Citations

Disclaimer

• The specifics for citing different types of sources are complex

• The purpose of this presentation will be to provide you with the logic behind citations and a few basic examples

• For difficult citations Office Hours

The Logic: Why do we cite?

• So as not to Plagiarize• To generate ethos• To show who said it and where a reader can

find it

The Mechanics: What do we cite?

• Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries• Arguable Statements; unknown information• Opinions/Assertions/Visuals of Others• Collaborative help

*See Cooley, 645.

Mechanics: How do we Cite?

I. In-Text (paranthetical)a ~hyperlink that points the reader

to the complete bibliographic entry on the Works Cited page; also provides the specific page or paragraph where the source material was found

*The specific information contained in an in-text citation will vary depending on the source.

In-Text Citation Examples*• Generally: (Author’s last name pg #)

-At least one critic labeled his work “reactionary” (Smith 25).-John Smith labeled his work “reactionary” (25).-On page twenty-five of his monograph, John Smith labels McGann’s work “reactionary.”

*see Cooley, 647-50 for a more complete list

Author unknown

• use the work’s title or some other piece of bibliographic information that will lead your audience to the correct works cited entry (Title pg #)

Source quoted in another source

• (qtd. in Author’s last name pg #)-Arthur McGovern articulates a general distrust of McGann’s scholarship: “I see little worthy of confidence in McGann’s research” (qtd. in Smith 41).

Multiple Sources from Single Author

(Author’s last name, Title pg #)-At least one critic has attacked Tanselle’s work

on textual editing as mechanical and formulaic (MCGann, Critique 41).

Block Quote *Cooley 648

• For more than three lines of poetry, more than four lines of prose, or dialogue from a drama.

• . . . Wellock points out that Leopold’s land ethic was every individual’s responsibility:

This ethic was not something to be left to professionals. Leopold argued that the only way the environment could be protected was if all Americans internalized these ideas and lived life with more humility toward nature. (126)

Electronic Sources without page numbers *Cooley 650

• Give paragraph, section, or screen numbers, using the abbreviations par. or sec. or the word screen.

• Some sportscasters have called Lebron James’s decision cowardly (Wilbon, par. 11).

Mechanics Cont’d

II. Works Cited pagecontains an alphabetized listing of the

sources cited within the body of the paper. The specific information contained in each entry will vary depending on the type of source (see handout, <http://owl.english. purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/>, and Cooley, 651-59).

Works Cited Entry Examples*• 1) A book by a single author:Author’s name. Title of book. Publication

information.-Authors name: last name, first name.-Title of book: include subtitle-Publication Info: City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.

Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence. New York: Oxford UP, 1973.

Cooper, J. C. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978.

• 2) An Article in a weekly Magazine:Author’s name. “Title of Article.” Magazine

Title. Publication Information.-Publication Info: Day Month Year: page number(s).

Poniewozic, James. “The Panda Paradox.” Time. 11 Aug. 2008: 46.

• 3) A Document from an Internet SiteAuthor’s name. “Title of Document.” Info about

electronic publication. Access info.-Info about electronic publication: site title, latest update, name of sponsor(s)-Access info: Date of Access <URL>.

Zeki, Semir. “Artistic Creativity and the Brain.” Science Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002 <http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5527/51>.

*See Cooley, 651-59 for a more complete list