CIS 191 - Lesson 2 Storage Devices. CIS 191 - Lesson 2 Floppy drive and diskettes Hard drive (IDE...

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

StorageDevices

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Floppy drive and diskettes

Hard drive (IDE and SCSI)

USB flash drive (aka pen drive)

Storage Devices

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

DAS – Direct Attached StorageNAS – Network Attached StorageSAN – Storage Area Networks

Storage Devices

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

IDE drives: Primary master (/dev/hda)Primary slave (/dev/hdb)Secondary master (/dev/hca)Secondary slave (/dev/hdd)

SCSI drives: Each SCSI disk has a target id (1-7) or (1-14). (/dev/sda, /dev/sdb, ...)

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

USB Flash (pen) drives: Same device naming as SCSI drives (can use dmesg to distinguish)

Floppies: First drive (/dev/fd0)Second drive (/dev/fd1)…


CIS 191 - Lesson 2

RecognizingStorageDevices

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Master IDE drive on primary

One IDE drive


CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Master IDE drive on Secondary

Two IDE drives


Master IDE drive on primary

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

USB flash (pen) drive

IDE hard drive

Floppy drive


CIS 191 - Lesson 2

SCSI hard drive

USB flash drive

SCSI and USB Flash (pen) drive


CIS 191 - Lesson 2

dmesg command output

Plugging in USB flash drive starts here

Device identification (/dev/sdb) shows here

and log ends here

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Geometry

14 tracks8 sectors per

track

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Example Physical CHS Disk Drive Geometry

One sectorOne track

3 platters6 heads

14 cylinders

One imaginary cylinder

One head on each side of platter

size = cylinders x heads x sectors per track x 512 bytessize = 14 x 6 x 8 x 512 = 344,064 bytes

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk Drive Geometry

Times have changed!

•Disk drives are no longer limited to 1024 cylinders (old BIOS restriction)

•Modern track density has hit over tens of thousands of tracks per inch (the old 3.5”diskette had 80 per side)

•Zone bit recording places more sectors per track on outside tracks. E.g. A IBM 34.2 GB Deskstar has 272 to 452 sectors per track.

•NOTE: The OS uses logical disk geometry which does not match physical disk geometry.

•Modern drives use Logical Block Addressing (LBA) rather than the old CHS addressing.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk Drive Geometryphysical ≠ logical

Modern drives have variable number of sectors per track. It is not possible to represent their full capacity using the old CHS method.

The BIOS shows 16 logical heads and 63 logical sectors per track and adjust the number of logical cylinders to approximate the full capacity.

The OS fdisk shows 255 logical heads and 63 logical sectors per track and then adjusts logical cylinders accordingly.

Disk /dev/hda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk sizes (fdisk command)5GB VMWare Drive

5 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 = 5,368,709,120 bytes

255 heads x 63 sectors/track x 652 cylinders x 512 bytes

= 5,362,882,560 bytesNOTE

This is logical (not physical) disk geometry

Cylinders Blocks(1 block = 1024 bytes)

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk sizes (df command)

3,5266,204 x 1000 x (1000/1024) = 3,443,558,594 bytes

= 3.4 GB

101,107 x 1000 x (1000/1024)= 98,737,304 bytes

= 99 MB

NOTE: 1 computer KB = 1,024 bytes (2 to the 10th power)

1 human KB = 1,000 bytes

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

DiskPartitions

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Free Space

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 1 – Add hard drive to computer

Add the hard drive:

•Low-level formatting has already been done at the factory (lays out the physical tracks and sectors).

•There are no partitions yet.

•There are no file systems yet.

Note: Floppies, unlike hard drives, can be low-level formatted with the fdformat command

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Free Space

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 2 - Partition the hard drive


Data

Partition the hard drive:

•The MBR is on the very first sector and is 512 bytes long.

•The first 446 bytes of the MBR gets system boot code.

•The next 64 bytes of the MBR gets the partition table.

•The last 2 bytes are marked 0xAA55.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2


Data


Free Space



Data

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

The MBR partition table records the location, status and type of each primary partition.

Each added partition has its own boot sector at the beginning.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2



Data



Data


Data


Data

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

The maximum number of primary partitions is four.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2


Data



Data


Data


Data

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Extendedpartition

One of the four primary partitions can be an extended partition

An extended may contain an arbitrary number of logical partitions

Unused Boot Sector

Data

Unused Boot Sector

Logicalpartition

Logicalpartition


CIS 191 - Lesson 2


Data



Data


Data


Data

Unused Boot Sector

Data

Unused Boot Sector

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 3 – Add file systems to partitions

Superblock

Inode Table

ext2 file system

Data Blocks

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdisk and mountShow current partitions and their usage


/boot



/


swap


/home

Unused Boot Sector

Free Space

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda3

/dev/sda4 /dev/sda5

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Specifying partitions

Partitions are labeled by Linux as the drive name following by a number. The numbers 1-4 are reserved for the first four primary partitions. 5 or higher indicates it is a logical partition.

Examples:

/dev/hda1 = first partition (primary) on the primary master IDE drive.

/dev/sdb3 = third partition (primary) on the second SCSI drive.

/dev/sda5 = fifth partition (logical partition) on the first SCSI drive.

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux/dev/sda2 14 332 2562367+ 83 Linux/dev/sda3 333 365 265072+ 82 Linux swap/dev/sda4 366 652 2305327+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 366 492 1020096 83 Linux/dev/sda6 493 505 104391 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table[root@rh9 root]# fdisk /dev/sdbDevice contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previouscontent won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help):

Specifying partitionsAdd 1 primary and 1 extended to new drive

/dev/sda has been partitioned already.

/dev/sdb has not been partitioned yet.

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Command (m for help): nCommand action e extended p primary partition (1-4)ePartition number (1-4): 1First cylinder (1-261, default 1): 1Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-261, default 261): 50

Command (m for help): nCommand action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4)lFirst cylinder (1-50, default 1):Using default value 1Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-50, default 50): 10

Command (m for help): p


Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 50 401593+ 5 Extended/dev/sdb5 1 10 80262 83 Linux


MBR

Boot Sector

Unused

Free

/dev/s

db1

/dev

/sdb

5

Specifying partitionsAdd 1 primary and 1 extended to new drive

Note: The second partition added is number 5 because it is in an extended partition. Numbers 1-4 are reserved for the four primary partitions.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – (n)ew and (p)rint

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk /dev/sda

Command (m for help): nFirst cylinder (493-652, default 493):Using default value 493Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (493-652, default 652): +100MCommand (m for help): p




Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – (m)enu of commands

Command (m for help): mCommand action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)


Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – (w)rite out partition table

Command (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.The kernel still uses the old table.The new table will be used at the next reboot.Syncing disks.[root@rh9 root]# partprobe

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

Use partprobe to update the kernel without rebooting. This is required if you want to mount a new partition.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – the l option




Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Making File

Systems

CIS 191 - Lesson 2





Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table[root@rh9 root]# echo "Rich was here" > /dev/sdb[root@rh9 root]# xxd /dev/sdb | more0000000: 5269 6368 2077 6173 2068 6572 650a 0000 Rich was here...0000010: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ < snipped >................0000150: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................[root@rh9 root]#

/dev/sdb is a newly added un-partitioned drive

You can write and read to the drive however it is very clumsy compared to using a file system*

dd command (continued)Reading and writing directly to a drive

*Never do this to a drive containing important data

[root@rh9 root]# echo "Rich was here too" > test[root@rh9 root]# wc -c test 18 test[root@rh9 root]#[root@rh9 root]# dd if=test of=/dev/sda6 bs=1 count=1818+0 records in18+0 records out[root@rh9 root]# dd if=/dev/sda6 bs=1 count=18Rich was here too18+0 records in18+0 records out[root@rh9 root]#[root@rh9 root]# xxd /dev/sda6 | more0000000: 5269 6368 2077 6173 2068 6572 6520 746f Rich was here to0000010: 6f0a 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 o...............0000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................< snipped >[root@rh9 root]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda6 bs=1 count=1818+0 records in18+0 records out[root@rh9 root]# xxd /dev/sda6 | more0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................0000010: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................< snipped >

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

/dev/sdb6 is a newly added, un-mounted partition on /dev/sda

/dev/zero has an unlimited numbers of binary zeros. Can be used to zero out a partition or drive.*

dd command (continued)Reading and writing directly to a partition

We can also write and read directly to the partition.*

*Never do this to a partition containing important data

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Adding File Systems

Superblock

Inode Table

Data Blocks

Analogy: making a file system on an empty partition is like painting the stripes on a parking lot. It organizes the space and makes it efficient.

ext2 file system

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Adding File Systems

Superblock

Inode Table

mkfs –t ext2 /dev/sda6

Data Blocks

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

mkfs –t type device -t ext2 –t ext3 (has journaling) -t vfat (compatible with Windows) -t jfs (IBM’s journaled file system) -t reiserfs

For ext2 or ext3 use: -N option to specify number of inodes-m option to specify % blocks reserved for superuser (default 5%)-L option to set the volume label for the file system

Example: mkfs –t ext3 /dev/sda6(puts ext3 file system on 6th partition of 1st SCSI drive)

Example: mkfs –t ext2 –m 0 –N 1000 –L myfiles /dev/sda6(puts ext2 file system with 1000 inodes, no space reserved for superuser, volume label “myfiles” on 6th partition of 1st SCSI drive, )

Note: mkfs is actually a front end for various file systems builders.

[root@rh9 root]# ls /sbin/mkfs*/sbin/mkfs /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /sbin/mkfs.jfs /sbin/mkfs.reiserfs/sbin/mkfs.cramfs /sbin/mkfs.ext3 /sbin/mkfs.msdos /sbin/mkfs.vfat

mkfs command

[root@partide root]# fdisk -l /dev/sda


Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 61024 976379+ b Win95 FAT32[root@partide root]#[root@partide root]# umount /mnt[root@partide root]# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt[root@partide root]# ls -l /mnttotal 713064-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 730177536 Mar 23 23:18 KNOPPIX_V5.1.1CD-2007-01-04-EN.iso[root@partide root]#

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

This pen drive works with Windows or Linux

File SystemsFAT32 file system

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Superblock

Inode Table

Data Blocks

ext2 file system

ext2 file system

Superblock has:• File system type, label, inode count, block

count, etc. about entire file system.• Redundant copies are maintained.• Use: dumpe2fs –h /dev/sda2 to see / superblock info on rh9 VM

inodes have:• file type, permissions, link count, owner,

group, size, major and minor numbers, creation date, modification date, access date, pointers to data blocks.

• Does not contain filenames which are kept in directories.

• Use stat command to see inode information

Data blocks have actual file and directory data.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Superblock

Inode Table

ext2 file system

Data Blocks

[simmsben@opus ~]$ls -il letter102609 -rw-r--r-- 1 simmsben cis90 1044 Jul 20 2001 letter

Hello Mother! Hello Father!

Here I am at Camp Granada. Things are very entertaining,and they say we'll have some fun when it stops raining.

All the counselors hate the waiters, and the lake hasalligators. You remember Leonard Skinner? He gotptomaine poisoning last night after dinner.

Now I don't want this to scare you, but my bunk mate hasmalaria. You remember Jeffrey Hardy? Their about toorganize a searching party.

Take me home, oh Mother, Father, take me home! I hate Granada.Don't leave me out in the forest where I might get eatenby a bear! Take me home, I promise that I won't make noise,or mess the house with other boys, oh please don't make mestay -- I've been here one whole day.

Dearest Father, darling Mother, how's my precious littlebrother? I will come home if you miss me. I will evenlet Aunt Bertha hug and kiss me!

Wait a minute! It's stopped hailing! Guys are swimming!Guys are sailing! Playing baseball, gee that's better!Mother, Father, kindly disregard this letter.

Alan Sherman

bigfile 102574bin 102575letter 102609

bigfile 102574bin 102575letter 102609

102609

-

1

simmsben

cis90

1044

2001-07-20

2008-08-08

2008-06-20

Pointer(s) to data blocks

inode number

Type

Number of links

User

Group

Size

Modification time

Access Time

Change time

Pointer(s) to data blocks

rw-r—r-- Permissions

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

ext2 file systemUsing dumpe2fs –h to show superblock information

[root@rh9 root]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda2dumpe2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)Filesystem volume name: /Last mounted on: <not available>Filesystem UUID: b552eed8-4c9d-4f8f-9edf-dd76037f82bdFilesystem magic number: 0xEF53Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)Filesystem features: has_journal filetype needs_recovery sparse_superDefault mount options: (none)Filesystem state: cleanErrors behavior: ContinueFilesystem OS type: LinuxInode count: 320640Block count: 640591Reserved block count: 32029Free blocks: 228375Free inodes: 220820First block: 0Block size: 4096Fragment size: 4096Blocks per group: 32768Fragments per group: 32768Inodes per group: 16032Inode blocks per group: 501Filesystem created: Fri Jul 18 09:37:33 2008Last mount time: Fri Jul 18 17:06:16 2008Last write time: Fri Jul 18 17:06:16 2008Mount count: 3Maximum mount count: -1Last checked: Fri Jul 18 09:37:33 2008Check interval: 0 (<none>)Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)First inode: 11Inode size: 128Journal UUID: <none>Journal inode: 8Journal device: 0x0000First orphan inode: 229443

[root@rh9 root]#

If you leave off the –h option you will also see the data block status as well.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

ext2 file systemUsing stat command to show Inode details

[root@rh9 root]# lsanaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog test testdir[root@rh9 root]# ls -ltotal 36-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1220 Jul 18 16:57 anaconda-ks.cfg-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19626 Jul 18 16:51 install.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2895 Jul 18 16:51 install.log.syslog-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 18 Jul 18 17:24 testdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 20 18:41 testdir[root@rh9 root]# stat test testdir File: `test' Size: 18 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 Regular FileDevice: 802h/2050d Inode: 37058 Links: 1Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)Access: 2008-07-20 18:40:47.000000000 -0700Modify: 2008-07-18 17:24:47.000000000 -0700Change: 2008-07-18 17:24:47.000000000 -0700

File: `testdir' Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 DirectoryDevice: 802h/2050d Inode: 20964 Links: 2Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)Access: 2008-07-20 18:41:08.000000000 -0700Modify: 2008-07-20 18:41:08.000000000 -0700Change: 2008-07-20 18:41:08.000000000 -0700

[root@rh9 root]#

Note: The name of the file is not kept in the Inode. It is kept as data in a directory file.

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

ext2 file systemlost+found directory

[root@rh9 root]# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sda6mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)26104 inodes, 104391 blocks5219 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=113 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@rh9 root]# mount /dev/sda6 /mnt[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntlost+found[root@rh9 root]# ls -l /mnttotal 12drwx------ 2 root root 12288 Jul 21 08:22 lost+found[root@rh9 root]#

Note: The lost+found directory is created when you make a ext2 or ext3 file system. This is where the fsck utility will place any recovered data it finds when checking a file system. Don’t delete it!

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Mounting File

Systems

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Mounting and Un-mounting file systems • mount [device-file] [directory] • umount [device-file | directory]

Mount information1./etc/fstab (what to mount at boot time)2./etc/mtab (current mount status)

Mounting File Systems

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

/

/bin

/etc

/mnt

/cdrom

On the rh9 VM

[root@rh9 root]# mount/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)none on /proc type proc (rw)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw)none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)/dev/sda5 on /home type ext3 (rw)none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/mtab/dev/sda2 / ext3 rw 0 0none /proc proc rw 0 0/dev/sda1 /boot ext2 rw 0 0none /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0/dev/sda5 /home ext3 rw 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0[root@rh9 root]#

[root@rh9 root]# ls -F /home /boot /mnt/boot:boot.b kernel.h module-info-2.4.20-6 [email protected] lost+found/ os2_d.b vmlinuz-2.4.20-6config-2.4.20-6 message System.map@grub/ message.ja System.map-2.4.20-6initrd-2.4.20-6.img module-info@ vmlinux-2.4.20-6

/home:lost+found/ rsimms/

/mnt:cdrom/ floppy/ hgfs/[root@rh9 root]#

/dev

/boot

/home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda5

/dev/sda6

/floppy

/hgfs

mount command with no arguments shows current mount status in /etc/mtab

Showing current mount status

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

/

/bin

/etc

/mnt

/dir1

On the rh9 VM

[root@rh9 root]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda6mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)26104 inodes, 104391 blocks5219 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=113 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@rh9 root]# mount /dev/sda6 /mnt[root@rh9 root]# cd /mnt[root@rh9 mnt]# mkdir dir1 dir2[root@rh9 mnt]# lsdir1 dir2 lost+found[root@rh9 mnt]# cd[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntdir1 dir2 lost+found[root@rh9 root]# umount /mnt[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntcdrom floppy hgfs[root@rh9 root]#

/dev

/boot

/home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/fdir2

/lost+found

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda5

/dev/sda6

mount will overlay the new files ystem on a directory in the current file hierarchy. The old directory is no longer accessible until the new one is un-mounted

Making a file system and mounting it

/dir1

/fdir2

/lost+found

/

/bin /etc /mnt

/cdrom

/dev/boot /home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/floppy

/hgfs

/lib

/dev/sda6

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda5

Mounting File SystemsLike pinning the tail on the donkey

mount /dev/sda6 /mnt

/

/bin /etc /mnt

/dir1

/dev/boot /home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/dir2

/lost+found

/lib

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda5

Mounting File SystemsLike pinning the tail on the donkey

/dev/sda6

mount /dev/sda6 /mnt

Mounting File SystemsCaveats

• Don’t mount a file system to a directory you are in.

• You can’t un-mount a file system you have cd’ed into:

[root@rh9 mnt]# umount /mntumount: /mnt: device is busy[root@rh9 mnt]# cd[root@rh9 root]# umount /mnt[root@rh9 root]#

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# mount/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)none on /proc type proc (rw)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw)none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)/dev/sda5 on /home type ext3 (rw)none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/mtab/dev/sda2 / ext3 rw 0 0none /proc proc rw 0 0/dev/sda1 /boot ext2 rw 0 0none /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0/dev/sda5 /home ext3 rw 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0[root@rh9 root]#

devicemount point

file system type

mount options

dump frequency

fsckpass

Note: spaces added to output above for readability

Mounting File Systemsmount command and /etc/mtab

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/fstab

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1LABEL=/boot /boot ext2 defaults 1 2none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2none /proc proc defaults 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0/dev/sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

devicemount point

file system type

mount options

dump frequency

fsckpass

Note: spacing modified in output above for readability

Mounting File Systems/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used to automatically mount file systems at boot time

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/fstab

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1LABEL=/boot /boot ext2 defaults 1 2none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2none /proc proc defaults 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0/dev/sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

devicemount point

file system type

mount options

dump frequency

fsckpass

Note: spacing modified in output above for readability

Swap Space/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used to automatically mount file systems at boot time

CIS 191 - Lesson 2 Storage Devices. CIS 191 - Lesson 2 Floppy drive and diskettes Hard drive (IDE...

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Transcript of CIS 191 - Lesson 2 Storage Devices. CIS 191 - Lesson 2 Floppy drive and diskettes Hard drive (IDE...