Civil Pp06

Seventh EditionBy David A. Madsen,

Terence M. Shumaker, and David P. Madsen

Civil Drafting Technology

Chapter 6Surveying Fundamentals

Civil Drafting Technology, Seventh EditionDavid A. Madsen, Terence M. Shumaker, David P. Madsen

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.2

Figure 6–1: The diameter of the earth measured through the poles is approximately 27 miles less than the diameter measured at the equator.



Figure 6–2: The lengths of a 36-mile arc and a chord connecting the arc’s ends vary by only 0.66 ft.



Figure 6–3: A horizontal plane is only 0.66 ft above the earth’s surface at the end of a 1-mile arc.



Figure 6–4: Typical land survey of a subdivision. (Courtesy of Otak, Inc.)



Figure 6–5: A topographic survey is used to compile the information needed to create this topographic map. (Reproduced by permission of the U.S. Geological Survey)



Figure 6–6: A geodetic survey defines major control points that can be used for smaller surveys. (Courtesy of National Geodetic Survey)



Figure 6–7a: This type of aerial photograph has a small scale of 1” = 1700’ and would be used for project plan overview and preliminary studies. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)



Figure 6–7b: This photo has a larger scale of 1” = 850’ and would be used for preliminary studies, map design, and GIS applications. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)



Figure 6–7c: This type of 1” = 170’ large-scale photo would be used for engineering and design work. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)



Figure 6–8: Specialized 3D stereoscopic mapping workstations and eyewear enable the CAD operator to work in a 3D environment.



Figure 6–9: A stereoscope is used to analyze stereo photos.



Figure 6–10: A route survey or an open traverse does not close on itself.



Figure 6–11: Construction survey showing locations of corners and staking out of house with angles and distances.



Figure 6–12: An open traverse does not begin or end at a control point and cannot be easily checked.



Figure 6–13: A connecting traverse is one in which the beginning and end points are known.



Figure 6–14: A loop traverse closes on itself and can be checked easily.



Figure 6–15a: The robotic total station combines vertical and horizontal angle measurements with an EDM. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)



Figure 6–15b: A surveyor uses a control unit to operate the total station. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)



Figure 6–15c: A GPS receiver is mounted on top of a tracking target to provide accurate GPS data in addition to the measurements taken by the total station. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)



Figure 6–15d: Data recorded in an electronic total station can be saved in an electronic data collector. (Courtersy of lopcon Positioning Systems, Inc.)



Figure 6–16: Deflection-angle traverse.



Figure 6–17: The foresight is measured by turning the instrument clockwise from the backsight in an angles-tothe- right survey.



Figure 6–18: An azimuth traverse measures each angle clockwise from north or south.



Figure 6–19: A topographic map showing State Plane coordinates and UTM rectangular coordinates. (Reproduced by permission of the U.S. Geological Survey)



Figure 6–20: This surveyor is using a GNSS receiver and a handheld controller to record and annotate global positioning system data. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)



Figure 6–21: An example of a raw data file displayed in the Carlson Survey Edit/Process program. (Courtesy Carlson Software)



Figure 6–22: Surveyors can collect at least five pieces of data for a single point and store this as a text point file in the total station data collector. The text file is then used to generate a digital terrain model.



Figure 6–23: Point files of project features, such as water line connections in a subdivision, can be quickly laid out in the field by surveyors with an electronic robotic total station.

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