CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 11 TCP/IP Application and Transport.
CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9
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Transcript of CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Addressing
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Overview
• It is useful to know both the TCP/IP and OSI networking models.
• Any device on the Internet that wants to communicate with other Internet devices must have a unique identifier (IP address).
• Because routers use a layer three protocol (IP protocol) to find the best route to that device.
• IPv4 is the current version of IP.
• Subnetting, Network Address Translation (NAT) and private addressing are used to extend IP addressing without exhausting the supply.
• IPv6 improves on the current version providing a much larger address space.
• There are several methods of assigning an IP address to a device.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP History
• Requirement for the network that could survive any conditions.
• Requirement for a reliable data transmission to any destination on the network under any circumstance.
• The TCP/IP model has since become the standard on which the Internet is based.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Application Layer
• The TCP/IP combines all application related issues into one layer and assures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer.
• TCP/IP specifies common applications
• The application layer handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Transport Layer
• The transport layer constitutes a logical connection between the endpoints of the network, the sending host and the receiving host.
• Transport protocols segment and reassemble upper-layer applications into the same data stream between endpoints.
• The transport layer data stream provides end-to-end transport services.
• End-to-end control, provided by sliding windows and reliability in sequencing numbers and acknowledgments
• The transport layer provides transport services from the source host to the destination host.
Transport services include TCP and UDP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Transport Layer
TCP and UDP • Segmenting upper-layer application data • Sending segments from one end device to another end device
TCP only • Establishing end-to-end operations • Flow control provided by sliding windows • Reliability provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments
The transport layer sends data packets from the sending source to the receiving destination through the cloud (Internet).
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Internet Layer
• The purpose of the Internet layer is to determine Best path and to switch packet.
• The main protocol that functions at this layer is the Internet Protocol (IP).
IP performs the following operations:
• Defines a packet and an addressing scheme
• Transfers data between the Internet layer and network access layers
• Routes packets to remote hosts
Protocols operate at this layer
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Internet Protocol
• IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable protocol.
• This does not mean that IP will not accurately deliver data across a network.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Network Access Layer
• The network access layer is also called the host-to-network layer.
• It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and data-link layers.
• Drivers for software applications, modem cards and other devices operate at the network access layer.
• The network access layer defines the procedures for interfacing with the network hardware and accessing the transmission medium.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Compare OSI and TCP/IP
• The TCP/IP model gains credibility because of its protocols.
• The OSI model is used as a guide for understanding the communication process.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP Addressing
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
For any two systems to communicate, they must be able to identify and locate each other.
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP and MAC Addresses
• Each computer in a TCP/IP network must be given a unique identifier, or IP address.
• The Layer 3 address allows one computer to locate another computer on a network.
• All computers also have a unique physical address, known as a MAC address.
• MAC addresses are assigned by the manufacturer of the network interface card.
• MAC addresses operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP Address
IP address is 32-bit address
Dotted Decimal Format
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Using dotted decimal allows number patterns to be more easily understood.
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Decimal and Binary Conversion
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Routers and IP addresses
• A router forwards packets from the originating network to the destination network using the IP protocol.
• The packets must include an identifier for both the source and destination networks.
• Using the IP address of destination network, a router can deliver a packet to the correct network.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP Version 4 Addressing
• When the packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the router uses the IP address to locate the particular computer connected to that network.
• Every IP address has two parts: (1) network and (2) host
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP Version 4 Addressing
• IP address is called a hierarchical address, because it contains different levels
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP
• IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large, medium, and small networks.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP
• Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks.
• Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks
• Class C address is used for small networks.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Reserved IP Addresses
• Network address – Used to identify the network itself.
• An IP address that has binary 0s in all host bit positions is reserved for the network address.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Network Address
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP
• Broadcast address – Used for broadcasting packets to all the devices on a network.
• Broadcast IP addresses end with binary 1s in the entire host part of the address.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Broadcast Address
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Public and Private Addresses
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) carefully manages the remaining supply of IP addresses to ensure that duplication of publicly used addresses does not occur.
• Public IP addresses are unique. No two machines that connect to a public network can have the same IP address because public IP addresses are global and standardized.
• With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP addresses were beginning to run out. (Sol. CIDR, IPV6, and Private IP addresses)
• Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses.
• Private IP addresses are used within the closed network
• Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires translation of the private addresses to public addresses (or NAT).
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Public and Private Addresses
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Introduction to Subnetting
• Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses.
• This method of dividing full network address classes into smaller pieces has prevented complete IP address exhaustion.
• Subnetting a network means to use the subnet mask to divide the network and break a large network up into smaller, more efficient and manageable segments, or subnets.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP Version 4
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
IP v4 Vs. IP v6
• IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4.
• IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits.
• IPv6 provides 640 sextrillion addresses.
• IPv6 fields are 16 bits long.
• IPv6 is slowly being implemented in select networks.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Obtaining IP Address
• A network host needs to obtain a globally unique address in order to function on the Internet.
• The physical or MAC address that a host has is only locally significant.
• It identifies the host within the local area network.
• The router does not use it to forward outside the LAN based on Layer 2 address.
• IP addresses are the most commonly used addresses for Internet communications.
• IP address is a hierarchical addressing scheme that allows individual addresses to be associated together and treated as groups.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Obtaining IP Address
• Network administrators use two methods to assign IP addresses.• Static and Dynamic
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Hosts have physical address by having NIC. IP addresses have been assigned to the host in static/dynamic way
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Obtaining IP Address
• In static assignment, the system administrator manually assigns and tracks IP addresses for each computer, printer, or server on the intranet.
• Static assignment works best on small, infrequently changing networks. • Servers should be assigned a static IP address so workstations and oth
er devices will always know how to access needed services. • Other devices that should be assigned static IP addresses are network
printers, application servers, and routers.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC addresses with an IP addresses.
• Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) only requires a single packet exchange to obtain IP information.
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically without the network administrator having to set up an individual profile for each device.
Obtaining IP Addresses
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC addresses with an IP addresses.
• A network device, such as a diskless workstation, might know its MAC address but not its IP address.
• RARP allows the device to make a request to learn its IP address.
• Devices using RARP require that a RARP server be present on the network to answer RARP requests.
• The source device must include both its MAC address and IP address in order for the destination device to retrieve data
• Workstations running RARP have codes in ROM that direct them to start the RARP process.
RARP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
ARP/RARP Message Structure
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Operation code = 1 ARP request
= 2 ARP reply
= 3 RARP request
= 4 RARP reply
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF needs to get its IP address for internet operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF generate a ARP request
RARP Message
Encapsulated to be a frame by adding frame header
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF generate a ARP request
Operation code is 3 =RARP Request
Workstation MAC& IP
Target station MAC& IP
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF transmits RARP request
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
All computers pass the packet up to network layer. If IP numbers do not match, the packet is discarded except for RARP server,
which detects the RARP request field
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Server creates RARP reply message for the requesting client
Operation code is 4 =RARP Reply
Workstation MAC& allocated IP
Server MAC& IP
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
All computers copy frame and examine it
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
If MAC address do not match, the packet is discarded
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
RARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF stores the IP address received in the RARP reply for later use
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
BOOTP
• The bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client-server environment and only requires a single packet exchange to obtain IP information.
• However, unlike RARP, BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as well as the address of a router, the address of a server, and vendor-specific information.
• One problem with BOOTP is that it was not designed to provide dynamic address assignment.
• A network administrator needs to create a configuration file that specifies the parameters for each device.
• The administrator must add hosts and maintain the BOOTP database.
• There is still a one to one relationship between the number of IP addresses and the number of hosts.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
BOOTP Message Structure
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF needs to obtain its IP address for Internet and Intranet operation
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF generates a BOOTP request encapsulated in a packet head and a frame header at network and data link layer orderly
BOOTP request message
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF broadcasts a BOOTP request to every node, since it doesn’t know the server
Workstation MAC
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
All computers pass BOOTP message up to transport layer, detect the BOOTP message, other hosts discard this message except the server
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Workstation MAC and allocated IP
TFTP server and gateway add
Server prepares a BOOTP response from its database to send back toreceiving device
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Server sends the BOOTP reply frame back to the requesting device. All devices copy a frame and examine it
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
If destination MAC doesn’t match, the workstation discarded the frame
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The requesting station makes use of the allocated IP address and other information
BOOTP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
DHCP
• Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically without the network administrator having to set up an individual profile for each device.
• All that is required when using DHCP is a defined range of IP addresses on a DHCP server.
• The major advantage that DHCP has over BOOTP is that it allows users to be mobile.
• This mobility allows the users to freely change network connections from location to location.
• The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to that host.
• The importance to this DHCP advancement is its ability to lease an IP address to a device and then reclaim that IP address for another user after the first user releases it.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
DHCP Message Structure
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
DHCP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Laptop computer AA:EC:F9:23:44:19 needs to get an IP address for Internet and intranet operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
Workstation AA:EC:F9:23:44:19 generates a DHCP request (DHCP DISCOVER)
Laptop MAC
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The DHCP request (DHCP DISCOVER) is transmitted by the laptop computer
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
All computers pass DHCP request (DHCP DISCOVER) up to transport layer, detect the DHCP message, other hosts discard this message except the server
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
1st server prepares a DHCP OFFER to send back to the requesting devices
Allocated IP
Gateway
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The DHCP server sends the DHCP OFFER frame back to the requesting device. All devices pick up the frame and examine it.
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
If MAC address doesn’t match, the devices discarded the frame.
Only the requesting station processes the frame.
DHCP Operation
Match the laptop MAC address
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
2nd server sends the DHCP OFFER frame back to the requesting device. All devices pick up the packet and examine it
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
If MAC address doesn’t match, the devices discarded the frame.Since the laptop has already received a DHCP OFFER from another server, this
offer is discarded.
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The laptop computer now sends a DHCP REQUEST addressed to the specific DHCP server that sent the accepted OFFER
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
All devices pick up a copy of the frame, compare the MAC destination to their own, and if there is no match, discard the frame
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The DHCP server creates a DHCP ACK
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The DHCP server sends the DHCP ACK frame back to the requesting device. All devices pick up the frame and examine it
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
If the MAC doesn’t match, the devices discard the frame and process the DHCP message
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
The laptop computer now goes into the bound mode and starts to use the assigned IP address and other data passed with the DHCP OFFER message
DHCP Operation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
DHCP Operation Summary
DHCP DISCOVER
DHCP OFFER
DHCP REQUEST
DHCP ACK
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Problem with Address Resolution
• A datagram on a local-area network must contain both a destination MAC address and a destination IP address.
• Communications within a LAN segment require two addresses.
• There needs to be a way to automatically map IP to MAC addresses.
• The TCP/IP suite has a protocol, called Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which can automatically obtain MAC addresses for local transmission.
• Both the IP and MAC addresses are needed for both the destination host and the intermediate routing device.
• TCP/IP has a variation on ARP called Proxy ARP that will provide the MAC address of an intermediate device for transmission outside the LAN to another network segment.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
Proxy ARP
MAC address of the router is needed to get the data out of the LAN and on to the WAN system
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
ARP
• Data packet must contain both a destination MAC address and a destination IP address.
• After devices determine the IP addresses of the destination devices, they can add the destination MAC addresses to the data packets.
• Some devices will keep tables that contain MAC addresses and IP addresses of other devices that are connected to the same LAN.
• These are called Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) tables.
• ARP tables are stored in RAM memory.
• When a network device wants to send data across the network, it uses information provided by the ARP table.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
ARP Table
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
ARP Process
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMCCNA 1/ MODULE 9
ARP
• There are two ways that devices can gather MAC addresses.
• One way is to monitor the traffic that occurs on the local network segment.
• Another way to get an address pair for data transmission is to broadcast an ARP request.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add