Cities and Civilization
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Transcript of Cities and Civilization
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Cities and Civilization
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Earliest urban “hearths”TurkeyMesopotamiaEgyptIndus Valley
Yellow River valley, ChinaMesoamericaAndean AmericaE. and S. Africa
3500-1500 BC
2000-1000 BC
0-1500 AD
1000-1500 AD
1000-1500 AD
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Diffusion of urbanismBy urbanism we mean a way of life, a set of institutions, a kind of social organizationInvented various times and placesDiffused from each of these places to other places
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Urbillum, Irbil, Erbil, Arbela, Arabilu
Under control of Sumerians, Persians, Macedonians, Ottoman Empire, Kurds & IraqSite continuously occupied for 8,000 years (underground water source)Has been a city for 4,300 years!Enormous “tell” has not yet been excavated
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Civi…
Civic, civilization, civilize, city, civility
These English words reflect the long association between ideas of urban life and a refinement of thought and behavior
All derive from Latin
Rulers of the Roman Empire saw city building as the way to spread civilization
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Civil-izing viewed in retrospect
Urban life does not necessarily uplift the human spiritThe city becomes a second wilderness with its own predators & preyCulture distracts and titillates us as often as it uplifts us As we adapt to “second nature” we forget about our dependence on “first nature”
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What does this sculpture “tell” us?
Found in excavation of Teotihuacan
Says two things about the division of labor
Says something about cultural development
Labor specialization leads to the development of skills as varied as stone-carving and acrobatic performance
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Purpose of the city?
The city was invented not once but many times, and served various needs
Defense against outsidersAn immediate concern of agriculturalists surrounded by pastoralists and other less sedentary peoples
Ceremonial CenterMonumental architectureResidences of priests and scribesPlace for conducting periodic ceremonies and rituals
Management of resourcesCreation of irrigation systems, granaries, etc.Collection of taxes/tribute for distribution to members of the court (sometimes after sacrifice to the gods)Distribution of stored food to subjects in times of famine
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Original Social Hierarchy in City
TINY MINORITYGod-KingPriests (doubled as administrators)Technicians (e.g. surveyors, engineers)Artisans & performersMerchants
MAJORITYSubjects (mostly peasant farmers)Conquered peoplesSlaves
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Characteristics of Early Cities
Early cities emerge at different times in different places (meaning of “early” varies)
Populations ranging from a few thousand to more than 100,000, but generally in the 7,000-20,000 range
Generally have Citadel with monumental architecture (temples, palaces)
Often surrounded by a city wall
Often have some form of record-keeping
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Ziggurats (Mesopotamian temples)
A place for the performance of religious ceremonies by the Mesopotamian priests, including sacrifice of animals, fruit, and even beer!
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The Forbidden City, Beijinght
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Mayan Temples
http://www.maya-art-books.org/html/New_photos.html
http://www.locogringo.com/past_spotlights/apr2002.html
Place where priests carried out ritual human sacrifices of virgins, children or prisoners before throwing down the bodies
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The “Citadel”
Found in many early citiesTakes various formsA compound of grandiose structures, often walled off from rest of cityFunctioned as:
place of ceremonyhome for semi-divine leaders and their “court”storage place for food reserves
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“Mohenjo-Daro” (mound of the dead)
Harappan culture (Indus valley, in what is now Pakistan)
Peak around 2000 BC
About 35,000 residents
Assembly halls, giant granary, towers, and cistern (bath?) in the citadel
PlannedAxial layout
Covered sewers
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Cosmo-Magical Order
Regular “grid-iron” layout was not originally designed for practical purposes
Cities like Teotihuacan, Roman colonies, and China’s Forbidden City were aligned with the cardinal directions (axially) in an attempt to make them eternal and powerful
The city, especially the citadel, was believed to be the center of the universe and axiality demonstrated that idea visually
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“Teotihuacan” (Mexico)
Emerged as urban center around 0 AD
Lasted for more than 600 years
Influenced most of Mesoamerica
60-80,000 inhabitants
Apartment buildings, wide avenues, huge pyramids
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The Forbidden City, Beijing (1420 AD)
An administrative and ceremonial center off limits to ordinary Chinese
http://www.chinavista.com/beijing/gugong/!start.html
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“Pueblo Bonito”Chaco Canyon, NMBuilt in stages beginning around 919 AD by the “Anasazi” people
5 stories in height along back wall, up to 600 rooms in use1000-2000 occupants?
Access to rooms through central courtyard, which contained two great religious gathering places called kivas and was lined by over 35 smaller kivas