Robert C Terry rcterry@post.harvard.edu 508-237-7574

Civic Service: A Tale of Three Paradigms

1. History highlights 2. Peace Corps origins, 1961 3. 1st new paradigm: Civic Service by a few 4. Service movement's architecture 5. Bi-partisan, market-driven, robust growth 6. More forms and opportunities today 7. 2nd new paradigm: Service-Learning for many 8. Transnational programs 9. 3rd new paradigm: a Service Year by all ?

1. History highlights

Ben Franklin – civic institutions in Philadelphia Alex de Tocqueville – volunteer associations John Ruskin → Christian “settlers” in E London Jane Addams – Chicago's Hull House, 1889- William James – The Moral Equivalent of War Mahatma Gandhi – Sarvodaya, Peace Army Pierre Ceresole – Service Civil International Brethren, Quakers, + – church service comms.

2. Peace Corps origins, 1961 Int'l Vol. Services → Reuss: Pt. 4 Youth Corps Don Eberly & Gen. Gavin: “National Service” Sen. Humphrey proposes “Peace Corps” JFK's casual 2 AM challenge, U of Michigan Instant student-faculty org. → petitions both JFK proposes; Eisenhower & Nixon+ oppose Conceived as alternate to military service Shriver uses NGO experiences, US & foreign Gold standard → inspired many programs

3. 1st new paradigm: full-time long-term Civic Service by a few

Citizen actionVolunteering Civic Service

<--------------------------------------------------------------------------------->Traditional Institutional

Individual/private Collective/public

Voluntary Voluntary/relatively uncoerced

Unpaid Low paid/stipend

Project-based Program-oriented

Tractable needs Difficult public needs

Informal Formal/structured

Short-term/part-time Long-term/full-time

4. Service movement's architecture Public (gov't) sector Private (non- & for-profit) sector

AmeriCorps, Senior Corps, Teach for America, City Year,

Domestic Vols in Service to Am (VISTA) Church service corps (Jesuit, etc.)

New York City Volunteer Corps IBM Corporate Service Corps, 2008

Learn and Serve America Service-Learning (schools & univs)

Conservation Corps in 44 states Service Year (Franklin Project)

_______________________________ ____________

Peace Corps World Teach, Global Volunteers,

Volunteers for Prosperity Doctors Without Borders

International Atlas Service Corps

Int'l Executive Service Corps

Citizen Development Corps

_____________________________________________________________

5. Service movement: bi-partisan,market-driven → robust growth

“Peace Corpse” revived by Ohio Republican G.H.W. Bush: 1,000 Points of Light, 1989 W.J. Clinton: AmeriCorps, 1995 Presidents' Summit, 1997 → Am's Promise G.W. Bush: USA Freedom Corps, 2002 Service & Service-Learning progs. proliferate Typically more applicants than slots available Thus, market for Lonely Planet & other guides

6. More forms & opportunities today Part-time community – 62 M “volunteers”/yr. Full-time civic - ca. 1 million since 1961 Short-term professional (e.g. Doctors Without

Borders, IBM, GE, +) - several 1,000, growing

Service-learning – several million, growing All-volunteer military (since 1973) – 2.2 M Vacations with brief service components (e.g. alternative spring breaks) - “voluntourists”

Court-imposed service - ? “voluntolds”

7. 2nd new paradigm: Service-Learning for many

Educators, PC, & VISTA alumni created, 1967 Demand: COOL → Campus Compact, 1,100 K-12: Youth Service America, Learn & Serve,

Nat'l Youth Leadership Council, + Potential: instill service ethic EARLY !! Challenge: satisfy students, faculty, & hosts Strong action-research valuable for growth Perhaps fastest-growing segment

8. Transnational programs

Public & private programs in many countries United Nations Volunteers Int'l Assoc for Nat'l Youth Service (IANYS) Int'l Partnership for Service-Learning (IPSL) Latin Am Center for Service-Learning Service-Learning Asia Network (SLAN) Talloires Network – 315 univs world-wide Diasporas: e.g. Indicorps, Armenian Vol Corps

9. 3rd new paradigm: a Service Year by all ?

Public program funding fraught, unreliable Franklin Project: educators, NGOs, military Private funding, generous Goals: make Service Year the expected norm;

1M young Americans serving by 2023 Service Year Exchange - roll-out Oct. 9th

Employers of Nat'l Service - hire & supervise Service Year Transcript – build work resume

Employers of National Service