Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on...

6
腍腒腑腋 腍腒腑腋 腊腐 /+ (,**0) - +2-+22 . Cities on Volcanoes ῌ῍ΐ῏ῒ῎ῑ 腻膆腩膭 腷膔膓 腆腆 腘膉 腆腆腆 腡膤 腆腆腆腆 腙膆 腆腆 腧膢 自臭 腆腆 腆腆腆腆腆 膪膧 腆腆腆腆腆腆 膮膳 腆腆腆 Report on the . th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA , Hiroyuki KUMAGAI 腂腂 , Takeshi MATSUSHIMA 腂腂腂 , Hiroshi SUWA 腂腂腂腂 , Hideki UEDA 腂腂 , Yasuhiro ISHIMINE 腂腂 , Jun OKADA 腂腂腂腂腂 , Tadahide UI 腂腂腂腂腂腂 and Yuhki KOHNO 腂腂腂 +腆腃腇腄 臎膸臑腎腻腾腹膌膝腽膋,**0 + ,- 腍腳 ,1 腥腍腒腠臮腤腷腶腛 (Fig. +)Cities on Volcanoes (COV) 膸臑腧腔腶腭腡膞腃膖膍膕膜+ 腅腀 膎膘腃膄腃膛膠膌腦腼腃腾膛膠膌, 腅腀 膐膟腺腦 膑膞- 腡膾臶腕腶+332 腫腬 , 腌腏腥 膾臶腕腶腠腉腵腔腦膸臑腧 IAVCEI Cities and Volcanoes Commission 腎膾臶腚腖腸臝腯腖腛腹腱腤腣腥腲腝腠膫膬腕腶腵膸膾臶/ 膸腎 ,**1 腥腹膄腹腡腯腠腖腍腰腺膣膈腄膉 臣腡膾臶腕腶腵腔腢腥臝腭腝腛腔腶腧膑膨膷臼臁膸腢 腎臖膍膃膢腸腖腛腰腦腡腈腵腻腾腹膌膝腥腧致腦膐膦腥臈腐腹膠膊膅臼 0* 腋腵膷臼腎臸腖腚腦腊腜膻腃腈腳膷腖腛膷臼腧 2 腞腈腵臵膺腦膸臑腸臶腖腛致膷膶膘膶臡臓Instituto Geofı ÿ sico, Escuela Poli- te ÿ cnica Nacional 膣膲 IG腎膷臼臂腦臆腸膋腖腠 腌腴腚腦臇腯腛膠腥臋腟腏致膴臷臙腎膯腸腢 腵腢腉腊腁腭腮腡腈腵腥腧臷膵臏臡腎臗腸腖 腠腉腵腡腧COV 腽膋膸腦膿腦膆膉膃膚膠 臠腦至腸臮腉膸腩腦腤腣腸腪腛 (S.N., H.K.) ,腌腎腅腓腏 ,+ 腌腎腅腈腉 腽膋,,2** m腧臂膷臼腥膤腭腶腛膩腺腥腈 +333 腍腳 ,*** 膷腖腛膀腹膀腹膒膈膠 膈膗臼腎腘腑腥臫腋腵腢腤腝腛腦腧膙膏膅膁腦 膳膦腢腖腠膇膼腕腶腛臔腻腞膗腥腈 膐膜膨臤腉膻腃腞膂膠膓膛膠膃膅膁腏膎膩腥腕腶腛膸臑腡腈腵膸臑腧膻腃腸臄腗腕腙腵膽腎 腖腓腰腤腐膹膞腳腶腛臯臐膔膘臊腦腝腠臮腷腶腛腡膭臧腢膅膔腺膠臧腦膍腈膁膱 腆腆 腆腆腆 腆腆腆腆 ++-**-, 膈膚臕臛膯腤 +++ 腺腠臡臓Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, +++ Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ++-**-,, Japan. -*/***0 腞腐腨腄膄-+ 臷膵臁臏臡臓腱腺臒臡臓膗膬 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, -+ Tennodai, Tsukuba -*/***0, Japan. 2//*2.- 臹臢腄腟,/0.-,3 腎腵臁膩臁臡臓膩腺腠膷臼臇膆膠膇腃 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, ,/0.-,3 Shin’yama, Shimabara 2//*2.-, Japan. 0++**++ 膈膖腉腄臦膡膈腵臷臡臓腆腆腆腆腆 腆腆腆腆腆腆 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Uni- versity, Gokasho, Uji 0++**++, Japan. *0**2+* 膧腄膦+* 腜腥 2 腽膫 膎腵臁膩臁臡臓膩腺腠膷臼臇臡臓膆 膠膇腃 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, N+*W2, Kita-ku, Sapporo *0**2+*, Japan. 00/**1, 膡膂腄腫腌 -1. 臅臘臺臡臓臍臬臉腥腅膗 Crisis & Environment Management Policy Institute, Kansai O$ce, -1. Chigusa, Takarazuka 00/**1,, Japan. Corresponding author : Setsuya Nakada e-mail : [email protected]

Transcript of Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on...

Page 1: Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi

������������ � /+� (,**0)

� -� +2-�+22�

� .� Cities on Volcanoes������

� � � ���� � � ��� � ������ ������� � � ����� � ���� � �������� � � �������� � � ����

Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito

Setsuya NAKADA�, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI��, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA���, Hiroshi SUWA����,

Hideki UEDA��, Yasuhiro ISHIMINE��, Jun OKADA�����, Tadahide UI������

and Yuhki KOHNO���

+ � � ���������������,**0�+�,-���

,1���� !"#$% (Fig. +)& Cities on Volcanoes

(COV)��'($)�* +,-�./0� 1� +23*45,6,78�9:,�78�� 1� ,23*;<=9>+�1�-23�?@A$* +332�B�CD,�EF�?@A$ GH& (9��' IAVCEI9�9 Cities and

Volcanoes Commission�?@��IJK* �L�M%�N� "O�PQ RSA$H& T!�?@��* � /

2!�� ,**1���6��"K * M�U#$%��V�?@A$H(W�J)Q%& ($'�&XYZ�W�V��['(\IM%U9�]H&������'* ^9�_)I*+�`a�8bcY,� 0*I-dHXY�.eM* f9gh/012�3XM%XY' 2i]H& T29��I4@M%^�5jk!Z#l65mn� 1Instituto Geofıÿsico, Escuela Poli-

teÿcnica NacionalBo IG3 �XYp79q8I9:M

Er* f9s;<=�tuF^v>wx�>w?yIWHWGg@Az�]H& q8�'>wk{m�|BIM GH&&}C�'* COV��!�9~D* �)9����8NE�9=�I!G* �V!��9F�G"OIH�%G& (S.N., H.K.)

, �����,�+ �������� 1��I ,,2** m3 'pXY��)$%J#�]r* +333��� ,***��3XM%�������8��Y���K��dH& ��W"Q%9'��c�9L�M��NWM OPA$%���#9�Q)�]r* *R��G/0ISi�8�78�c�TU��VWA$%����]H& ��'/0I��A HX¡�YM¢U"aZ[�\�$%£¤]N�6¥9^��I_Q !#$%& `����¦Wc§=8¦9'1ab

��

���

����

¨++-�**-, c©%M©ªde +�+�+c©!Z#fmn�Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo,

+�+�+ Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ++-�**-,, Japan.

¨-*/�***0 ia«�g¬h -�+1i3>wkZ{jmn�­ #lmn)kNational Research Institute for Earth Science and

Disaster Prevention, -�+ Tennodai, Tsukuba -*/�***0, Japan.

¨2//�*2.- l®¯�V�mY ,�/0.-�,3°n!Z!Z�5Zmn�#fXYs;�8±,Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Graduate

School of Science, Kyushu University, ,�/0.-�,3Shin’yama, Shimabara 2//�*2.-, Japan.

¨0++�**++ ©%o�p�²³q©%!Z>wmn�

�����

������

Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Uni-

versity, Gokasho, Uji 0++�**++, Japan.

¨*0*�*2+* ´r�+ª+ +*sK 2tu+µU!Z!Z�5Zmn�#fXYs;mn�8±,Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Graduate

School of Science, Hokkaido University, N+*W2,

Kita-ku, Sapporo *0*�*2+*, Japan.

¨00/�**1, vw�xy -�1�.¶·>wz¸{¹mnº»¼K|)Crisis & Environment Management Policy Institute,

Kansai O$ce, -�1�. Chigusa, Takarazuka 00/�**1,,

Japan.

Corresponding author : Setsuya Nakada

e-mail : [email protected]

Page 2: Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi

������ ������������ ��������� ������������������� ���� !�"#$��%&'()*+��� ���,-��!� ��,��!)./01��� 1���2� �3�!�456 7�89%:"�����,-��!� "#������;<=���-:"���>� �,-��! (Fig. ,)� ��3�! +?@��?@���A����B��-CD!� ��E��FG�� 3��HI� "�J�K!-"�#L��I� �M$�I�"�NO"P�QMRS TU�"� !�"��V%=�FW X%=�&F3UY ��'3��4!� Z��V"[�����8\7��(]���45A^��D!�]_.�01�`a)*D�b,cd"+� IG�+�H. Yepes�efO !� "#� g,-�h � -.ijCk 0/*.HlU�4�� m�n6�0'7o/p�0q��1 .**2�3r3��4��� st4256��I� 3kq�"IPu��4�.Ov�w�

�� /**.78�xy��9]D!l5z� `{:�;<Ck�����%=� Z�%=�=>)0*|*}O~��4!� ]!������,?@A�B����V#COD��� �4!� M. Halll� Living with

Volcanoes�q�� �������� A. Lavelll�Society and Risk�EFq��G4!��'�*.�01��HI�m� n6�0'7o/p�;JO�D�,��! (Fig. -)� 7*�*�K��n�*���*'���*���*�-�OL�MN-#O�,��!�"#���P���|' 2QRIT�7�8�0

(/,231 m) (Fig. .)��S�6�*�TUVO�� !��W�XS�7�8�0�� (Casa de Cotopaxi)���Y���IZ�O �4�� �[\!¡¢£O$�!� ]!� ¤����]¥"�� 6��%¦�§�¨§\�^3��©%ªm«�O¬_­�`a®�,-��!� ¯b-`a®���&��°��± O]�D!

Fig. ,. Scenery of the lunch time inside the church.

Hats on attendees were distributed as one of con-

ference goods. Taken by T. Matsushima.

Fig. +. Logo mark of the Cities on Volcanoes .conference, illustrating Quito and erupting

volcanoes, over which a condor flies.

Fig. .. Cotopaxi volcano, where melting of the summit

glacier generated a large-scale lahar during the +211eruption. Taken by H. Kumagai.

Fig. -. Poster session held in the corridor of the

Francisco Convento. Taken by T. Matsushima.

�cde ²fgh ij ³ kl ´ mcµ¶ no·´ ¸c p ¹ºqµ »r�¼184

Page 3: Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi

��������������� ���� �� ������������������� ������� �! �"#�����$%&��� (S.N., T.M.)

,�, ���������� (Lahars and Debris Flows)

�����'()�*+�,����-.�/�0.0��.1�%&��� ��'()��234�5��! ��6789��:;�<=�<�>?��� ,*

����,���! ��%@���� ,/,***���A4��.����&����! 6BC�D�%�,�&32�����E�F�4G3�&4���&4�

J. Major (USGS)�,����H4�E! ���� ��!! "#�IJKLM! HN$�%��OA4&P�'(�Q)�+��R*+S �� ,-+S�./%00����! 12��E��$��OA41�T+,UV!12�3��45DWXY(DZ8�)�[8\ T0UV! 12��6A4]^78_`?�):aI8B T/UV! )?M(bI8B�$� T.UV! 12�"#9 T.UV! ,��:c T-UV d-%&��� ;<�=�689(e��>%?fg3! 689(e0g@Ah3�'()� �! i3j3�BC �H.%&4�12��1D� (hyperconcentrated flow)�E &4

FG9=kl�H$���� F. Lavigne�+S�IJK ���L0g�!$��OA4mM�N��fOP�6 �Q.n�o!����H.d9=kpR�q0rd���sS�trg3�� M. Calvache�! +32/

��>?��,%���E�-. �Fu� v���0Tw�UV ��x��%1,��,��N�12��� �W)�d4� XyzYZ�d4[\]%�! hu�{^_`|�,���abc�}f! d~r� .+����12����e ��udfE�1�gh3�� Xy112����'()�*+� ��g��g34�u%�d�0�h.� (H.S.)

������ (Volcano Monitoring)

ij��~��z03�k��DZ8%�! �?�(�=�f� +**Ul�4+S�&��� USGS� J.

EwertKm�H4�wd,��nop�W. Rose�H4Ash Falls and Aerosols�R*+S�Q~3�� ,��?�`�(B�K�`8\! ���(Y(����,�o!��K�`8\! )>�7��8�Y>_pRqg�$d~r�o!�K�`8\! r�sQ�_r�0�8�(`�(B�tqg�z�! GPS_ SARaBt

����Z�u!�K�`8\d-��=�Q~3!�3v%�Y9X( HNvw�&Px��y�h3�� *z�=��{4������<I�D6<6789�d-�|}~�,��OA41�%&��� M.

Buschmanng�>��\�(��H4b-r�sQ��z�� R. LaHuseng USGS\�(��H4���r�0���t�������� r�sQ�������%! C�68%6(?� A4�! �!��sQ ,;=a��JI�%�� ���� 41�%&4� M. Pattersong1��A4r��tqg1�f�r�sQ��z��f��4H.%&4� r� T�h +

¡, m��V �100~g¢Z�£<GPS<¤�£d-��tqg���h3� �! ¥`6��(%¦N�gh34� ,**.�0g����4�8B§Y8L���¨�(M��t�© �ª ��4� -/g1! -��«� ���8 �¬�dZ���t=(������������� �z�h3��4� �����­fg34jk�&P�O1z�<��®�A�u1��h~34� v�! B. Chouet�>�`�� INGV�\�(�0g�! ���Z�£����t��� �!���Z�¡¯=(��`���>M°¢D?'M�y��&��� ?B78±`,�%�th3�l�£²Z��¡¯=(�¤�£������(I8B'8��>8;(aZ8Q��! ,¥�(¦`���>M�n H.�A4D?'M%&4� §¨©�&P��,�o!�OA4ªU«¬�³�A4�f��! ��H.d`���>M%�t =(�J�A4D?'M�&P1 ­�f4�u%&´.� Garcia-Aristizable�[�8�µ���,�i3��1d.�(M¯x�+���UVQ��� i�¶0�:;�<=�<�>?,�! 6`),�! ?�`�(�·�L,�%�t&P��=�Q~3�� USGS� O. White�®¸� Volcano

TectonicZ��=(�68C>� ! �wd,�o!�¯��6¹v�f��0 ���DZ8%�! °º¹±1�f��=²��

+�&�� ,*¨&�! 01! ³´²�&v�»� d���.�Qoµ�H�¶F ��=<°º�Q~3�� (H.U., T.M.)

����������������� ! (New Com-

putational Techniques for Mitigating Volcanic Hazards)

;<�= +,U�./~�� /! >�`�� .���%�{·f! ���¸��¹�ºhs}�� �?�(�=%�»A ,/U T�7\�M¼� -0�| ++��µ8��V|!~�� 1! >�`�� .U�_����0g��=�0�� |}~0g� 1U�=�0 1~���

¼ .y Cities on Volcanoes�B���UV 185

Page 4: Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi

����������������������� ���������������� ��� ,�� ��������������������� ��� � �������!���"�����#��� ���$%&'($)*�+ ,-.*��/���"���0��� �1��2�3 �4�������������56 ��+�7����+ 89$)*:;<= >New Compu-

tational Techniques? �@3A�4B��"1�C��DE'*��F6���4����+ �G��HI���� "��� JK*LK. Kelfoun�+���C���MN=�+ �������O�� ��!��4������� �P��+ ���;:Q�"R��"S�TU�VW<�C���MN=�L:*X(Y����Z�#��4���"4���$��[I%�&��� 7'\(]��+ H�H�)"'^=�*_+��F��+ ,]�Q(Y�6����!6������46���-� .3`!a��"�� H�+"#���/ b�7$%&'(:c C�� $�0d�%&'e���1!2������A�P+ �89$)*��34���"�������+ 5�6("74��� (Y.I.)

��������� (Human Health Impacts of

Volcanism)

8) +-9+ fL:( +29������ 7'gL�:*7'h"Rij;<klm=����n\>?+@�+ +12-,�;LK*YoKp7'�7�F�q(U9,r��A-./s����0B>?+ ,**., +,CLt<K�D�F�1�2u4lv*:=w�EF+@"�x�yGH"R+ 3z"I4��7'{5�JK�3�|4����"3 � 8)��LM4� -*�.*"6��/�5"�����+ ���34�.�N4����� #89$)*2}v*~(�OP3 � Interna-

tional Volcanic Health Hazard Network �IVHHN: �Q7'RuJKQLW7��9<�(W� %(��*����� ����+ ,|<�9W �7'h89s\�%S�:TU;�<��3+ ����="��47'gLV&�>� ����WX��+@����Y+IVHHN{5+@����ZS����[?�!A � \�4@]_.�A^��4��46@]4�_B3 � �G�+ 7'�`8Ca�"JK2u��+ v*:=w��b�\�>?+ 7'hca�F���D�A-QLW����MN=��"R+ d3"<�9W��H �4� y��+ R�H��

>health hazard? �46�E@]���[?�����e��4�3f�g��

,**-,��hd� IVHHN�V��;<l"#���W8L� ,**/,� +F9i�j�+ �W8LWd��"�����k�3 + ��GHl0��!4�k�3 � JK2u����"#"�mN3�n .�� (Y.I.)

-� � ���op�;q��E';��<�rP3 �[I+ �so2t��I�8*L��4N�;�(�F��ur3 ����gA � H�+ opL<9T�v��y$N� UTMw$x��y�������m�� z{�GPSx���|��4� �}�\�Q�[\�4������m~�+ JK�"op�\����4��L_3 �4�����56 ��� !N4MN�O����\���4�769P¡�|�y���� �GF6�"¢Iop�46�������dQ��4�\����4 H�+ ��op��+ M!�b��£�op�¤¥��[I+ y �\���"�d��� �GR��[��JK�"op�\����4��L_3 ��44��� "4 (H.S.)

������������C4�ScD�¦=NK2��Y(§��P3 �4� +33-,��gL���!��7'��4,T���iU�����¨��"��4� ����VW©X���7'h�� � ��� +333ª,***,�7��7'h�Y���p<��������£���Z�3 � op\�4� ,*T� .�����A���D*DE'�� _�� [\�¦=NK]«�'�H�¬I78��­���^'.(L�_&3 �4� � 0�®¯�°�=op<�`����4��'��! 4�� A�I]�`4�±�.<,p$'�a��������!�+ ���+ '��X���| �b²����` �+ �¡4���cd¢���^'� ��£��'�a����IgL�eA ��H�� ¤¥f¦��+ ¦§ghiFI�¨©ªd�«!��.*N�$)*�¬4"��+ '�X�$N .,11* mjXH�F6���RI­4� ���+ «�7�Y(§�����P®k�gL���`���� yY+ ­'�"�� 3,³��+1,³TQ´�*¯°8"R��\�� op±l²�p<�m­�+ yHH\���³S�'�a�N'n�¡R�"I°�=l´µ3 � �¶JK;<

2oµpo¶®qro·R Jo¸s ¹oho·ºo��K¹o¸o »o¹º¼·o»tu¼186

Page 5: Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi

������������������� ���(S.N.)

������������������������������� ���! ,*�"����#$% +.&� �'(����� � ,**,� ���! )��' +0*+1 km

��� ��� �'��+! ���$,�-����.������/�0��12 !'"#0$3�� �4�%5'��+�� ,**.�! ,**/����&6�78'�(9'�)+! �:*;��<+%,=-���'>.+�� (Fig. /)�/?�! 0@1 +-2�3! AB�$+� IG���C1 ,2$D��� ,2'4E+�� 6�78��567�FG�H�IJ�8 .9K�:�L��'! M�;�NO P<�.Q���$�R=�! ��$�>�S?�! TUU�H�@����AV$���� B��6�78�8�WG�XI+�'! CD�YZ�EF+#! ���C��[?�GH�! :��\IIJK�I��#��� 6�78'/?��! ,**,��(9�/���LMN! ,+�L�N �O]IP^�� ,**/��(9�I8Q�RSZT�4'E_���/?� ,UV���� IG�`��8a�b�c��W.XY7��IZ����Z[\%`C�d�� ,**,��]^� �'ef �g4���L���O! <+`� <_�`a7�bh�4�.Q�XijT�ck+�� �O! �4de$_dP' lf�m��0@1$n�IO_+�� (J.O.)

��� �����LMN$�����gQ%5I`C� �o

pT +h!0@1 .*2i�=-�j ����UkO�0@1�l1�q� ��� M�/?�! `CbIrsm��JK�`C/nl�9KIto+! MM���� ��%5�UT��m��buEpvw1%xy�S`xz� ${�! ]-��Z|%}+P$�Q!q� ���b~�W���r�sh�'�&t� *.1 km-�u

�$v�wIx#���� � �&O /y���h� ���Q�! -��! �z�+� /*��{8�|�+����}$�s! ~��I�������b��O��� � b~�W���� /*v�VO��9n����9n�H���YI�s�+��s! ����`������LMN' � ��� �$��%5�+/-.���� +**�K�� .&(�����s];���� +211�2*�� ��&O~� /* km, ���}������j������������9�%�o�`�������h�t�9�'`�! 8����/��$�I�P�% � �&O~� .* km�8���A���! ��b�t��hO`h��$��b��q����h�����N'��M$'_O � M�b���%Ep��1'�����+�� �%�����~I0@1��s! ��9���s�+������_��� �%OO_���b'<+�}����'��� <�I� ����-!�'����}��� +21.��������_����¡� bI`C+��  b�o¡���� '��%5¢£$+�¤¥¢£���� a¤���� �&O ,* km~¥�a8i��! ����LMN�P�t�! ¦¦�§+� ���§¨����'©_�� ��� /?�]-��¨qI©ª+�B�6¢ ��MqIª«+�¬��­«I�f+! ®¯�¬9I­®+�� (T.U.)

������/*�P A8�¯T�°°�Q�! 2m�°I 1±

2U�& /?�! �±�V� +&$-� ,&j ���� ²³�' �� ,°�q�! WG�X%´������o! +0²³s�µ���¶�~ ,´I�G���+! ,�Iµ±¶$+�·Y� $�Q%�� ���A8�¯T·°�¸T6X��~$bbTX��~�¹�t�²�~TD�~��Y�.���d�� A8�¯T·°�º»B·°�¸  $LL¹�°�! ]%��°�% /**�2**v�V�+O���� �A8�¯T�²�~TD�~�º»B�,�.si�$�_���s! ��� �H��¼�%�o� � A8�¯T·°'³��� ¸T6X��~� -.1 cm�y�

Fig. /. Reventador summit and steaming lava of the

,**/ eruption (foreground). Taken by J. Okada.

º .& Cities on VolcanoesW~�±0@»¼ 187

Page 6: Cities on Volcanoes - 日本火山学会Cities on Volcanoes Report on the .th Meeting of Cities on Volcanoes in Quito Setsuya NAKADA, Hiroyuki KUMAGAI, Takeshi MATSUSHIMA, Hiroshi

������������ ��� ���������� ��������������������� +33/� ,**/� /!�"�#����$%&'�� /(�")���� *�+,�-�'./0')�,**/� +*!�"�#� ��123��4��-�'./0')�5��'67 / km��8� ���#���9:;��<���4#5��'�71=�#��9�����#<����>4� "?>@ + km��4#���ABC� ��#� DE!,��#� ,**/��"���"� /,***#m- F$�@4��D��G�%&��H7';�8#(�������� >(����)IJ*,KLMN+�,-H�:�.O� ")�:�.O���-/P01�QR7ST�#� +32.�&23UVW4�4#X�� YCZ��[\5J��6G�7]^��89:;�-/P�:G_;��8���� <]`� =ab��c>��;��?d�D ��8��� ")��#<7@�ef�@�4#g�hijklC�mA�4� [\53U�4#�")��Bn��C�DE�F��G>;#� o

#� ") -/P �+D 7pH�q��4#D�Bn�F�rI�����;#� (Y.K.)

.� � � � �s_�1tu�Jv�wxK� -*L5y>@M /**

N �4� COV�_L7O;�wxK�(��;�8���� wxK�� (�P� zQy� $li{� �|}~{��� �y� b�-j��;#� RS>@�wxK�[\K +0N�� ���>@�T=U7�<� ,*VN��;#� �RS6J{�{>@�wxK�W����F��XM� �Y�Z>4#� ������[\�� �+�]�^_����� ����i.kj�����4# IAVCEIu�RS6wx` �M 3**Na�� 0*VN� b���s_�cb`�����]^_M�����:+M� RS��� [\d��etu��|�f��4�:+�;���g� ��1to�")[\K�h�pi��@j�� k�$��lmno7�#�������D�t��p�p��� ")[\K h�q�rsK� mt����<�uG�v^��f��� ") �w@�xv �� ")�O�� ¡��k�¢��£¤ lm7�y�� sXz��D ��� D4o�� -_�t� b¥��� s_�t���� �{�#[\K�|}7~�(��¦#;#���� [\K§¨�6G����W�>;#:+©ª@4#��_������s#;��� RS")«t�yv� �+T�J"¬��O>@;­7�d#q�a®7Fq� �+M������ xvJv^f��¯���K°� ")�O�� ¡�#�±���7*;#�¯�²³7���D ��o4�� (S.N., T.U.)

~���.´���.�� µ.�� ¶.����.��·¶.¸� �.¹º��.»,�¼188