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CIVE 2700: Civil Engineering Materials Fall 2017 Lab 2 ... · NMAS ≤ 15× Narrowest dimension of...
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CIVE 2700: Civil Engineering Materials Fall 2017
Lab 2: Concrete
Ayebabomo Dambo
Lab Date: 7th November, 2017
CARLETON UNIVERSITY
i
ABSTRACT
Concrete is a versatile construction material used in bridges, houses, commercial buildings,
etc. Megastructures like the Burj Khalifa and the Petronas Twin Towers were designed using
concrete. It has a high compressive strength thus, it can withstand heavy weights on it. However,
its characteristic low tensile strength will cause it to crack easily under tension. This laboratory
experiment consisted of three sessions: (1) mix design of concrete; (2) casting of concrete and; (3)
testing of concrete in tension and compression. Various components were used in producing 3
concrete cylinders with a diameter of 100mm and a height of 200mm while targeting a slump of
75mm and strength of 40 MPa - 45 MPa.
After 28 days of curing, the cylinders underwent tension and compression tests. The
compression test was carried out on two cylinders and the tension test was carried out on two other
cylinders. A fifth cylinder wrapped In FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) was also tested in
compression to illustrate confinement. The cylinders placed under compression had cracks parallel
to the direction of the applied load, which resulted in a cone-shaped failure while the cylinder
placed under tension cracked down the middle into two symmetrical pieces. With the data from
the compressometer which was attached to the cylinders under compression, a stress-strain curve
will be plotted and comparisons between the failure types will be discussed in this report.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................1
THEOERETICAL BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................1
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................5
ANALYSIS OF DATA....................................................................................................................6
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS .........................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................11
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ..............................................................................12
APPENDIX B: RAW DATA ........................................................................................................14
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Compressive Test Strength Results ..................................................................................7
Table 2. Given Specifications for Mix Design ..............................................................................12
Table 3. Raw Data for Compression Test 1 ..................................................................................14
Table 4. Raw Data for Compression Test 2 ..................................................................................16
Table 5. Raw Data for Tension Test 1 ..........................................................................................17
Table 6. Raw Data for Tension Test 2 ..........................................................................................20
Table 7. Raw Data for FRP-wrapped cylinder in compression ....................................................23
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Image showing the slump of concrete .............................................................................1
Figure 2. Different types of slump ..................................................................................................2
Figure 3. Coarse Aggregate (gravel (3/4’s crushed) ........................................................................4
Figure 4. Fine Aggregate (Sand) ......................................................................................................4
Figure 5. GUL (General Use Portland-Limestone) Cement ............................................................4
Figure 6. Water ................................................................................................................................4
Figure 7. Steps to measure the slump of the concrete .....................................................................5
Figure 8. Graph of Strain vs Stress for first Compression Test ......................................................6
Figure 9. Graph of Stress vs Strain for Second Compression Test .................................................7
Figure 10. Failure Pattern for Compressive Strength Test ..............................................................8
Figure 11. Failure Pattern for FRP-wrapped Cylinder in Compression Test ..................................8
Figure 12. Failure Pattern for Split Tensile Strength Test ...............................................................8
1
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this lab is to understand the compressive and tensile properties of hardened
concrete after 28 days of curing, and to note their failures and differences. This experiment is also
carried out to enable students to understand how the modes of failure in concrete and steel under
compression and tension differ as this knowledge is vital to the design of structures.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Concrete is a composite building material made up of cement, water, fine aggregates (sand,
etc.) and coarse aggregates (gravel, etc.). Depending on the purpose, the constituents of concrete
are mixed in different proportions. This process is known as Concrete Mix Design. The volumetric
mix design method prescribed by the American Concrete Institute’s (ACI) Committee 211 was
used for this lab.
Concrete gains almost 80% of its ultimate strength 28 days after the mixing. The strength
of the concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio (w/c). Thus, the lower the w/c,
the higher the concrete strength. Air content also affects the strength of concrete. High levels of
air will reduce the concrete strength. Other factors which affect the strength of the concrete are
type of cement used, type of aggregates used and gradation of aggregates [1].
The volumetric mix design method requires the slump, strength, water and air requirements
as well as the aggregate proportions to be determined. The required slump and strength for a given
job is usually given with allowable tolerances. If this is not the case, Table 12-6 and Table 12-1 in
the CAC Design Handbook can be used to determine the slump and strength respectively.
Calculations for the mix design can be seen in Appendix A of this report.
The slump test is carried out on fresh concrete to determine its workability, which is the
ease of placing, consolidating, and finishing freshly mixed concrete. This test requires filling a
truncated cone with concrete, removing the cone and measuring the distance the concrete slumps
(see Figure 1) according to ASTM (American Standard for Testing Materials) C143 [2].
Figure 1. Image showing the slump of concrete [4]
The results of the slump test indicate the water-cement ratio of the concrete:
2
Figure 2. Different types of slump [3]
Zero slump shows that the workability is very low, collapsed slump shows that the
workability is too high and shear slump indicates that concrete needs to be retested as the results
are incomplete. A true slump is the only measurable slump in the test [3].
The water and air content in concrete and its water-cement ratio can also be estimated using
information from the CAC Design Handbook while the gradation of the aggregates can be
estimated knowing that:
NMAS ≤ 15× Narrowest dimension of form or mold
NMAS ≤ 34× Clear space between reinforcement
and for some constrictions,
NMAS ≤ 13× Unreinforced slab on ground thickness
where NMAS is the Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size
The cement weight is calculated using:
(1)
where Wcm is the weight of the cement
Wwater is the weight of water added
and w/c ratio is the water-cement ratio
The coarse aggregate is estimated using:
(2)
where WCoarseGravel is the oven-dry mass of coarse
aggregate for one cubic-meter of concrete
3
𝛾CoarseGravel is the oven-dry bulk density of coarse
aggregate
and 𝑏
𝑏0 is the bulk aggregate of coarse aggregate
per unit volume of concrete
The bulk aggregate is based on the NMAS and fineness moduli of the fine aggregate.
The weight of the fine aggregate is then calculated thus:
(3)
where V = Volume
G = Specific Gravity
𝛾 = Density
This equation is used since fines occupy space not taken by the remaining materials.
4
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
The materials used for the following experiment are shown below:
1) 2)
Fig. 3. Coarse Aggregate Fig. 4. Fine Aggregate (sand)
(gravel (3/4’s crushed))
3) 4)
Fig. 5. GUL (General Use Portland-Limestone) Fig. 6. Water
Cement
5
The equipment required for the completion of this experiment are listed below:
• Compressometer
• Universal loading machine
• Tamping rod
• Metre Rule
• Pan
• Mallet
• Trowel
• Hand scoop
• Shovel
• Wheelbarrow
• Truncated Cone
• Cylinders
• Caps ( to distribute the load over the cylinder)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
This laboratory experiment consisted of three sessions: (1) mix design of concrete; (2) casting of
concrete and; (3) testing of concrete in tension and compression.
For the mix design of concrete (ASTM C192), 2.5kg of water was mixed with the cement, sand
and gravel (each having a mass of 6 kg) with 500g added at intervals. The mixture was done by
hand for about 20 minutes using a shovel and wheelbarrow. After mixing the concrete, the slump
test was then carried out.
Slump Test Procedure (ASTM C143) :
To carry out the slump test, the fresh concrete mix was poured into a truncated cone. The cone
was then removed and the slump was measured using a tamping rod and a metre rule as shown in
figure 7 below:
Figure 7. Steps to measure the slump of the concrete [3]
6
After the slump test, the concrete mix was then cast into 4 cylinders using the hand scoop. This
was kept for 28 days in a curing chamber where the humidity is controlled (ASTM C39). After 28
days of curing, the concrete cylinders were removed from their containers and tested in
compression and tension
Compression Test Procedure (ASTM C39):
For the compression test, two concrete cylinders were placed vertically in the Universal Loading
Machine with sulphur caps placed at each end of the cylinder to distribute the load coming from
the Machine and a compressometer to measure the strain. Another concrete cylinder was wrapped
in FRP and placed in the machine with two big plates at each end and with no displacement gauge.
After failure, the concrete cylinders were then crushed to significantly see the failure shape.
Tension Test Procedure (ASTM C39):
Two concrete cylinders were tested in tension. Styrofoam strips were attached transversely on each
cylinder to prevent rolling/slipping in the machine. The cylinders were then placed separately, in
a horizontal manner, into the Universal Loading Machine until failure occurred.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Figure 8. Graph of Strain vs Stress for first Compression Test
At the first compressive test, the concrete failed at the stress of 48.1 MPa.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
Stre
ss (
KP
a)
Strain (mm/mm)
Strain - Stress Curve for First Compression Test
y= 2E+07x - 1539.3E = 20MPa
7
Figure 9. Graph of Stress vs Strain for Second Compression Test
At the second compressive test, the concrete failed at stress 47.6 MPa.
Concrete 1 Concrete 2
48.1 MPa 47.16MPa
Table 1. Compressive Test Strength Results
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
-0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Stre
ss (
KP
a)
Strain (mm/mm)
Strain-Stress Curve for Second Compression Test
y= 2E + 07x +1912.7E = 20MPa
8
Observed Failure Patterns:
Fig. 10. Failure Pattern for Compressive Fig. 11 Failure Pattern for FRP-
Strength Test wrapped Cylinder in Compression Test
Fig. 12 Failure Pattern for Split Tensile
Strength Test
Strain gauge malfunctioned during split tensile strength. As a result, a credible plot showing the
stress-strain relationship could not be done. However, from given data in Appendix B, the failure
stress during the first tension test was 14.5 MPa and that of the second tension test was 11.6
MPa.
The failure stress for the concrete wrapped in FRP is 52.9MPa. This value was obtained from the
data in Appendix B. A stress-strain curve could not be plotted as no displacement gauge was
attached to the concrete.
9
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The typical design values for the strength of the concrete and the slump are 40 MPa and
75mm respectively. A slump of 160mm was measured for this experiment. This slump was a
collapse slump indicating a high workability. Compressive strengths of 48.1 MPa and 47.6 MPa
were observed during the two compression tests. These strengths differ moderately from the
typical value of 40MPa. The typical tensile strength of concrete is 2-5 MPa, but in this experiment
the observed tensile strength was 14.483 MPa, and 11.559 MPa which fall completely outside of
the expected values. This might be a result of the wires on the testing mechanism breaking before
the tensile tests were done. The observed compressive strength was much higher than the tensile
strength of the concrete. This is typical of concrete as this material is known to have a good
compressive strength but weak tensile strength.
In lab 1 the compressive strength of two steel members of varying lengths were tested. The
steel members exhibited local and euler buckling respectively whereas concrete exhibited a brittle
fracture. After the compression test, the concrete sheared in a cone-shaped structure while the
concrete in tension cracked down its centre, causing it to split into equal halves. The difference in
the failure mode of each of concrete and steel is as a result of the nature of each material. Steel is
a very ductile material and as a result will stretch, or contract due to the external forces, whereas
concrete is not a brittle material and instead shatters if the external force acting is great enough.
The failure pattern of the concrete varied depending on the type of strength test it was
exposed to. For the compressive test the failure pattern was shear-conic as shown in figures 10 and
11. This failure pattern is close to the expected fail pattern from this experiment. This failure
pattern indicates that the test was done correctly under standardized testing procedures, other fail
patterns such as shear or column indicate that either the concrete was mixed improperly or that the
testing procedure was not followed correctly [5]. The failure pattern in the tensile test was down
the middle, splitting the cylinder in half as shown in figure 12. This failure pattern is also typical
of a splitting tensile strength test, as the force is applied directly along the vertical plane, a different
failure pattern would indicate either an improper mix or the testing procedures not being correctly
followed.
There exists several possible sources of error in this experiment. Although this lab required
adherence to the ASTM C143 standard for slump test, all procedures were not accurately followed.
The measured slump was a source of error in this lab because it was a collapse slump. This was
probably because the water content adjustment due to the natural moisture in the aggregates were
not performed. According to the ASTM C143 standard, two slump tests are to be carried out to
obtain accuracy [6]. This was not done and the value of the collapse slump was used for the
experiment, thereby affecting results. Another source of error is the wire breakage that occurred
while tests were being carried out. Lastly, an error could come from the curing chamber where the
concrete cylinders were held to allow the hydration reaction to occur, if the humidity were to have
not been held constant at all times throughout the curing process the strength of the concrete could
be affected. Due to the presence of all these errors, the concrete produced did not meet the desired
concrete characteristics for the mix design.
10
CONCLUSION
Through the completion of this experiment a better understanding of concrete as a civil
engineering material was established. Through the process of determining the mix design of the
concrete a better knowledge of the process engineers would go through in the field was obtained.
Testing the compressive and tensile strength of the concrete cylinders aided in comprehending the
mechanical properties of concrete and their limitations in real world applications.
11
REFERENCES
[1] Gales, J. (2017). Civil Engineering Materials Lab 2: Concrete Manual [docx].
[2] Mamlouk, M. S., & Zaniewski, J. P. (n.d.). Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers
(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
[3] Concrete Slump Test for Workability -Procedure and Results. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13,
2017, from https://theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-slump-test/1558/
[4] ACI Mix Design [pdf]. (n.d.).
[5] BEZERRA, U. T., ALVES, S. M., BARBOSA, N. P., & TORRES, S. M. (n.d.). Hourglass-
shaped specimen: compressive strength of concrete and mortar (numerical and experimental
analyses). Retrieved November 17, 2017, from
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-41952016000400510
[6] Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete. (n.d.). Retrieved November
14, 2017.
12
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
MIX DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Cement Type
Maximum Aggregate Size =
9.5mm
Specific Gravity = 2.618 Type = 10 / GUL
Specific Gravity = 2.675 Fine Modulus = 2.98 Specific Gravity = 3.14
Density = 1600 kg/m3
Table 2. Given Specifications for Mix Design
Slump = 75 mm
NMAS = 9.5mm
For Water and Air content (Assuming non-air entrained)
According to Table 12-1 from the CAC Design Handbook,
Water = 228kg, Air = 3%
To find required strength,
f’’c = 40MPa + 10MPa = 50MPa (since exposure conditions do not govern this situation)
To determine w/c ratio
By interpolating data from Table 12-3 in the CAC Design Handbook, 45 − 50
0.38 − (𝑤𝑐 )
= 40 − 45
0.42 − 0.38
𝑤
𝑐= 0.34
To calculate cement weight using (1):
𝑊𝑐𝑒𝑚 = 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑤/𝑐
𝑊𝑐𝑒𝑚 = 228𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
0.34= 670.5 𝑘𝑔
To estimate weight of coarse aggregate using (2):
Based on the Fine Modulus = 2.98 and NMAS ≈ 10mm, the bulk aggregate 𝑏
𝑏0 can be
interpolated using Table 12-4 in the CAC Design Handbook 2.98 − 3
𝑏𝑏0
− 0.44=
2.6 − 2.8
0.48 − 0.46
𝑏
𝑏0= 0.442
13
𝑊𝐶𝐴 = 0.442 ×1600𝑘𝑔
𝑚3= 707.2 𝑘𝑔
To estimate weight of fine aggregate using (3):
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝑇 − (𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑚 + 𝑉𝐶𝐴 + 𝑉𝑊 − 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟)
= 1𝑚3 −1
1000𝑘𝑔𝑚3
(670.5 𝑘𝑔
3.15+
707.2 𝑘𝑔
2.675+
228 𝑘𝑔
1) −
3
100
= 0.2647𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝑆𝐺𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝛾𝑤
= 0.2647𝑚3 × 2.618 × 1000𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 693 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
14
APPENDIX B: RAW DATA
Table 3. Raw Data for Compression Test 1
Load
(kN)
Platen
Stroke(mm)
Compressometer
deformation
(mm)
Temperature Strain(mm/mm) Stress
(KPa)
-0.01 -0.001 0 0 0 -1.27324
0.001 0 0 0 0 0.127324
0.452 0 0 0 0 57.55044
0.643 0.016 0 0 0 81.86932
0.622 0.053 0 0 0 79.19552
0.629 0.101 0 0 0 80.08678
0.615 0.153 0 0 0 78.30425
0.627 0.229 0 0 0 79.83214
0.622 0.292 0 0 0 79.19552
0.621 0.378 0 0 0 79.06819
0.615 0.449 0 0 0 78.30425
0.637 0.541 0 0 0 81.10538
0.623 0.614 0 0 0 79.32284
0.637 0.702 0 0 0 81.10538
0.653 0.775 0 0 0 83.14256
0.67 0.851 0 0 0 85.30707
0.679 0.925 0 0 0 86.45298
0.683 1.001 0 0 0 86.96228
0.68 1.076 0 0 0 86.58031
0.722 1.156 0 0 0 91.92791
0.72 1.231 0 0 0 91.67327
0.696 1.296 0 0 0 88.61749
0.869 1.385 0 0 0 110.6445
2.106 1.465 0.006 0 0.00003 268.1443
2.41 1.558 0.011 0 0.000055 306.8508
2.762 1.635 0.016 0 0.00008 351.6688
3.232 1.716 0.021 0 0.000105 411.5111
3.624 1.792 0.026 0 0.00013 461.4221
3.786 1.871 0.026 0 0.00013 482.0486
4.021 1.948 0.025 0 0.000125 511.9697
4.279 2.026 0.025 0 0.000125 544.8193
4.546 2.1 0.028 0 0.00014 578.8148
15
4.849 2.175 0.027 0 0.000135 617.394
5.289 2.248 0.027 0 0.000135 673.4165
7.953 2.33 0.03 0 0.00015 1012.608
11.351 2.405 0.034 0 0.00017 1445.255
15.7 2.479 0.036 0 0.00018 1998.987
18.111 2.547 0.038 0 0.00019 2305.965
17.038 2.61 0.037 0 0.000185 2169.346
17.113 2.7 0.037 0 0.000185 2178.895
17.645 2.772 0.038 0 0.00019 2246.632
19.593 2.864 0.04 0 0.0002 2494.659
21.869 2.952 0.044 0 0.00022 2784.448
21.909 3.025 0.043 0 0.000215 2789.541
21.91 3.088 0.043 0 0.000215 2789.668
21.956 3.178 0.043 0 0.000215 2795.525
21.939 3.254 0.043 0 0.000215 2793.361
21.939 3.342 0.042 0 0.00021 2793.361
21.961 3.416 0.043 0 0.000215 2796.162
22.599 3.508 0.044 0 0.00022 2877.395
23.265 3.582 0.044 0 0.00022 2962.192
24.002 3.671 0.046 0 0.00023 3056.03
24.608 3.75 0.047 0 0.000235 3133.189
25.309 3.83 0.049 0 0.000245 3222.443
26.084 3.907 0.05 0 0.00025 3321.119
37.955 3.976 0.059 0 0.000295 4832.582
50.339 4.036 0.072 0 0.00036 6409.362
63.252 4.096 0.085 0 0.000425 8053.496
78.104 4.157 0.102 0 0.00051 9944.512
93.506 4.217 0.118 0 0.00059 11905.56
111.668 4.28 0.137 0 0.000685 14218.01
130.687 4.345 0.157 0 0.000785 16639.59
150.952 4.41 0.194 0 0.00097 19219.81
173.458 4.48 0.23 0 0.00115 22085.36
194.819 4.548 0.286 0 0.00143 24805.13
218.775 4.624 0.332 0 0.00166 27855.3
240.727 4.692 0.365 0 0.001825 30650.32
260.258 4.755 0.399 0 0.001995 33137.08
286.016 4.839 0.447 0 0.002235 36416.7
307.152 4.912 0.497 0 0.002485 39107.82
330.961 5.002 0.559 0 0.002795 42139.27
349.291 5.077 0.607 0 0.003035 44473.12
367.659 5.165 0.683 0 0.003415 46811.81
377.97 5.242 0.759 0 0.003795 48124.65
329.678 5.367 0.984 0 0.00492 41975.92
16
89.832 5.574 1.274 0 0.00637 11437.77
37.053 5.407 1.233 0 0.006165 4717.735
17.655 4.293 1.077 0 0.005385 2247.905
Table 4. Raw Data for Compression Test 2
Load
(kN)
Platen
Stroke
(mm)
Compressometer
Deformation (mm)
Temperature
(°C)
Strain
(mm/mm)
Stress
(KPa)
-0.005 0.001 0 0 0 -0.63662
-0.029 0.002 0 0 0 -3.6924
0.022 0.007 0 0 0 2.801128
0.04 0.035 -0.001 0 0.000005 5.092959
0.109 0.08 0 0 0 13.87831
0.169 0.135 0 0 0 21.51775
0.213 0.198 0 0 0 27.12001
0.225 0.262 0 0 0 28.6479
2.399 0.337 0 0 0 305.4502
2.808 0.407 0 0 0 357.5257
3.114 0.486 0 0 0 396.4869
3.333 0.557 0 0 0 424.3708
3.559 0.621 0 0 0 453.146
3.842 0.71 0 0 0 489.1787
4.106 0.78 0 0 0 522.7923
4.535 0.869 0 0 0 577.4143
5.144 0.943 0.001 0 -5E-06 654.9546
7.584 1.032 0 0 0 965.6251
10.47 1.108 -0.001 0 0.000005 1333.082
15.759 1.191 -0.006 0 0.00003 2006.499
17.664 1.255 -0.008 0 0.00004 2249.051
16.322 1.344 -0.006 0 0.00003 2078.182
16.536 1.421 -0.006 0 0.00003 2105.429
17.489 1.505 -0.008 0 0.00004 2226.769
19.424 1.576 -0.01 0 0.00005 2473.141
21.843 1.669 -0.014 0 0.00007 2781.138
22.346 1.746 -0.02 0 0.0001 2845.182
22.367 1.832 -0.019 0 0.000095 2847.855
22.327 1.913 -0.018 0 0.00009 2842.763
22.574 2.004 -0.012 0 0.00006 2874.212
22.943 2.079 -0.007 0 0.000035 2921.194
23.281 2.169 -0.004 0 0.00002 2964.23
23.677 2.243 -0.003 0 0.000015 3014.65
24.249 2.332 -0.003 0 0.000015 3087.479
24.831 2.405 -0.004 0 0.00002 3161.582
17
25.427 2.498 -0.005 0 0.000025 3237.467
26.244 2.573 -0.005 0 0.000025 3341.491
39.365 2.651 -0.022 0 0.00011 5012.109
51.721 2.713 -0.036 0 0.00018 6585.324
65.746 2.773 -0.046 0 0.00023 8371.042
82.15 2.838 -0.06 0 0.0003 10459.67
98.518 2.898 -0.079 0 0.000395 12543.7
116.528 2.961 -0.101 0 0.000505 14836.81
136.754 3.027 -0.13 0 0.00065 17412.06
156.716 3.091 -0.153 0 0.000765 19953.71
179.421 3.161 -0.186 0 0.00093 22844.6
201.608 3.228 -0.205 0 0.001025 25669.53
229.391 3.312 -0.25 0 0.00125 29206.98
252.437 3.381 -0.302 0 0.00151 32141.28
272.424 3.441 -0.322 0 0.00161 34686.11
298.458 3.518 -0.391 0 0.001955 38000.86
321.557 3.591 -0.444 0 0.00222 40941.92
343.877 3.668 -0.496 0 0.00248 43783.79
362.471 3.741 -0.56 0 0.0028 46151.25
373.53 3.815 -0.651 0 0.003255 47559.33
202.818 3.968 -1.442 0 0.00721 25823.6
91.942 4.12 -2.367 0 0.011835 11706.42
15.256 3.272 -3.308 0 0.01654 1942.455
4.069 2.623 -3.115 0 0.015575 518.0813
Table 5. Raw Data for Tension Test 1
Load
(kN)
Platen
Stroke
(mm)
Compressometer
Deformation (mm)
Temperature
(°C)
Strain
(mm/mm)
Stress
(KPa)
0.033 0.485 0 0 0 3.3
0.027 0.663 -0.001 0 -0.00001 2.7
0.038 0.909 -0.009 0 -0.00009 3.8
0.4 1.112 0 0 0 40
0.785 1.329 0.001 0 0.00001 78.5
1.337 1.544 0.002 0 0.00002 133.7
1.379 1.754 0.002 0 0.00002 137.9
1.498 1.97 0.002 0 0.00002 149.8
1.58 2.162 0.002 0 0.00002 158
1.704 2.434 0.002 0 0.00002 170.4
1.842 2.678 0.002 0 0.00002 184.2
2.04 2.978 0.002 0 0.00002 204
18
2.221 3.221 0.002 0 0.00002 222.1
2.46 3.535 0.003 0 0.00003 246
2.704 3.795 0.002 0 0.00002 270.4
3.048 4.119 0.003 0 0.00003 304.8
3.341 4.401 0.003 0 0.00003 334.1
3.724 4.701 0.003 0 0.00003 372.4
4.161 4.986 0.003 0 0.00003 416.1
4.796 5.265 0.003 0 0.00003 479.6
6.047 5.557 0.003 0 0.00003 604.7
8.209 5.868 0.003 0 0.00003 820.9
11.203 6.154 0.003 0 0.00003 1120.3
16.27 6.425 0.003 0 0.00003 1627
16.81 6.68 0.003 0 0.00003 1681
20.163 6.912 0.002 0 0.00002 2016.3
20.685 7.152 0.003 0 0.00003 2068.5
21.012 7.413 0.003 0 0.00003 2101.2
21.717 7.663 0.003 0 0.00003 2171.7
23.026 7.919 0.002 0 0.00002 2302.6
37.969 8.092 0.003 0 0.00003 3796.9
46.766 8.17 0.003 0 0.00003 4676.6
51.418 8.208 0.002 0 0.00002 5141.8
53.235 8.223 0.003 0 0.00003 5323.5
54.84 8.236 0.002 0 0.00002 5484
56.001 8.244 0.003 0 0.00003 5600.1
57.25 8.251 0.002 0 0.00002 5725
58.297 8.257 0.002 0 0.00002 5829.7
59.424 8.265 0.002 0 0.00002 5942.4
60.376 8.273 0.002 0 0.00002 6037.6
61.323 8.277 0.003 0 0.00003 6132.3
62.305 8.285 0.003 0 0.00003 6230.5
63.363 8.29 0.002 0 0.00002 6336.3
64.32 8.296 0.002 0 0.00002 6432
65.238 8.3 0.002 0 0.00002 6523.8
66.201 8.306 0.003 0 0.00003 6620.1
67.07 8.311 0.002 0 0.00002 6707
68.247 8.317 0.002 0 0.00002 6824.7
69.255 8.323 0.003 0 0.00003 6925.5
70.428 8.33 0.002 0 0.00002 7042.8
71.322 8.335 0.002 0 0.00002 7132.2
72.474 8.343 0.003 0 0.00003 7247.4
73.474 8.346 0.002 0 0.00002 7347.4
74.488 8.351 0.002 0 0.00002 7448.8
75.462 8.358 0.002 0 0.00002 7546.2
19
76.48 8.365 0.003 0 0.00003 7648
77.425 8.368 0.002 0 0.00002 7742.5
78.466 8.374 0.003 0 0.00003 7846.6
79.428 8.379 0.002 0 0.00002 7942.8
80.389 8.385 0.003 0 0.00003 8038.9
81.336 8.388 0.003 0 0.00003 8133.6
82.252 8.395 0.003 0 0.00003 8225.2
83.43 8.401 0.003 0 0.00003 8343
84.411 8.404 0.003 0 0.00003 8441.1
85.582 8.413 0.003 0 0.00003 8558.2
86.595 8.415 0.003 0 0.00003 8659.5
87.761 8.422 0.003 0 0.00003 8776.1
88.761 8.428 0.003 0 0.00003 8876.1
89.892 8.432 0.003 0 0.00003 8989.2
90.9 8.438 0.003 0 0.00003 9090
91.955 8.441 0.003 0 0.00003 9195.5
92.936 8.447 0.003 0 0.00003 9293.6
93.954 8.451 0.003 0 0.00003 9395.4
94.954 8.457 0.003 0 0.00003 9495.4
96.006 8.463 0.003 0 0.00003 9600.6
97.018 8.465 0.003 0 0.00003 9701.8
98.087 8.472 0.003 0 0.00003 9808.7
99.033 8.477 0.003 0 0.00003 9903.3
100.134 8.483 0.003 0 0.00003 10013.4
101.077 8.487 0.003 0 0.00003 10107.7
102.006 8.491 0.003 0 0.00003 10200.6
103.22 8.496 0.003 0 0.00003 10322
104.204 8.499 0.003 0 0.00003 10420.4
105.422 8.505 0.003 0 0.00003 10542.2
106.391 8.509 0.003 0 0.00003 10639.1
107.576 8.516 0.003 0 0.00003 10757.6
108.529 8.52 0.003 0 0.00003 10852.9
109.554 8.524 0.003 0 0.00003 10955.4
110.584 8.53 0.003 0 0.00003 11058.4
111.528 8.533 0.003 0 0.00003 11152.8
112.573 8.537 0.003 0 0.00003 11257.3
113.615 8.542 0.003 0 0.00003 11361.5
114.623 8.547 0.003 0 0.00003 11462.3
115.575 8.551 0.003 0 0.00003 11557.5
116.575 8.556 0.003 0 0.00003 11657.5
117.474 8.559 0.003 0 0.00003 11747.4
118.678 8.564 0.003 0 0.00003 11867.8
119.615 8.569 0.003 0 0.00003 11961.5
20
120.746 8.573 0.003 0 0.00003 12074.6
121.761 8.576 0.003 0 0.00003 12176.1
122.975 8.583 0.003 0 0.00003 12297.5
123.992 8.586 0.003 0 0.00003 12399.2
125.09 8.593 0.003 0 0.00003 12509
126.12 8.596 0.003 0 0.00003 12612
127.158 8.599 0.003 0 0.00003 12715.8
128.111 8.603 0.003 0 0.00003 12811.1
129.176 8.607 0.003 0 0.00003 12917.6
130.201 8.612 0.003 0 0.00003 13020.1
131.227 8.616 0.003 0 0.00003 13122.7
132.256 8.619 0.003 0 0.00003 13225.6
133.326 8.624 0.003 0 0.00003 13332.6
134.314 8.629 0.003 0 0.00003 13431.4
135.305 8.632 0.003 0 0.00003 13530.5
136.309 8.636 0.003 0 0.00003 13630.9
137.184 8.64 0.003 0 0.00003 13718.4
138.322 8.645 0.003 0 0.00003 13832.2
139.337 8.649 0.003 0 0.00003 13933.7
140.556 8.653 0.003 0 0.00003 14055.6
141.437 8.657 0.003 0 0.00003 14143.7
142.624 8.66 0.003 0 0.00003 14262.4
143.635 8.665 0.003 0 0.00003 14363.5
144.836 8.67 0.003 0 0.00003 14483.6
135.996 8.69 0.003 0 0.00003 13599.6
22.588 10.625 -0.003 0 -0.00003 2258.8
21.839 10.661 -0.002 0 -0.00002 2183.9
Table 6. Raw Data for Tension Test 2
Load (kN) Platen
Stroke
(mm)
Compressometer
deformation (mm)
Temperature
(°C)
Stress
(KPa)
Strain
(mm/mm)
-0.007 0.009 0 0 -0.7 0
0.003 0.021 0 0 0.3 0
0.003 0.033 0.004 0 0.3 0.00002
0.466 0.043 0.003 0 46.6 0.000015
0.848 0.06 0.004 0 84.8 0.00002
0.959 0.079 0.005 0 95.9 0.000025
1.259 0.099 0.004 0 125.9 0.00002
1.165 0.135 0.004 0 116.5 0.00002
1.177 0.172 0.004 0 117.7 0.00002
1.199 0.221 0.005 0 119.9 0.000025
21
1.237 0.27 0.004 0 123.7 0.00002
1.267 0.324 0.005 0 126.7 0.000025
1.306 0.393 0.005 0 130.6 0.000025
1.949 0.471 0.005 0 194.9 0.000025
2.48 0.551 0.005 0 248 0.000025
2.442 0.641 0.005 0 244.2 0.000025
2.54 0.734 0.006 0 254 0.00003
2.651 0.83 0.008 0 265.1 0.00004
2.782 0.931 0.008 0 278.2 0.00004
2.906 1.028 0.008 0 290.6 0.00004
3.106 1.168 0.008 0 310.6 0.00004
3.27 1.276 0.008 0 327 0.00004
3.51 1.433 0.008 0 351 0.00004
3.714 1.572 0.008 0 371.4 0.00004
3.959 1.722 0.008 0 395.9 0.00004
4.227 1.873 0.008 0 422.7 0.00004
4.586 2.03 0.008 0 458.6 0.00004
5.105 2.185 0.007 0 510.5 0.000035
5.76 2.339 0.008 0 576 0.00004
6.619 2.499 0.008 0 661.9 0.00004
7.851 2.672 0.007 0 785.1 0.000035
9.489 2.832 0.007 0 948.9 0.000035
11.911 2.994 0.004 0 1191.1 0.00002
14.71 3.122 0.005 0 1471 0.000025
17.119 3.222 0.005 0 1711.9 0.000025
16.051 3.372 0.005 0 1605.1 0.000025
16.396 3.501 0.004 0 1639.6 0.00002
19.659 3.657 0.004 0 1965.9 0.00002
20.347 3.773 0.005 0 2034.7 0.000025
20.893 3.921 0.005 0 2089.3 0.000025
20.859 4.051 0.005 0 2085.9 0.000025
20.909 4.213 0.005 0 2090.9 0.000025
21.062 4.365 0.005 0 2106.2 0.000025
22.982 4.548 0.005 0 2298.2 0.000025
24.439 4.69 0.005 0 2443.9 0.000025
31.434 4.824 0.005 0 3143.4 0.000025
37.065 4.887 0.005 0 3706.5 0.000025
40.797 4.925 0.005 0 4079.7 0.000025
42.741 4.945 0.005 0 4274.1 0.000025
44.365 4.963 0.005 0 4436.5 0.000025
45.493 4.973 0.005 0 4549.3 0.000025
46.75 4.982 0.005 0 4675 0.000025
47.956 4.991 0.005 0 4795.6 0.000025
22
49.057 5 0.005 0 4905.7 0.000025
49.874 5.005 0.005 0 4987.4 0.000025
50.991 5.013 0.005 0 5099.1 0.000025
51.986 5.021 0.005 0 5198.6 0.000025
53.175 5.029 0.005 0 5317.5 0.000025
54.011 5.034 0.005 0 5401.1 0.000025
55.165 5.041 0.005 0 5516.5 0.000025
56.085 5.048 0.005 0 5608.5 0.000025
57.258 5.054 0.005 0 5725.8 0.000025
58.201 5.061 0.005 0 5820.1 0.000025
59.373 5.068 0.005 0 5937.3 0.000025
60.357 5.073 0.005 0 6035.7 0.000025
61.528 5.08 0.005 0 6152.8 0.000025
62.541 5.086 0.005 0 6254.1 0.000025
63.737 5.091 0.005 0 6373.7 0.000025
64.717 5.098 0.005 0 6471.7 0.000025
65.886 5.102 0.005 0 6588.6 0.000025
66.877 5.108 0.005 0 6687.7 0.000025
68.035 5.113 0.005 0 6803.5 0.000025
69.047 5.118 0.005 0 6904.7 0.000025
70.237 5.125 0.005 0 7023.7 0.000025
71.168 5.128 0.005 0 7116.8 0.000025
72.301 5.134 0.005 0 7230.1 0.000025
73.233 5.136 0.005 0 7323.3 0.000025
74.185 5.141 0.005 0 7418.5 0.000025
75.163 5.144 0.005 0 7516.3 0.000025
76.206 5.148 0.005 0 7620.6 0.000025
77.198 5.151 0.005 0 7719.8 0.000025
78.265 5.154 0.005 0 7826.5 0.000025
79.258 5.158 0.005 0 7925.8 0.000025
80.215 5.161 0.005 0 8021.5 0.000025
81.178 5.166 0.005 0 8117.8 0.000025
82.26 5.17 0.005 0 8226 0.000025
83.248 5.174 0.005 0 8324.8 0.000025
84.114 5.177 0.005 0 8411.4 0.000025
85.229 5.18 0.005 0 8522.9 0.000025
86.203 5.183 0.005 0 8620.3 0.000025
87.362 5.188 0.005 0 8736.2 0.000025
88.39 5.191 0.005 0 8839 0.000025
89.542 5.196 0.005 0 8954.2 0.000025
90.465 5.2 0.005 0 9046.5 0.000025
91.568 5.203 0.005 0 9156.8 0.000025
92.527 5.206 0.005 0 9252.7 0.000025
23
93.476 5.21 0.005 0 9347.6 0.000025
94.456 5.217 0.005 0 9445.6 0.000025
95.521 5.218 0.005 0 9552.1 0.000025
96.533 5.222 0.005 0 9653.3 0.000025
97.494 5.224 0.005 0 9749.4 0.000025
98.535 5.23 0.005 0 9853.5 0.000025
99.606 5.235 0.005 0 9960.6 0.000025
100.556 5.239 0.005 0 10055.6 0.000025
101.432 5.241 0.005 0 10143.2 0.000025
102.619 5.247 0.005 0 10261.9 0.000025
103.61 5.251 0.005 0 10361 0.000025
104.829 5.256 0.005 0 10482.9 0.000025
105.725 5.26 0.005 0 10572.5 0.000025
106.908 5.265 0.005 0 10690.8 0.000025
107.938 5.269 0.005 0 10793.8 0.000025
109.138 5.274 0.005 0 10913.8 0.000025
110.113 5.277 0.005 0 11011.3 0.000025
111.296 5.284 0.005 0 11129.6 0.000025
112.336 5.289 0.005 0 11233.6 0.000025
113.523 5.292 0.005 0 11352.3 0.000025
114.544 5.295 0.005 0 11454.4 0.000025
115.559 5.302 0.005 0 11555.9 0.000025
90.659 5.474 0.005 0 9065.9 0.000025
47.31 5.935 0.005 0 4731 0.000025
16.071 5.956 0.005 0 1607.1 0.000025
Table 7. Raw Data for FRP-wrapped Concrete in Compression
Load
(kN)
Platen
Stroke
(mm)
Compression
Deformation
(mm)
Temperature
(°C)
0.017 1.092 0.001 0
0.021 1.358 0.001 0
0.019 1.683 -0.004 0
0.13 2.004 -0.016 0
0.211 2.27 -0.015 0
3.408 2.602 -0.014 0
8.034 2.858 -0.012 0
11.122 3.143 -0.001 0
13.778 3.371 -0.001 0
16.577 3.629 -0.001 0
17.245 3.841 -0.001 0
18.629 4.103 -0.001 0
24
21.472 4.316 -0.001 0
22.583 4.551 -0.001 0
22.557 4.761 -0.001 0
23.069 4.961 -0.001 0
23.921 5.184 -0.001 0
24.569 5.389 -0.001 0
27.022 5.608 -0.001 0
30.498 5.794 -0.001 0
33.726 5.967 0 0
36.884 6.136 -0.001 0
39.628 6.274 0 0
41.628 6.376 -0.001 0
44.34 6.511 -0.001 0
46.386 6.608 -0.001 0
48.471 6.706 -0.001 0
50.257 6.789 -0.001 0
51.859 6.862 0.001 0
53.464 6.932 0.001 0
55.026 6.998 0.001 0
56.443 7.061 0.001 0
57.705 7.113 0.001 0
58.998 7.168 0.001 0
60.189 7.215 0.001 0
61.396 7.266 0.001 0
62.63 7.311 0.002 0
63.83 7.358 0.001 0
65.072 7.404 0.001 0
66.332 7.445 0.001 0
67.729 7.483 0.001 0
69.012 7.517 0.001 0
70.037 7.544 0.001 0
71.383 7.577 0.001 0
72.524 7.604 0.001 0
72.961 7.633 0.001 0
74.301 7.663 0.001 0
75.518 7.692 0.001 0
76.6 7.72 0.001 0
77.651 7.747 0.002 0
78.617 7.773 0.002 0
79.455 7.796 0.001 0
80.614 7.828 0.001 0
81.476 7.854 0.002 0
82.615 7.885 0.001 0
25
83.657 7.912 0.002 0
84.858 7.946 0.001 0
85.893 7.972 0.001 0
87.102 8.002 0.002 0
88.122 8.029 0.001 0
89.193 8.056 0.001 0
90.271 8.083 0.002 0
91.283 8.107 0.001 0
92.346 8.133 0.002 0
93.355 8.157 0.002 0
94.393 8.182 0.001 0
95.376 8.202 0.001 0
96.394 8.225 0.001 0
97.229 8.244 0.001 0
98.444 8.269 0.001 0
99.422 8.292 0.001 0
100.663 8.318 0.001 0
101.71 8.34 0.001 0
102.766 8.361 0.001 0
103.764 8.384 0.001 0
104.739 8.404 0.001 0
105.739 8.426 0.001 0
106.716 8.446 0.002 0
107.736 8.465 0.002 0
108.763 8.487 0.001 0
109.782 8.507 0.001 0
110.899 8.53 0.001 0
111.899 8.55 0.001 0
112.799 8.569 0.002 0
113.968 8.591 0.001 0
114.917 8.609 0.001 0
116.104 8.636 0.001 0
117.135 8.653 0.001 0
118.38 8.678 0.001 0
119.347 8.696 0.001 0
120.557 8.719 0.001 0
121.49 8.739 0.001 0
122.693 8.76 0.001 0
123.711 8.78 0.001 0
124.919 8.804 0.001 0
125.955 8.822 0.001 0
127.184 8.845 0.001 0
128.205 8.864 0.001 0
26
129.269 8.885 0.001 0
130.256 8.904 0.001 0
131.293 8.926 0.001 0
132.346 8.944 0.001 0
133.412 8.963 0.001 0
134.398 8.983 0.001 0
135.388 9.001 0.001 0
136.406 9.021 0.001 0
137.5 9.041 0.001 0
138.498 9.061 0.001 0
139.614 9.081 0.001 0
140.556 9.099 0.001 0
141.446 9.116 0.001 0
142.715 9.14 0.001 0
143.644 9.158 0.001 0
144.771 9.179 0.001 0
145.809 9.198 0.001 0
146.899 9.217 0.001 0
147.893 9.235 0.002 0
148.953 9.257 0.001 0
149.931 9.275 0.001 0
151.008 9.294 0.001 0
152.03 9.314 0.001 0
153.037 9.332 0.001 0
153.984 9.349 0.001 0
154.872 9.368 0.001 0
156.087 9.388 0.001 0
157.051 9.405 0.001 0
158.28 9.428 0.001 0
159.293 9.446 0.001 0
160.527 9.468 0.001 0
161.409 9.486 0.002 0
162.613 9.508 0.001 0
163.611 9.527 0.002 0
164.815 9.548 0.001 0
165.845 9.569 0.001 0
166.918 9.588 0.001 0
167.913 9.607 0.001 0
168.937 9.627 0.002 0
169.985 9.644 0.001 0
171.059 9.667 0.001 0
172.128 9.687 0.001 0
173.14 9.707 0.001 0
27
174.163 9.727 0.001 0
175.244 9.748 0.001 0
176.222 9.767 0.001 0
177.36 9.789 0.001 0
178.349 9.808 0.002 0
179.231 9.828 0.001 0
180.443 9.855 0.001 0
181.436 9.874 0.001 0
182.685 9.902 0.001 0
183.679 9.922 0.001 0
184.891 9.947 0.001 0
185.906 9.969 0.001 0
187.102 9.996 0.002 0
188.131 10.018 0.001 0
189.176 10.042 0.001 0
190.16 10.065 0.001 0
191.097 10.085 0.001 0
188.448 10.138 0.001 0
191.293 10.188 0.001 0
193.32 10.228 0.001 0
194.637 10.258 0.001 0
195.728 10.29 0.001 0
196.797 10.318 0.001 0
197.923 10.347 0.001 0
199.106 10.376 0.001 0
200.007 10.404 0.001 0
200.878 10.426 0.001 0
202.128 10.46 0.001 0
203.119 10.489 0.001 0
204.341 10.521 0.001 0
205.315 10.546 0.001 0
206.532 10.582 0.001 0
207.566 10.609 0.001 0
208.846 10.643 0.001 0
209.835 10.669 0.001 0
211.046 10.704 0.001 0
212.09 10.73 0.001 0
213.297 10.764 0.001 0
214.311 10.791 0.001 0
215.425 10.822 0.001 0
216.494 10.85 0.001 0
217.49 10.876 0.001 0
218.563 10.903 0.001 0
28
219.562 10.929 0.001 0
220.611 10.956 0.001 0
221.875 10.989 0.001 0
222.903 11.016 0.001 0
223.695 11.039 0.001 0
224.935 11.069 0.001 0
225.972 11.095 0.001 0
226.902 11.122 0 0
227.962 11.151 0.001 0
229.015 11.179 0.001 0
230.072 11.205 0.001 0
231.144 11.235 0.001 0
232.186 11.262 0.001 0
233.268 11.289 0.001 0
234.293 11.316 0.001 0
235.377 11.346 0.001 0
236.456 11.373 0.001 0
237.461 11.399 0.001 0
238.537 11.427 0.001 0
239.663 11.456 0.001 0
240.696 11.484 0.001 0
241.479 11.505 0.001 0
242.688 11.542 0.001 0
243.679 11.568 0.001 0
244.781 11.599 0.001 0
245.775 11.629 0.001 0
246.822 11.658 0.001 0
247.903 11.69 0.001 0
248.901 11.717 0.001 0
249.937 11.748 0.001 0
251.03 11.781 0.001 0
252.043 11.809 0.001 0
253.079 11.839 0.001 0
254.063 11.868 0.001 0
254.998 11.895 0.001 0
256.185 11.93 0 0
257.211 11.96 0.001 0
258.45 11.999 0.001 0
259.445 12.028 0.001 0
260.651 12.063 0.001 0
261.659 12.093 0.001 0
262.842 12.126 0.001 0
263.823 12.155 0.001 0
29
264.798 12.184 0.001 0
265.805 12.216 0.001 0
266.884 12.249 0.001 0
267.849 12.28 0.001 0
268.785 12.317 0.001 0
269.904 12.348 0.001 0
270.922 12.38 0.001 0
272.018 12.412 0.001 0
272.833 12.44 0.001 0
274.092 12.48 0.001 0
275.138 12.512 0.001 0
276.394 12.553 0.001 0
277.393 12.584 0.001 0
278.665 12.624 0.001 0
279.748 12.657 0.001 0
280.973 12.696 0.001 0
281.909 12.727 0.001 0
283.09 12.765 0.001 0
284.137 12.797 0.001 0
285.223 12.829 0.001 0
286.323 12.861 0.001 0
287.331 12.891 0.001 0
288.421 12.921 0.001 0
289.44 12.951 0.001 0
290.469 12.981 0.001 0
291.404 13.007 0.001 0
292.55 13.038 0.001 0
293.674 13.07 0.001 0
294.869 13.102 0.001 0
295.928 13.129 0 0
297.036 13.16 0.001 0
298.079 13.187 0.001 0
299.067 13.215 0.001 0
300.169 13.242 0.001 0
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30
310.761 13.505 0.001 0
311.754 13.529 0.001 0
312.799 13.554 0.001 0
313.867 13.579 0.001 0
314.974 13.606 0.001 0
316.028 13.628 0.001 0
316.932 13.651 0.001 0
318.201 13.678 0.001 0
319.167 13.7 0.001 0
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321.346 13.751 0.001 0
322.335 13.772 0.001 0
323.456 13.797 0.001 0
324.512 13.823 0.001 0
325.591 13.847 0.001 0
326.589 13.871 0.001 0
327.695 13.896 0.001 0
328.772 13.92 0.001 0
329.848 13.944 0.001 0
330.766 13.964 0.001 0
331.907 13.992 0.001 0
332.835 14.012 0.001 0
334.105 14.041 0.001 0
335.158 14.063 0.001 0
336.39 14.092 0.001 0
337.39 14.114 0.001 0
338.548 14.14 0.001 0
339.554 14.163 0.001 0
340.564 14.185 0.001 0
341.607 14.209 0.001 0
342.571 14.23 0.001 0
343.541 14.255 0.001 0
344.63 14.281 0 0
345.715 14.305 0.001 0
346.586 14.325 0.001 0
347.769 14.351 0.001 0
348.791 14.373 0.001 0
349.899 14.396 0.001 0
350.869 14.418 0.001 0
352.024 14.444 0.001 0
353.042 14.465 0.001 0
354.142 14.489 0.001 0
355.189 14.51 0.001 0
31
356.286 14.533 0.001 0
357.326 14.553 0.001 0
358.222 14.57 0.001 0
359.541 14.597 0.001 0
360.571 14.616 0.001 0
361.816 14.639 0.001 0
362.879 14.661 0.001 0
364.161 14.683 0 0
365.133 14.703 0 0
366.333 14.725 0.001 0
367.317 14.745 0.001 0
368.436 14.767 0.001 0
369.436 14.788 0.001 0
370.529 14.807 0.001 0
371.581 14.828 0.001 0
372.694 14.847 0.001 0
373.784 14.866 0 0
374.818 14.884 0 0
375.896 14.908 0.001 0
376.758 14.92 0 0
377.949 14.945 0.001 0
378.95 14.961 0.001 0
379.972 14.98 0.001 0
381.079 14.999 0.002 0
382.075 15.018 0.001 0
383.136 15.036 0.001 0
384.13 15.052 0.001 0
385.193 15.071 0 0
386.316 15.094 0.001 0
387.321 15.11 0.002 0
388.269 15.127 0.001 0
389.355 15.148 0.001 0
390.36 15.164 0 0
391.464 15.183 0.001 0
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394.717 15.241 0.001 0
395.718 15.26 0.001 0
396.747 15.277 0.001 0
397.833 15.298 0.001 0
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400.008 15.338 0.001 0
401.015 15.354 0.001 0
32
401.862 15.368 0 0
403.095 15.39 0 0
404.155 15.41 0.001 0
405.151 15.43 0.001 0
406.227 15.448 0.001 0
407.356 15.471 0.001 0
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410.384 15.529 0.001 0
411.364 15.547 0 0
412.403 15.571 0.001 0
413.391 15.591 0 0
414.445 15.615 0.001 0
415.432 15.64 0.001 0
316.327 15.759 0.006 0
124.96 19.389 -0.005 0
146.746 23.921 -0.005 0
79.194 24.082 -0.005 0
57.413 23.862 -0.005 0