville); the Freedom riders, who de-segregated interstate Freedom riders, who de-segregated interstate travel; founding the Student Nonviolent travel; founding the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); and the Selma Coordinating Committee (SNCC); and the Selma Voting Rights Movement campaign, which Voting Rights Movement campaign, which resulted in African Americans getting the vote resulted in African Americans getting the vote and political power throughout the South.and political power throughout the South.

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders Freedom RidersFreedom Riders were civil rights activists who were civil rights activists who

rode interstate buses into the segregated rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and following southern United States in 1961 and following years to challenge the non-enforcement of the years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions United States Supreme Court decisions Irene Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of VirginiaMorgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1946) and (1946) and Boynton v. VirginiaBoynton v. Virginia (1960), which ruled that (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce the federal government did nothing to enforce them. them.

Sponsored by CORE and organized by SNCCSponsored by CORE and organized by SNCC

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

James Farmer (CORE), John James Farmer (CORE), John LewisLewis

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by

riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating. The Freedom Rides, and the segregation in seating. The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement.of the American Civil Rights Movement.

They called national attention to the disregard for the They called national attention to the disregard for the federal law and the local violence used to enforce federal law and the local violence used to enforce segregation in the southern United States. Police segregation in the southern United States. Police arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other alleged offenses (“disturbing the peace”), but they often alleged offenses (“disturbing the peace”), but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention.first let white mobs attack them without intervention.

Not really “civil disobedience” – why?Not really “civil disobedience” – why?

““We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we

had made up our minds not to turn back”- john Lewishad made up our minds not to turn back”- john Lewis

John Lewis and Jim John Lewis and Jim ZwergZwerg

Patterson and RFK, the Patterson and RFK, the politics of Civil Rights politics of Civil Rights

Even people who supported Even people who supported the cause were sometimes the cause were sometimes

reluctantreluctant The Freedom Rides presented a dilemma for the new

Kennedy administration. Were these leaders prepared to face the political risks of standing up for civil rights? Journalist Evan Thomas points out that the civil rights issue was not one that President John Kennedy and his brother Attorney General Robert Kennedy had chosen to spotlight as they tried to usher America into a new era.

As Thomas notes,The Kennedys, when they came into office, werenot worried about civil rights. They were worriedabout the Soviet Union. They were worried aboutthe Cold War. They were worried about the nuclearthreat. When civil rights did pop up, they regardedit as a bit of a nuisance, as something that wasgetting in the way of their agenda.

1962, James Meredith1962, James Meredith

Medgar EversMedgar Evers-- killed June 12, 1963-- killed June 12, 1963

Civil Rights activist from Mississippi Civil Rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn involved in efforts to overturn

segregation at the University of segregation at the University of Mississippi Mississippi

He became a field secretary for the He became a field secretary for the NAACP.NAACP.

His murder and the resulting trials His murder and the resulting trials inspired civil rights protests, as well as inspired civil rights protests, as well as numerous works of art, music, and filmnumerous works of art, music, and film

Birmingham 1963Birmingham 1963 The The Birmingham campaignBirmingham campaign was a strategic movement was a strategic movement

organized by the Southern Christian Leadership organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal treatment that black Americans endured in Birmingham, treatment that black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama. The campaign ran during the spring of 1963, Alabama. The campaign ran during the spring of 1963, culminating in widely publicized confrontations between culminating in widely publicized confrontations between black youth and white civic authorities, that eventually black youth and white civic authorities, that eventually pressured the municipal government to change the pressured the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws. Organizers, led by Martin city's discrimination laws. Organizers, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. used nonviolent direct action tactics to Luther King, Jr. used nonviolent direct action tactics to defy laws they considered unfair. King summarized the defy laws they considered unfair. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said: philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said: ""The purpose of ... direct action is to create a The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation". open the door to negotiation".

Birmingham 1963Birmingham 1963 High school students are hit by a high-pressure water jet from a High school students are hit by a high-pressure water jet from a

firehose during a protest in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, as firehose during a protest in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, as photographed by Charles Moore. Images like this one, printed in photographed by Charles Moore. Images like this one, printed in LifeLife, inspired international support for the demonstrators , inspired international support for the demonstrators

Birmingham Jail, MLKBirmingham Jail, MLK King's letter was a response to a statement made by eight King's letter was a response to a statement made by eight

white Alabama clergymen on April 12, 1963 titled, "A Call for white Alabama clergymen on April 12, 1963 titled, "A Call for Unity". The clergymen agreed that social injustices existed but Unity". The clergymen agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not in the streets. They criticized fought solely in the courts, not in the streets. They criticized Martin Luther King, calling him an “outsider” who causes Martin Luther King, calling him an “outsider” who causes trouble in the streets of Birmingham. trouble in the streets of Birmingham.

To this, King referred to his belief that all communities and To this, King referred to his belief that all communities and states were interrelated. He wrote, “states were interrelated. He wrote, “Injustice anywhere is a Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider…” King expressed his remorse that the considered an outsider…” King expressed his remorse that the demonstrations were taking place in Birmingham but felt that demonstrations were taking place in Birmingham but felt that the white power structure left the black community with no the white power structure left the black community with no other choice other choice

““Justice too long delayed is justice denied”Justice too long delayed is justice denied”

Civil Rights LegislationCivil Rights Legislation JFK’s TV address JFK’s TV address

“moral issue” asks “moral issue” asks Congress for new Congress for new Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Bill 19631963

March on March on Washington and Washington and MLK’s “I Have a MLK’s “I Have a Dream speech” to Dream speech” to rally supportrally support

“The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights”

March on Washington March on Washington 19631963

Historian Howard Zinn wrote: "At the great Historian Howard Zinn wrote: "At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that heard Martin the same enormous crowd that heard Martin Luther King’s Luther King’s I Have a DreamI Have a Dream speech, was speech, was prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side is the federal government on?’ That sentence is the federal government on?’ That sentence was eliminated from his speech by organizers was eliminated from his speech by organizers of the March to avoid offending the Kennedy of the March to avoid offending the Kennedy Administration. But Lewis and his fellow Administration. But Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had experienced, again and SNCC workers had experienced, again and again, the strange passivity of the national again, the strange passivity of the national government in the face of Southern violence.“government in the face of Southern violence.“

The The 16th Street Baptist Church16th Street Baptist Church in in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed on Sunday, Birmingham, Alabama was bombed on Sunday, September 15, 1963 as an act of racially September 15, 1963 as an act of racially motivated terrorism. The explosion, which killed motivated terrorism. The explosion, which killed four girls, marked a turning point in the U.S. four girls, marked a turning point in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement and contributed to Civil Rights Movement and contributed to support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1964

Civil Rights Part Civil Rights Part IIII

Thinking SkillThinking Skill: Explicitly assess : Explicitly assess information and draw conclusionsinformation and draw conclusionsObjectiveObjective: Assess the impact and : Assess the impact and changing tactics of the Civil Rights changing tactics of the Civil Rights Movement 1964-1970Movement 1964-1970

Civil Rights Act 1964Civil Rights Act 1964 LBJ uses Kennedy assassination to gain LBJ uses Kennedy assassination to gain

passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed racial discrimination in all public Outlawed racial discrimination in all public

placesplaces Justice Dept. intervene in voting and Justice Dept. intervene in voting and

schooling schooling Equal Opportunity provision for hiring –no Equal Opportunity provision for hiring –no

discrimination based on race, gender, discrimination based on race, gender, religion or national originreligion or national origin

Voting in the SouthVoting in the South Freedom Summer (1964)Freedom Summer (1964) Selma March to Montgomery (1965)Selma March to Montgomery (1965)

““Bloody Sunday”Bloody Sunday” Voting rights Act of 1965Voting rights Act of 1965

Federal examiners to register votersFederal examiners to register voters 400,000 voters in 1965400,000 voters in 1965 1 million in 19681 million in 1968

“We shall overcome…”

-LBJ, 1965

Black MilitancyBlack Militancy Reasons Reasons Malcolm X and the Malcolm X and the

Nation of IslamNation of Islam View of WhitesView of Whites Direction of Civil Direction of Civil

Rights MovementRights Movement New goalsNew goals

Black MilitancyBlack Militancy Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael

““Black Power”Black Power” Black PanthersBlack Panthers

April 4 1968 -MemphisApril 4 1968 -Memphis

Poor People’s CampaignPoor People’s Campaign

19681968 The The Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968, also , also

known as the Indian Civil Rights Act of known as the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 was a landmark piece of legislation 1968 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that provided for in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin. The of race, creed, or national origin. The Act was signed into law during the King Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by assassination riots by PresidentPresident Lyndon Lyndon B. Johnson, who had previously signed B. Johnson, who had previously signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law.Act into law.

Fair housing ActFair housing Act Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is

commonly known as the commonly known as the Fair Housing ActFair Housing Act and and was meant as a follow‑up to the Civil Rights Act was meant as a follow‑up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions The 1968 act no federal enforcement provisions The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, gender; since national origin, and since 1974, gender; since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.and families with children.

RiotsRiots Newark, NJ (1964) Newark, NJ (1964) After 6 days, 26 people lay After 6 days, 26 people lay

dead, an estimated 725 people were injured, and close dead, an estimated 725 people were injured, and close to 1500 people had been arrested. Ten million dollars to 1500 people had been arrested. Ten million dollars worth of damage occurred.worth of damage occurred.

Watts Riots, LA (1965) Watts Riots, LA (1965) 5 days, 34 dead, 1000 5 days, 34 dead, 1000 injuredinjured

Detroit (1967) Detroit (1967) Response to police abuse, lack of Response to police abuse, lack of affordable housing, urban renewal projects, economic affordable housing, urban renewal projects, economic inequality inequality ““White flight”White flight”

Kerner Commission-1968Kerner Commission-1968 To determine the causes of the riots, President To determine the causes of the riots, President

Johnson established the National Advisory Johnson established the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission. Kerner Commission.

-concluded that long-term racial discrimination -concluded that long-term racial discrimination stood as the single most important cause of stood as the single most important cause of violence. The commission also recommended violence. The commission also recommended establishing and expanding federal programs establishing and expanding federal programs aimed at overcoming the problems of America's aimed at overcoming the problems of America's urban ghettos. urban ghettos.

-President Johnson did not follow up on the -President Johnson did not follow up on the commission's recommendations, largely because commission's recommendations, largely because the Vietnam War was consuming enormous sums of the Vietnam War was consuming enormous sums of federal money.federal money.

Wording of Report - “Our nation is moving toward Wording of Report - “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—-separate and two societies, one black, one white—-separate and unequal."unequal."

1970’s1970’s

De facto segregation De facto segregation divided urban centersdivided urban centers Supreme Court ruling: Supreme Court ruling: “ “integrated busing”integrated busing” Republican resistance:Republican resistance: Nixon and Ford Nixon and Ford

Boston Busing (1974)

Affirmative Action: Bakke vs. U Affirmative Action: Bakke vs. U Calif. (1978)Calif. (1978)

Bakke applied but was denied admission Bakke applied but was denied admission to U Calif. Medical Schoolto U Calif. Medical School

Argued minority applicants did not have Argued minority applicants did not have to meet the same rigorous admissions to meet the same rigorous admissions standardsstandards ““Reverse Discrimination” Reverse Discrimination”

5-4 ruling upheld Bakke’s complaint5-4 ruling upheld Bakke’s complaint ““No quotas” but race may be one of other No quotas” but race may be one of other

criteria used to determine admissioncriteria used to determine admission

Legacy of Civil RightsLegacy of Civil Rights

Women-Women-

Gays-Gays-

Latinos-Latinos-

Native Americans-Native Americans-

Legacy of Civil RightsLegacy of Civil Rights

Title IXTitle IX is a portion of the Education is a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972Amendments of 1972

It states (in part) thatIt states (in part) that

““No person in the United States shall, on No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance...”receiving federal financial assistance...”

Unfinished business of Civil Unfinished business of Civil Rights?Rights?