Governing Urban Transformation

Cities of Tomorrow: An Assessment of Smart City Initiatives in China.

11th May 2017

9453453

Source: China Xin Hua News.

Author Declaration

I 9453453 confirm that this report is based on my own work and that I am happy

with both my own and my partner’s 9456381 contribution to the final submitted

version.

Contents Page

List of Figures

i

List of Tables

ii

Executive Summary

iii

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Smart City Assessment Framework 2 2 Context 4 2.1 The demands and strains on cities in China 5 2.2 The need for change 8 2.3 Research questions 9 3 Methodology 10 3.1 Textual Analysis 10 3.2 Data Presentation 10 3.3 Limitations 10 4 Findings 11 4.1 Locked-in Cities 11 4.2 Latecomer Cities 16 4.3 New Smart Cities 23 5 Recommendations 25 5.1 Challenges 26 5.2 The Future 26 References 27

i

List of Figures

Figure 1a The geographic location of major smart developments in China.

2

Figure 1b

The geographic location of case study cities used in this report. 2

Figure 2

Smart Cities Framework. 3

Figure 3

The rural-urban divide in China, compared against GDP per capita. 4

Figure 4

Daily average pollution levels in China’s 10 worst cities for PM2.5, compared against World Health Organisation guidelines.

7

Figure 5

China’s overall groundwater quality, 2015. 7

Figure 6

The rise of China’s smart technology market. 8

Figure 7

Policy development and technological frameworks for smart cities in China.

9

Figure 8

The number of smart projects evident for each Smart City characteristic (Locked-in cities).

12

Figure 9

The number of smart projects evident for each Smart City characteristic (Latecomer cities).

17

ii

List of Tables

Table 1 The demands and strains on cities in China.

5

Table 2 A summary of the Locked-in case study cities and their respective smart characteristics.

13

Table 3 A summary of the Latecomer case study cities and their respective smart characteristics.

18

Table 4 A summary Matrix showing which cites have the most smart characteristics

25

iii

Executive Summary Cities have come to dominate urban landscapes due to excessive urbanisation. For

cities to address subsequent challenges there is imminent need for infrastructural

change. Smart City initiatives have become the optimum alternative, despite the lack

of a concrete definition. This report examines smart urbanisation in the context of

China. Whilst the overarching focus is innovation and integration, notably through

technology, mainly in the form of the internet of things, there has been no uniform

approach adopted across different cities. This report will look into the approaches

taken and challenges faced for the three angles from which China has approached

smart urbanisation: transitioning developed cities (high levels of lock-in), which is

already path dependent; retrofitting latecomer cities (low levels of lock-in)and

creating new cities, with smart being the priority. The assessment framework uses

Giffinger and Haindlmaier’s (2010) six Smart characteristics: smart living, smart

economy, smart people, smart governance, smart environment and smart mobility

(see Figure 2). A successful smart city has been identified as those which involve the

societal element into technology driven initiatives. Late comer cities most align with

this criterion.

1

1. Introduction

Smart Cities, coined in 1994, (Juceviþius et al., 2014) are now the favoured

intervention strategy to promote sustainable urbanisation (National Development

and Reform Commission, 2014). Despite no universal definition, Zanella et al. (2014)

emphasise the importance of the Internet of Things (IoT). In agreement with this the

Chinese Government interprets Smart Cities as: a new model which utilises the next

generation of information technology to promote smart urban management and

services (Li et al., 2015). Technology companies and government dominate Smart

City developments in China (ibid). This report addresses the smart urbanisation

challenge set by the organisation e-Forum and compares Smart City innovations in

China, between three identified stages of city development:

i) Locked-in cities-These cities are path dependent, having fixed building, transport

and energy infrastructures making them hard to change due to imbedded consumer

expectations.

ii) Later comer cities-These cities are currently in the process of developing so are

more adaptable due to the lack of rigid infrastructure and technological regimes.

iii) New smart cities-These cities are specifically built with smart innovations being

the priority.

As e-Forum recognises there is a need to share models of Smart Cities around the

world, investigating the collaboration of knowledge between different cities in China

is key.

2

1.1: Smart City Assessment Framework

Figure 1a: The geographic location of major smart developments in China (Source: Johnson, 2014). China is beginning to focus on Smart Cities, with the majority of initiatives

concentrated along the East coast and surrounding interior (see Figure 1a). This

report incorporates some of these along with non-highlighted examples, depicted in

Figure 1b.

Figure 1b: The geographic location of case study cities used in this report. (Source: Authors’ own)

Stages of Development

Locked-in

New cities

Latecomer

Shanghai

Beijing

Wuhan Hangzhou

Zhenjiang

Shenzhen

Wuxi

Chengdu

Chongqing

Yinchuan

Cuiheng

Tianjin

3

The six different Characteristics of smart cities, defined by Giffinger and Haindlmaier

(2010) as: smart living, smart governance, smart economy, smart environment, smart

people and smart mobility will be used as the assessment framework (See Figure 2).

Figure 2: Smart Cities Framework (Source: adapted from Chourabi et al.’s (2012) model).

4

2. Context

Urbanisation is a global issue. Since the industrial revolution rural to urban migration

has been substantial and continuous (Bairoch and Goertz, 1986; Waton, 1993). 54%

of the world’s population now live in urban areas and is predicted to increase to 66%

by 2020 (United Nations, 2014). The largest urban growth is expected to occur in

India, Nigeria and China (ibid.). Investigating the patterns of urbanisation in China is

important as Figure 3 shows a strong correlation between urbanisation and higher

GDP per capita. Smart city innovations are needed to cope with these imminent

challenges of urban expansion as China’s economic growth is dependent on

urbanisation (Zi, 2017).

Figure 3: The rural-urban divide in China, compared against GDP per capita (The Economist, 2014).

5

2.1: Table 1: The demands and strains on cities in China.

SOCIAL

Disease Degraded environmental quality

Excessive pollution

Traffic-related Accidents

Major public health threat

Cause of 800,000 annual deaths (Wang et al., 2008)

Increased completion for road space

In 2013 China had the highest number of vehicle

related fatalities in the world (261,367) (WHO, 2016)

Dietary Changes Rise in obesity

Increased dietary fats (Luo, 2015)

1961 – 2011 meat consumption rose from 2% to 17%

of calories consumed per person per day (National

Geographic, 2011).

Slums Strained infrastructures struggling to cope with high

influx of rural migrants

ECONOMY AND POLITICS

Income Disparity Widening Urban-Rural disparity since 1978

Eastern and coastal provinces developed faster than

inland

Industry Economic structure is dependent on export

manufacturing

Investment Collaboration between the state and markets

finance, shape and regulate cities (Hsing, 2010: 3)

ENVIRONMENTAL

Industrial Pollution (See Figure 4)

Causes more than 400,000 premature deaths

annually (The World Bank, 2007)

2014: over 82% of Chinese cities failed to meet

national air quality standards

Solid municipal waste (Li and Yao, 2009)

6

Vehicle-generated pollution

Rapid increase in motor vehicle use

Exponential spike in carbon emissions

Excessive traffic congestion (Li and Yao, 2009)

Beijing’s vehicle use increased by 303% from 1998 to

2013 (China Daily, 2016).

Water Pollution (See Figure 5)

Fresh water availability is about 2300 m3 per year

(25% of the global average)(Cheng et al., 2009)

50% of China’s major cities do not comply with

drinking water health standards (SEPA, 2006; Shao et

al., 2003)

Household Energy Consumption

Coal production increased by 160.3% between 2000

and 2016 (International Energy Agency, 2016: 4), a

significant producer of SO2 and Total Suspended

Particulates.

7

Figure 4: Daily average pollution levels compared against World Health Organisation guidelines of 10 micrograms per m3 of PM 2.5 (anything that exceeds this is considered hazardous to health) (source: Washington Post, 2014)

Figure 5: China’s overall groundwater quality, 2015 (Source: China Water Risk).

8

2.2: The need for change!

“For the world’s sake, and its own, China needs to change the way it builds and runs

its cities”

(Economist, 2014)

China needs to transform from ‘the world’s export factory to [a] self-sufficient

modern service economy’ (Johnson, 2014). Previous interpretations of transition

include: sustainable city (see Haughton and Hunter, 2004); eco-city (Joss, 2010) and

low carbon city (see Khanna et al., 2014). Smart City technologies and policies are

the new favoured investment strategy (Saunders and Baek, 2015), aligning with the

Smart City 2.0 model which is technology enabled but city led. China is predicted to

become the world leader in smart technology in 2020. Figure 6 predicts that this

market will be worth over US$5 billion by 2023. However, China needs to adopt a

people-orientated governance approach (See Figure 7) to improve citizens’ quality of

life (Cohen, 2014).

Figure 6: The rise of China’s smart technology market (Source: Johnson, 2014).

9

Currently the government have not implemented any laws or regulations regarding

Smart Cities in China. Resultantly, since the first pilot Smart Cities emerged in 2013,

there has been no uniform approach across different cities. Therefore China’s

situation is unique as hundreds of Smart initiatives have been implemented across

all three stages of city development. Thus the finding of this report will be informed

by cross comparing the relative success of Smart City innovations in the context of

their stage of city development, based on the below research questions.

2.3: Research Questions

1. How effective is each stage of city development for implementing smart

initiatives?

2. Which of the six characteristics of smart development as defined by Giffinger

and Haindlmaier (2010) pose the greatest challenge to achieve?

2013: China mainly adhered to a technology-orientated mind-set, e.g. smart grids and smart water supplies

2014: Government issued guidance on Smart Cities which incorporated people as well as finance, technology and infrastructure 2014-2020: State Council’ New

Urbanisation Plan, theoretically considers comprehensive grass-root management platforms.

Figure 7: Policy development and technological frameworks for smart cities in China. (Source: Author’s own).

10

3. Methodology

This report uses four to five case studies for each stage of city development as all

three stages are foundations for different smart initiatives in China (see Siggelkow,

2007; Descombe, 2008).

3.1: Textual analysis

The main method of analysis was textual analysis of secondary data such as policy

documents, academic literature and multimedia platforms. Texts are written with

preconceived ideas and interpretations (McKee, 2003), yet solutions take into

account what is physically written on a page as opposed to underlying ‘silent’

problems. Texts were analysed for how closely each city met the six individual

requirements of the assessment framework (see Figure 2).

3.2: Data presentation

The results are presented in a tabular format. Three stacked bar charts were also

created, one for each stage of city development and display the number of smart city

initiatives undertaken for each smart aspect, per case study. The bar charts and

tables are colour co-ordinated.

The summary of the results and analysis were compiled into a single matrix, using a

tick and cross system to visually assess which projects were most successful.

3.3: Limitations

As this research project involved analysing official Chinese documents the main

limitation was restrictions to access both physically and in terms of translation. Also,

this report only uses a small selection of cities so results may not be applicable to all

of China. The comparative success of the different smart cities is dependent on

secondary data and our interpretations.

11

4. Findings

In this section, a synopsis of the completed Smart City Assessment Framework is

provided, starting with a focus on locked-in cities, then latecomer cities and ending

with new smart cities. Each stage of development will be explored through a variety

of case studies to engage with the positive and negative aspects of each approach

with regard to the six smart city characteristics.

4.1: Locked-in cities

These cities have been the main receptors of rapid urbanisation and now face

increasing pressures to improve efficiency. Smart Cities have been recognised by

both the government and private sector as the ultimate solution (Hoeks, 2017).

These cities are most in need of transition but face major implementation

challenges, infrastructural and social due to embedded path dependencies.

Figure 8 illustrates the heterogeneity in smarty city interpretations, due to an

absence of a ‘universal solution’. As a consequence, priority characteristics are highly

varied (see Table 1) Hangzhou concentrates on smart living and smart mobility in

comparison to Wuhan which concentrates on smart living and smart economy.

Whilst this makes it difficult to directly compare which smart aspect is most

effective, focusing on specific characteristics of the smart city assessment framework

suggests that city administrators are following the Smart City 2.0 model of

implementing individually appropriate solutions (Landry, 2014).

The rise in internet and smartphone use in these major cities enhances the use of

technology and the Internet of Things to improve quality of life. Hangzhou is

pioneering the idea of allowing citizens to run errands and to pay for local services

by their smartphones (Wei, 2016). Wuhan has also introduced an electronic ID card

system where uses with good social credit records will be able to easily access

purchase and pay for products and services (ibid).

12

The dominance of smart mobility and smart living in Figure 8 may be a response to

the dominance of the car and related issues of pollution, fumes and excessive

congestion, evidenced by the fact the 90% of people do not own a car, yet severe

traffic jams have become a major issue in these cities (Harvey and Busch, 2012: 5).

Locked-in cities are angling to incorporate smart in the form of surveillance and

monitoring into exiting structural frameworks, working through a public-private

partnership model which have very little filter down impacts on everyday life of

people (Hsing, 2010). This is particularly evident in Shanghai which is host to one of

China’s IoT centres (GSMA, 2016) and Beijing where IoT markets are predicted to be

worth US$166 billion by 2020 (Harbour Research, 2013).

Figure 8: The number of smart projects evident for each Smart City characteristic (Locked-in cities) (Source: Author’s own).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Hangzhou Wuhan Beijing Shanghai Zhenjiang

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f sm

art

city

ch

arac

teri

stic

s

Locked-in City

Smart People

Smart Mobility

Smart Economy

Smart Governance

Smart Environment

Smart Living

13

Smart Characteristics Locked-in Cities

Hangzhou Wuhan Beijing Zhenjiang Shanghai

Smart Governance -Similar to most Chinese smart developments, Hangzhou adopted a public-private partnership model.

-The Chinese government and IBM are working in collaboration with each other to transform the public transport system.

Smart Economy -Development of electronic ID cards which can be accessed by the user via the Wuhan services portal

-Established a national IoT center. -Aims to create a billion dollar IoT market by 2020. - Aims to focus on smart administration, smart parks, smart urban areas, smart homes and IT industry.

-Centre of technological innovation and business. -Investment in areas like the credit system, e-transactions, clearing and tax aim to significantly improve connectivity in financial services.

Smart Mobility -Government’s introduction of the Internet Plus initiative. -Utilising mobile internet and big data

-Schneider and Telvent smart transportation system-management -65% of buses and nearly 70,000 taxis,

-Advanced analytics technology to predict disruptions and minimise impact and deliver better services to people

-Mobile phone maps and online ride-hailing services improve navigation throughout the city.

Table 2: A summary of the latecomer case study cities and their respective smart aspects Table 1: A summary of the Locked-in case study cities and their respective smart characteristics.

14

to build a system where real-time responses are made to residents’ needs.

passenger cars and dangerous chemical vehicles have been fitted with satellite positioning equipment -Traffic control systems have been implemented at 200 traffic junctions.

living in and visiting the city (IBM, 2012). -Implement IBM’s Intelligent Transport in order to upgrade transport monitoring technology and increase the efficiency of flows of people across the city - Use real time traffic data to alleviate congestion, improve traffic management, maximise road capacity, rapidly respond to incidents and enhance travel experience for citizens, business travellers and tourists (IBM, 2012).

Smart Environment - Improved urban management through monitoring daily urban consumption of water, electricity and gas consumption,

-Saving 6,700 tonnes of carbon dioxide and 17 million yuan in fuel costs per year (Johnson, 2014)

-Attempting to lower emissions and make commitments to targets more manageable and realistic.

15

in addition to other activities.

Smart Living - Investing in Technology which can find park spaces, pay taxes and make hospital appointments -Piloting the idea of allowing citizens to run errands and pay for local services using their smartphones.

-Introduced a credit based system: users with good social credit records can easily purchase and pay for products and services

-Launched the Lucky Cloud Project: a data centre for offices and departments of the Beijing Government

-Aim to make the public transport system faster and more efficient

-Upgrading existing health planning through better coordination and management of patient care. -Introducing an integrated Electronic Medical Records based on extensive data.

Smart People

Apps and websites are being used in education as supportive learning tool as well as a means to connect teachers, administrators and teachers.

16

4.2: Latecomer Cities

Smart innovations are becoming part of everyday society (BBC, 2017), ranging from

education, healthcare and advanced monitoring of flows throughout the city. Whilst

locked-in cities are limited by infrastructural obduracy, latecomer cities have the

adaptability to integrate different service providers and data produces. This is

essential in China, as not only are different cities isolated in their approach to smart

developments, but different sectors within the same city also differ.

The results depicted in Figure 9 indicate that China’s latecomer cities recognises the

imminent need for reforming how smart systems network and communicate, from

competition to co-operation in order to increase cites’ capacity to successfully

engage in smart retrofitting.

Figure 9 also reveals more eclecticism in terms of which smart city characteristics

have been prioritised overall. Smart living and smart mobility are universal

considerations, albeit the latter appears less of a priority compared to locked-in

cities. Smart economy initiatives have also declined slightly. Smart environment

initiatives have significantly increased. China is beginning to recognise that the drive

toward modernity is no longer based on industrialisation but on innovation and

technology. Efficient transport systems remain essential for maximising the efficient

flux of people throughout cities (Harvey and Busch, 2012).

Latecomer cities contain preliminary infrastructures, yet are malleable enough to

encompass new digital developments both physically and attitudinally (See Table 2).

Populations are not influenced by rooted societal expectations, evident in locked-in

cities. Yinchuan, epitomised as China’s leading smart city (Samson, 2016; Dahad,

2016), has been identified as a key example and receives the majority of smart

investment. Equally Wuxi was selected by the IEEE to take part in a smart city

initiative

17

Furthermore latecomer cities realise the need to integrate people within the smart

city framework. Shenzhen looks at helping people to find jobs through a volunteer

system (Chan and Anderson, 2015) and Chongqing recognises the need for public

housing provision (Sexton, 2011).

Figure 9: The number of smart projects evident for each Smart City characteristic (Latecomer cities) (Source: Author’s own).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Wuxi Shenzhen Chengdu Chongqing Yinchuan

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f sm

art

cit

y c

ha

ract

eri

stic

s

Latecomer Cities

Smart People

Smart Mobility

Smart Economy

Smart Governance

Smart Environment

Smart Living

18

Smart Characteristics Latecomer cities

Wuxi Shenzhen Chengdu Chongqing Yinchuan

Smart Governance

-The Microblog Service Hall was launched in 2013 and integrates multiple existing service resources including information on services, consultation and complaints. The service hall directs inquiries via the microblog to the correct department or sub-municipal government (Chan and Anderson, 2015) - Highly efficient public information services, including 88 items involving government services and all characteristics of people’s daily lives.

Table 2: A summary of the Latecomer case study cities and their respective smart characteristics.

19

Smart Economy -Collaborates with AirFuel Alliance to further continued growth and leadership in resonant technology.

-Testing new approaches to sustainable urban development -Upgrading the economy is closely linked with technological upgrading, with the aim of attracting MNCs to quickly master advanced technology whilst developing new technology locally.

-Public-private partnership between the government and technology providers (ZTE Corporation) is seen as the key to enabling economic growth and innovation.

Smart Mobility - The Smart traffic information service system helps reduce vehicle energy consumption and environmental pollution via: cloud computing, high speed bus technology, traffic data fusion technology. -Integrates a smart

- Smart card data is being used to gain travel pattern information.

-- Built its own real-time bus information system by establishing an integrated network that encompasses information for all buses in the city

- Smart Yinchuan Command Centre and numerous drones are used for traffic monitoring and surveillance capability. - Free wi-fi coverage on all bus routes around the city.

20

transportation management system. Based on the technique of IoT. -A Smart Bus Dispatch System has been implemented: All city buses can be monitored as well as bridge and tunnels. -Smart parking Guidance was built in 2013: mainly solves parking problems in the city centre.

Smart Environment -Water Water quality of Lake Tai-online monitoring of pollution sources, air quality monitoring and noise monitoring - Intelligent ambient air quality monitoring system.

- Mountainous city-Tree planting programme in the urban area-greening the city - Creating water and green amenity corridors

- The digitally controlled Command Centre is used for environmental monitoring.

Smart Living smart health management sysmems:

- Embraced smart water management via the

IYouShe to connect neighbourhood residents with events,

- Public housing provision (leading strategy in 12th Five

- Haodai Online has been set up: a portal which connects

21

Constructed the smart hospital: digital/ mobile services enable the identification, monitoring and tracking of important patients and remote medical treatment. -Two to three municipal hospitals have been connected to maximise the efficiency of intelligent monitoring, assistant decision making and business collaboration.

implementation of intelligent household meter reading and pipeline detection - The AirFuel Alliance provides wireless charging services in a variety of public venues including airports, tube stations, hotels, restaurants and shopping centres.

activities and volunteer opportunities. - Established online social welfare platform

Year Plan) (Sexton, 2011)

doctors and patients across the country and works to shorten waiting time, reduce cost, release stress in overcrowded hospitals and make information and resources accessible for the whole country. -Prescriptions can now be sent to a patient’s doorstep via a professional logistics service.

Smart People -‘Volunteer in Shenzhen’: an initiative established by the Shenzhen Youth League to encourage volunteering. An online platform provides information

22

on volunteer opportunities and social support from other volunteers and volunteer managers.

23

4.3: New Smart Cities

Alongside incorporating smart elements into locked-in and retrofitting latecomer

cities, China has also invested in the construction of completely new experimental

developments, living labs, which are allegedly designed to specially promote smart

agendas as a way of achieving sustainable urban development. This aligns with the

predicted investment increase in smart technology, depicted in Figure 6 and

indicates that these future developments are on track to become the future of

modern China in the 21st Century (Hoeks, 2017).

China is experiencing historic monumental rates of growth. Past solutions may not

provide the capacity to successfully cope with the predicted 1 billion urban

population expected by 2030 (The Economist, 2014). From the below case studies,

the smart focal points prioritise smart environment and smart living. This links to

China’s 12th Five Year Plan (established in 2015) which claims to prioritise people-

centred growth. These new smart cities aim to enhance quality of life and liveability

through a cleaner living environment.

These developments differ from locked-in and latecomer cities as the scale is not city

orientated but district centric. Whilst this does enable a more focused and direct

allocation of resources and technology, it has become apparent these constructs are

designed for the rising middle class; consequently many of these new developments

have become ‘ghost cities’. Summarised below are two case studies built from

public-private partnerships; however Yujiapu has become a ghost town (see Kim,

2013) see whilst Cuiheng shows more potential (see Hoeks, 2017).

24

Yujiapu Financial District (Tianjin)

New Waterfront Financial District - ‘China’s Manhattan’ Designers: Bingthom Architects Construction: began in 2008 and scheduled for completion in 2019 Office space: 9.5 million m2 and covers 4 city blocks Considerations: orientation; reduce wind loads and enrich pedestrian experience The six main principles: The water-front; greenery; transit; diversity; ecology and liveliness Current state: Unfinished and empty

Cuiheng New District (Zhongshan) Authorisers: Local government and the Zhongshan Municipal People’s Government Developers: collaboration between Macau and Zhangshan to improve interactions regarding the economy and society. Coastal expansion: Total surface area of 20km2 City of the future: A new unique waterfront smart city Considerations: Systems that can use tidal movement and redirect sediment to reduce associated with coastal living. Current State: Yet to be built- in line with the big data era

25

5. Conclusion (Recommendations)

The results from this report recognise the symbiotic relationship between cities and

information technology (Townsend, 2013). A summary matrix has been constructed

(see Table 4).

Table 4: Summary Matrix showing which cites have the most smart characteristics (Source: Author’s own).

Smart characteristics

Smart Cities Smart Governance

Smart Economy

Smart Mobility

Smart Environment

Smart Living

Smart People

Hangzhou

Wuhan

Beijing

Shanghai

Zhenjiang

Wuxi

Shenzhen

Chengdu

Chongqing

Yinchuan

Yujiapu

Cuiheng N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

New

Lateco

mer

Locked

-in

26

As China gains global prominence and based on the above matrix, e-Forum may

want to consider the following:

Lock-in cities are restricted due to rigid infrastructures already in place.

However, the matrix shows that Shanghai incorporates the most smart

characteristics, possibly due to this city being the financial hub of China.

Transport is such a major issue, yet this aspect is hardest to rectify, as

motorisation remains synonymous with modernity.

New smart cities have the greatest potential in terms of technological

infrastructures and mobility, yet establishing the city itself poses a challenge.

New smart city developments achieve smart environment and smart

mobility, but lack smart living, smart people and smart governance: people

do not want to live somewhere that feels dead. ‘Technology alone does not

make a smart city, it needs…smart citizens’ (Khanna et al., 2014).

Latecomer cities are currently the best stage of city development to promote

smart urbanisation, as Yinchuan and Shenzhen have four of the six smart

characteristics. Their infrastructural adaptability, enable these cities to

leapfrog to more environmental and interconnected digital systems for

surveillance, efficient services and transport flows (Yu and Gibbs, 2017).

5.1: Challenges

Circulations of big data sets have posed major challenges to cyber security and

privacy. Digital systems are vulnerable to potential information leaks. This is a

specific concern for smart mobility and smart living across all three stages of city

development in China, particularly in the medical field with patient confidentiality.

5.2: The Future

However if managed effectively, smart developments in China have the potential to

change China’s urban structure and become global blue prints for…cities of the

future’ (Greater Pacific Capital, 2013), but they must be designed for people.

Collaboration of knowledge will boost mutual understanding and intensify the

relationship between China and the EU.

27

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