Ci i i K l d S iCitizens in a Knowledge Society: rethinking education from scratchrethinking education from scratch.

Part 2Policies for (e-)inclusion:

from physical access to meaningful usefrom physical access to meaningful use

I l P ñ LóIsmael Peña-LópezInternet Interdisciplinary InstituteUniversitat Oberta de Catalunya

Quality standards in ICT education workshiopB l d A il 12 2011Belgrade, April 12, 2011.

A digital revolutionA digital revolution,a social revolutiona social revolution

Human Development vs. Info. Societyp y

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Accessing theAccessing thedigital societydigital society

Fostering access to the Digital Economyg g yA Digital Revolution: Mokyr (1997, 2000), Greenwood (1999), Boas

et al. (2005), Zysman, J. & Newman (2006)et al. (2005), Zysman, J. & Newman (2006)

The Concept of Access: Raboy (1995, 1998), ITU (1998-2009), WEFThe Concept of Access: Raboy (1995, 1998), ITU (1998 2009), WEF (2002-2009), Sciadas (2003), Gillwald and Stork (2007)

The Digital Divide: NTIA (1999), Hargittai (2001), Bridges.org (2001), Warschauer (2003), Gunkel (2003), DiMaggio et al. (2004), Barzilai-N h (2006) Tibb (2007)Nahon (2006), Tibben (2007)

P li i f ( i l) A H d (1994) Alb (1995)Policies of (universal) Access: Hudson (1994), Albery (1995), Compaine & Weinraub (1997), OECD (2001b), Loader & Keeble (2004), ITU (2005e), Kenny and Keremane (2007)ITU (2005e), Kenny and Keremane (2007)

Model: 360º Digital Frameworkg

Infrastructures ICT Sector LegalFramework

Content andServices

Digital Skills

AssetsS

uppl

y

AvailabilityEnterprises

Economy

ICT (Sector) Regulation AvailabilityDigital Literacy

Level sF

Snd Information Flow

sD

eman

Affordability Workforce

Information Society

Strategies and Policies

Intensity of Use

Digital Literacy Training

Cluster centre values for WITSA countries 1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people)2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people)3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)

21

2

321

22

Cluster #1Cluster #2Cluster #3Cluster #4 3  Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)

4 ‐Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people)5 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person)6 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people)7 P i b k f id i l fi d li (US$ h)

0,5

1

1,5 3

4

519

20

21 Cluster #4Cluster #5

7 ‐ Price basket for residential fixed line (US$ per month)8 ‐ Telecommunications revenue (% GDP)9 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars)10 ‐ Human Capital

-1

-0,5

0 5

618

19

p11 ‐ Internet Access in Schools12 ‐ Laws relating to ICT13 ‐ Intellectual property protection14 Gov't procurement of advanced tech products

-1,5

717

14 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products15 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)16 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people)17 ‐ Availability of government online services

8

915

16

18 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people)19 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Consumer (% of GDP)20 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption21 Extent of business Internet use

10

1112

13

14

21 ‐ Extent of business Internet use22 ‐ ICT use and government efficiencyNon-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis.

Significance of F in ANOVA for all variables: p<0.001

Cluster centre values for OECD countries 1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people)2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people)3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)1 5

21

217

Cluster #1Cluster #2Cluster #3Cluster #4 3  Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)

4 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person)5 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people)6 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars)7 H C i l

0

0,5

1

1,5

3

415

16Cluster #5

7 ‐ Human Capital8 ‐ Internet Access in Schools9 ‐ Laws relating to ICT10 ‐ Intellectual property protection-1,5

-1

-0,54

514

15

p p y p11 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products12 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)13 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people)14 Availability of government online services

-2

613

14 ‐ Availability of government online services15 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people)16 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption17 ‐ Extent of business Internet use

712

8

910

11

Non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis.Significance of F in ANOVA for all variables: p<0.001

Infrastructures1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people) (*)

2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people) (*)90%

100%

3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people) (*)

4 ‐Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) (*)50%60%70%80%90%

5 ‐ Population covered by mobile telephony (%) (*)

6 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person) (*)

7 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people) (*)10%20%30%40%

LeadersLaggards

7  Internet Hosts (per 10000 people) ( )

8 ‐ Internet subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (*)

9 ‐ Residential monthly telephone subscription (US$) (**)

0%

10 ‐ Price basket for Internet (US$ per month) (**)

11 ‐ Price basket for mobile (US$ per month) (**)

b k f d l f d l ( $ h) (*)12 ‐ Price basket for residential fixed line (US$ per month) (*)

13 ‐ Telephone average cost of call to US (US$ per three minutes) (***)

LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers

% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

ICT Sector1 ‐ Telecommunications revenue (% GDP) (*)

2 ‐ High‐technology exports (% of manufactured exports) (**)80%90%

100%1

3 ‐ Telephone subscribers per employee (***)

4 ‐ Telephone employees (per 100 people) (**)

40%50%60%70%80%

26

5 ‐ Total full‐time telecommunications staff  (per 100 people) (*)

6 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars) (*)

0%10%20%30%40%

0%% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

Laggards

35 Leaders

Laggards

4

LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers

Digital Literacyg y1 ‐ Enrolment in science. Tertiary. (per 100 people) (*)

2 ‐ Human Capital (*)80%90%

100%1

3 ‐ Internet Access in Schools (*)

40%50%60%70%80%

0%10%20%30%40%

% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

Laggards0%

Leaders23

eade s

LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers

Policy and regulatory frameworky g y1 ‐ Laws relating to ICT (*)

2 ‐ Intellectual property protection (*)80%90%

100%1

3 ‐ Level of competition ‐ DSL (**)

4 ‐ Level of competition – Cable modem (**)

40%50%60%70%80%

Leaders

5 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products (*)

0%10%20%30%40%

25

% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster0% % of countries that scored high on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

34

Laggards

34LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers

Usageg1 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people) (*)

2 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people) (*)90%100%

3 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Retail Trade (% of GDP) (*)

4 ‐Web Measure (*)50%60%70%80%

5 ‐ Availability of government online services (*)

6 ‐ International outgoing telephone traffic (minutes) (per 100 people) (*)

0%10%20%30%40%

Laggards7 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people) (*)

8 ‐ E‐Participation (*)

9 T t l ICT S di C (% f GDP) (*)

0%

Leaders

Laggards

9 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Consumer (% of GDP) (*)

10 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption (*)

11 ‐ Extent of business Internet use (*)( )LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers

% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

Analogue indicators 1 ‐ GDP (***)2 ‐ GDP Capita (*)g 2  GDP Capita ( )3 ‐ GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) (*)4 ‐ GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (*)5 ‐ GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) (**)6 ‐ HDI (*)80%

90%100%

6  HDI ( )7 ‐ Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (*)8 ‐ Improved water source (% of population with access) (*)9 ‐ Health Public Expenditure (% of govt. expenditure) (*)10 Health Public Expenditure (% of total Health expend ) (*)40%

50%60%70%80%

Laggards

10 ‐ Health Public Expenditure (% of total Health expend.) (*)11 ‐ School enrollment, primary (% net) (***)12 ‐ School enrollment, primary (% gross) (**)13 ‐ Education Public Expenditure (% of govt. expenditure) (***)14 G N ti l E dit (% f GDP) (**)

0%10%20%30%40%

Leaders

14 ‐ Gross National Expenditure (% of GDP) (**)15 ‐ General Govt. final consumption expend. (% of GDP) (***)16 ‐ Economic Incentive Regime (*)17 ‐ Innovation (*)18 ‐ Population in urban agglom. > 1 million (% of total pop.) (*)19 ‐ Inequality‐10 (**)20 ‐Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) (*)21 ‐ Population growth (annual %) (***)22 ‐ Interest payments (% of GDP) (*)23 ‐ Present value of debt (% of GNI) (**)24 ‐ GDP deflator (base year varies by country) (*)25 ‐ Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (*)

LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers

, p ( ) ( )26 ‐ Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) (*)27 ‐ Tax revenue (% of GDP) (**)

% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

Policy-making and digital developmenty g gIncome, Health, Human Capital

Economic incentive regime & innovation

Infrastructures + Real Economy approachInfrastructures + Real Economy approach

Strong Information Society regulatory framework

Direct intervention (expenditure) does not make a difference — Keynesian or liberal is okdifference Keynesian or liberal is ok.

Demand triggers digital development

G2B, G2G, B2C, e-Commerce, e-Administration, e-Government, e-Health, e-Justice pull digital development, , p g p

A comment on leapfrogginggg gSome evidence that leapfrogging is possible

Based on

Human capitalHuman capital

ICT regulatory and policy framework

Strong, international-bound ICT Sector

D bi i d i b d diDubious impact on domestic economy beyond most direct one

ICT Sector a locomotive for (nation-wide) development?

26

Belgrade, April 12, 2011. Quality standards in ICT educationg , p , y

To cite this work:Peña-López, Ismael. (2011) Citizens in a Knowledge Society: rethinking education from e a ópe , s ae ( 0 ) C t e s a o edge Soc ety et g educat o oscratch. Part 2: Policies for (e-)inclusion: from physical access to meaningful use. Quality standards in ICT education workshop, April 12, 2011. Belgrade.<http://ictlogy.net/presentations/ 20110412_ismael_pena-lopez_-

citizens knowledge society 2 policies e-inclusion.pdf>_citizens_knowledge_society_2_policies_e inclusion.pdf

To contact the author:http://ictlogy.net

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