Citation

Citation

There are two ways in which you can refer to, or cite, another person’s work.

– Direct quotation

– Reporting (through summary or paraphrase)

Direct Quotation

Direct Quotation

You may want to quote the exact words of another author in your work. For example:

A further way of showing that a school is fully inclusive as suggested by Davies is when ‘schools will monitor the progress of boys and girls and where there is an attainment gap will put in intervention strategies to improve performance’.

(Davies, 2006: 155)

Direct Quotation

Rules for quoting• Keep the quotation as brief as possible• Quote only when necessary (Guideline: no

more than 3 short quotes per page)• Emphasis should be on working with other

people’s ideas, not reproducing their words• Your work should be a synthesis of

information from sources, expressed in your own words, not a collection of quotes

Direct Quotation

Reasons for using quotations:• The language used in the quotation says

what you want to say particularly well• You need to support your points by

– Quoting evidence– Giving examples/illustrating– Adding weight of authority

Direct QuotationReasons for not using quotations:• The information is well-known in your subject

area• The quote disagrees with your argument (unless

you can prove it is wrong)• You cannot understand the meaning of the

original source• Your are not able to summarize the original• In order to make you point for you• If the quote repeats the point you have just made

Direct QuotationThree items of information are needed to acknowledge a quote within your assignment

• Author or author’s surname(s)• Year of publication• Page number from which the quote was taken

Note: the position of this information can vary

Direct QuotationExamples:

Brassington and Pettitt (2006:312) state that: ‘The danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland.’

According to Brassington and Pettitt (2006), ‘The danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’ (p.213).

Direct QuotationAccording to Brassington and Pettitt,‘The danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’ (2006: 213).

‘The danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’ (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006:213).

Direct QuotationIn all cases, on your reference list at the end of the essay you should write:

ReferencesBrassington,F. and Pettitt, S. (2006) Principles of Marketing (4th edn). Harlow: Pearson Education.

Direct QuotationWhen the authors are not in brackets expressions such as ‘according to’ or ‘X an Y state that …’ are used to introduce the quotation.

Quotation marks (either ‘…’ or “…” are use around the quoted text.

According to Brassington and Pettitt,‘The danger is, of course, that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes the Eurobland’ (2006: 213).

Direct QuotationSome useful expressions to introduce quotes

As X states/stated, ‘…’.As X commented/comments, ‘…’.This example is given by X: ‘…’.According to X, ‘…’.The opinion of X is that, ‘…’.X found that, ‘…’.

Omitting Words• You can omit words that are not relevant to

your writing.• Use three dots (…) to indicate where you

have left something out.• Make sure you don’t change the meaning of

the sentence.• Make sure the sentence remains

grammatically correct.

Omitting WordsExample:‘The danger is … that by trying to avoid challenging anyone linguistically, imagination is lost and the Eurobrand becomes Eurobland’ (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006:312)

Inserting Words• You can insert words to clarify meaning.• Use square brackets […] around the inserted

text.

Example

‘This [academic writing] is then further developed in their undergraduate study’ (Martala, 2006:40).

Quoted Text within a QuoteWhen the material quoted already contains a quotation, use double quotation marks for the original quotation (“…”).

Cai (2008:7) stated ‘different persuasion theories operate well in certain contexts and are then combined in an “integrative framework”’.

Note: You may choose to adopt the convention of using double quotation marks for quotations and then use single quotation marks for the original quotation.

Long Quotations• If a quotation is long - more than three lines -

it should be indented as a separate paragraph

• No quotation marks

Long QuotationsExample:

According to Keenan and Riches (2007:114):The Enterprise Act of 2002 is designed to promote enterprise by minimizing the effects of business failure. In this connection the Act differentiates between ‘culpable’ bankrupts who set out who set out to run a business in a way that would mislead the public and other businesses and the ‘non-culpable’ bankrupts who for reasons beyond his or her control has suffered business failure

Long QuotationsExample:

According to Keenan and Riches (2007:114):The Enterprise Act of 2002 is designed to promote enterprise by minimizing the effects of business failure. In this connection the Act differentiates between ‘culpable’ bankrupts who set out who set out to run a business in a way that would mislead the public and other businesses and the ‘non-culpable’ bankrupts who for reasons beyond his or her control has suffered business failure

Long QuotationsOn the reference list at the end of the essay you should state the full details as in the example below:

References

Keenan, D. and Riches, S. (2007) Business Law (8th edn). Harlow: Pearson Education

Multi-authored Works• If several authors have written a book or

journal cite the main author and use et al.• Usually more than two or three authors listed

are treated in this way

Reporting

Reporting• Reporting is putting the other writer’s ideas in

your own words• The best method to use is the summary• The are two ways of showing that you have

used another writer’s ideas– Integral (author as part of sentence)– non-integral (author in brackets)

ReportingIntegral (author as part of a sentence)

According to Davies (2006) it is essential that pupils learn how to evaluate their strengths an weaknesses.

The importance of pupils learning how to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses was stressed by Davies (2006).

ReportingNon-integral (author in brackets)

Evidence from classroom learning (Davies, 2006) suggests that it is essential for pupils to learn how to evaluate their own strengths and weaknesses.

It is important that pupils learn how to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (Davies, 2006).

ReportingAt the end of the essay, the reference list

will state:

Davies, S. (2006) The Essential Guide to Teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Questions?

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This presentations was based on

Successful Academic Writingby

Andy Gillett, Angela Hammond & Mary Martala