CitySense: An Open, Urban-Scale Sensor Network Testbed
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Transcript of CitySense: An Open, Urban-Scale Sensor Network Testbed
© 2007 Matt Welsh – Harvard University © 2007 BBN Technologies 1
CitySense:An Open, Urban-Scale Sensor Network Testbed
Josh BersBBN Technologies
Mobile Networking Systems Group
Matt WelshHarvard University
Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences
© 2007 Matt Welsh – Harvard University © 2007 BBN Technologies 2
Sensor Network TestbedsGoal: Support experimentation with wireless sensor networks at scale
● Simulations are valuable but inherently limited● Understanding characteristics of real sensor networks in diverse environments
requires real testbeds and real applications● Testbeds should be open and easily shared by multiple research groups
CitySense: Planned outdoor testbed of 100 embedded PCs in Cambridge, MA
● Linux-based embedded PCs with meteorological and air quality sensors● 802.11a/b/g interface with multihop wireless networking backbone● Collaboration between BBN Technologies and Harvard University● Funded by NSF under Computing Research Infrastructure program, 2006-2010
© 2007 Matt Welsh – Harvard University © 2007 BBN Technologies 3
CitySenseJoint effort between BBN Technologies and Harvard University (Prof.
Matt Welsh, Co-PI)● NSF Computing Research Infrastructure (CRI) program grant (4 years), Rita Rodriguez
NSF Program Director.● BBN taking lead on hardware design and deployment planning● Harvard taking lead on software design and resource management
Goal: Deploy an outdoor, open wireless sensor network testbedacross the city of Cambridge, MA
Nodes consist of Linux-based embedded PCs with 802.11a/b/g● Mounted on top of light poles with assistance from City of Cambridge● Professional meterological sensor package for environmental monitoring
Web-based interface for job scheduling, debugging, profiling● Draw on experiences with MoteLab and extend to outdoor testbed● Open resource for the sensor network community
© 2007 Matt Welsh – Harvard University © 2007 BBN Technologies 4
CitySense Overview
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CitySense OverviewPhotocell (Power)
CitySense Node goes here
Photocell (Power)
CitySense Node goes here
Vaisala meterologicalsensor
● Metrix embedded PC (Soekris single-board PC)● Runs Pebble Linux distribution● 133 Mhz AMD processor● 64 MB RAM and flash, 1 GB USB flash drive● Dual 802.11 a/b/g radios● Multiple sensors possible: weather, air quality, bio/chem
agents, webcams, microphones…
Fixture Arm
Mounting Straps
WiFi Antennas
Vaisala Mouting mast
Power input
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BBN Network Topology
• 3 Indoor nodes plus gateway
• 2 nodes on roof of buildings– Racing– Rosario
• Fully connected except for Gateway
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Sensor Node Design Iter#1: Racing
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Why CitySense?Expand sensor networking testbeds beyond indoor deployments with
resource-constrained nodes● Outdoor testbed with large coverage area● Powered nodes with substantial CPU/memory/radio bandwidth● Provide blueprint for future sensor network designs and deployments
Shared resource open to research community● Leverage experience with Harvard’s MoteLab to provide shared experimental facility
Provide bridge to broader scientific communities● Partnership with Harvard School of Public Health – urban air pollution study● Educational impact at graduate, undergraduate, and K-12 levels
Connection to NSF GENI initiative● Shared facility for experimenting with sensor networks in realistic outdoor environment● Opportunity for connection to evolving network standards and support for
“Internet scale sensor networking”
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CitySense sensor packageVaisala Weather Transmitter WXT510
● Wind speed and direction● Precipitation● Barometric pressure● Temperature● Relative humidity
Well-calibrated sensors, robust packaging for outdoor environments
● Designed for precise measurement of environmentalconditions
● More accurate than typical component sensors used on motes
Serial interface for configuration and data access
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Example dataRaw sensor ouput as received by our gateway via UDP packets multi-hopped from the sensor nodes:
● Rain accumulation● Wind Speed and Direction● Pressure Temperature and Humidity● Sensor Status Data
Sensor data: net.citysense.sensors.PTHSensorOutput@1decdec Device-type=VAISALA WXT510 Device-name=0 Timestamp=Mon Mar 26 22:15:10 EDT 2007 Sample Interval=-1 Query command=N/A
Measurement airPressure value=1016.3 unit=hPa Measurement airTemperature value=6.3 unit=Celsius Measurement relativeHumidity value=89.5 unit=PERCENT
Sensor data: net.citysense.sensors.WindSensorOutput@12a54f9 Device-type=VAISALA WXT510 Device-name=0 Timestamp=Mon Mar 26 22:15:14 EDT 2007 Sample Interval=-1 Query command=N/A
Measurement directionAvg value=294 unit=DEGREES Measurement directionMax value=330 unit=DEGREES Measurement directionMin value=278 unit=DEGREES Measurement speedAvg value=0.9 unit=METERS_PER_SECOND Measurement speedMax value=1.2 unit=METERS_PER_SECOND Measurement speedMin value=0.6 unit=METERS_PER_SECOND
Go to: http://citysense.bbn.com/ReadVaisala.pl for live data feed.
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CitySense NetworkingMost CitySense nodes will not have wired network connectivity
● Several nodes (at BBN and Harvard) will act as gateways to the Internet.● Must use wireless mutihop network for all communications to nodes:
control/management, debugging, application traffic
Plan: Use multihop routing network based on OLSR● 100's of meters range between nodes possible with appropriate antennas● Provide stable communications backplane with IP routing to individual nodes● User applications may implement their own routing protocols directly on 802.11 MAC
CitySense testbed will be timeshared across multiple users● CPU, memory, and radio bandwidth must be shared across applications● While not as limited as motes, this still raises some important resource
management questions● We expect demands on CitySense to vary widely across research groups.
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CitySense Plug-and-Play Sensors● On-node software enables easy
addition of new sensors
● Adaptation layer defines a common meta-data for sensors to declare themselves to the shared infrastructure
● Meta-data are used to allocate nodes to applications based upon their sensing requirements
Sensor Adaptation Layer (SAL)
SensorHardware
Vendor-specific sensor API
Device Independent Control API
SensorDescriptionDocument maintains
SensorHardwareSensor
HardwareSensor
Hardware
Sensor Adaptor
CitySense Sensor Data Schema
MeasurementName : StringValue : ObjectUnit : Type
SensorOutputTimestamp : longQueryCommand : StringSampleInterval : int
1..*1..*
SensorDeviceName : StringType : String
1..*1..* Generates
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Open ChallengesRemote maintenance and programming
● Physical access to nodes difficult or impossible● Must ensure software can be updated safely● Rollback to known-good “safe mode” if node loses network connectivity
Resource management and sandboxing● CitySense will be open to research community● How to prevent naïve or malicious users from dominating resources?● What are appropriate scheduling policies?
Application programming model● Should we allow arbitrary Linux binaries? Or require users to conform to constrained interface?● What distributed services should the system provide to applications?
Experimental support● Time synchronization, GPS vs. NTP● Distributed control: separate channel for management plane vs. in band
Some non-goals of this project…● Reinvent mesh networking: try to leverage existing solutions● Provide public Internet access: too latency sensitive; not appropriate for multihop mesh
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GENI Wireless Research Enabled● Characterize URBAN RF environment: good urban propagation
models do not exist
● Wireless Network Management
● Dynamic RF channel selection
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SummaryCitySense presents huge opportunity
for the sensor network community● Develop, deploy, and experiment with sensor networks at scale
in complex real-world outdoor urban environment● Shared research facilities for supporting diverse research groups
Planned 100-node outdoor testbed in Cambridge, MA● Linux-based embedded PCs with 802.11 and professional weather sensor● Planned future sensors include pollution/smog sensors.
For more information:● Josh Bers ([email protected]) and Matt Welsh ([email protected])● http://www.citysense.net
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Related Work / FacilitiesWINLab, ORBIT Rutgers [Raychaudhari ]
ENL, USC motes [Govindan]
sMote, Berkeley [Culler]
RoofNET, MIT [Morris, et. al]
U Colorado [Sicker & Grunwald]
Others…
Community networks:
CUWin, Corpus Christie, TEX, etc.
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Acknowledgements
BBN● Abhimanyu Gosain, Tufts Intern● Frank Bronzo
Harvard● Amal Fahad● Jon Hyman● Kevin Bombino● Geoff Mainland● Rohan Murty● Matt Tierney
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Current Status
BBN Testbed● 3 indoor nodes● 2 outdoors with weather sensors
Node Design ● 2 Prototype designs tested● Working on City approval of streetlight mounted enclosure
Wireless Network● OLSR mesh active● Characterized basic performance
City Streetlight Mounting● Received approval from City of Cambridge
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Next Steps
BBN & Harvard Testbeds● Grow size of each testbed to ~ 10 nodes outdoors● Link 2 networks via advantaged nodes
Wireless Network● Characterization:
● Establish performance benchmark suite● Management plane:
● Test high-power, 700 mW, 900 MHz radios (ubiquiti networks)
City Deployment● First Nodes targeted for Summer-Fall ‘07
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Preliminary Results: Urban RF ActivityFrom BBN’s rooftop mounted nodes
● Total 5MHz Channels in use: 29 out of 74● 802.11b/g: 11/14● 802.11a: lower 11/40, upper 7/20
● Total devices seen (distinct MAC addresses)● in 15 days: 205● in 12 hours: 25
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Collaborators / Target Users
Magid Ezzati: Co-PI Harvard School of Public Health Urban pollution studies
Ken Mandl: Director of CHIP’s program Childrens Hospital, Boston real-time tracking of ER symptom reports
David Gute: Tufts University EE department: water quality sensors
Tom Little: BU EECS: video sensors
Chris Rogers & Marina Bers: Tufts EE: Educational Outreach K-12 curriculum in sensor nets.