Circum stances - City University of Hong...

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Transitivity

construing experience

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expressed by processes

process = functional label for the word class verb

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Event

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who / what

is involved in the event

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Participant = functional label for the class “nominal group”

participants

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where, when, how, why etc

the event occurred

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Circumstance = functional label for the class “adverbial

group/prepositional phrase”

Circum

stances

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2 kinds of labelling

• Processes (events) verbal groups

• Participants nominal groups

• Circumstances adverbial groups or prepositional phrases

function class

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Why functional labels?

class

label

Nominal

group

Verbal

group

Nominal

group

Mrs Piggott washed all the dishes

Class labelling ignores the fact that the different

nominal groups each play a different role in the clause

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Why functional labels?

class Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group

Mrs Piggott washed all the dishes

Do-er Done toProcessfunction

More specific terms depend on the type of Process

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summary of process types

doing

other

process

Material

Behavioural

Mental (sensing)

Verbal (saying)

relational(relating)

attributive

identifying

existential

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process

material

non-material

Mrs Piggott washed the dishes

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Test 1 : What .. do?

process types

Test 2: unmarked present tense form = continuous: V+ing

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The main participant in material processes isthe do-er of the action: the Actor

They are walking quickly.

Actor Process: Mat. Circumstance

participants in material processes

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A: They are (walking quickly.)

To identify the Actor, ask yourself:


Who did the action?, e.g.

Q: Who is walking quickly?

Actor Process: Mat. Circumstance

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More than one participant may be present in the clause

Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things…

e.g.


If a second participant is affected by the doings of the Actor, that participant is called

the Goal

Actor Goal

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Active versus passive clauses

• active voice - in a Material process clause, the Actor comes first, e.g.

a lion chased the touristPro: Material GoalActor

• passive voice - in a Material process clause, the Goal comes first, e.g.

the tourist was chased by a lion

Pro: MaterialGoal Actor

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In a passive clause the Actor may be left out

Pro: MaterialGoal

the tourist was chased

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it will be expressed by a prepositional phrase

(rather than by a nominal group)

In a passive clause when the Actor is present

the tourist was chased by a lion

Pro: MaterialGoal Actor

Prep. phrase

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Q: What did the lion do to the tourist?

To test whether a second participant (P2) is

affected by the doings of the Actor, ask

yourself: What did the Actor do to P2?

A: It chased him


therefore

Goal

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The boys played tennisRange

The participant that is not affected by the doing is not a Goal. It is called…

i.e. P2 in the example expresses the Range over which the process extends

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in some material processes, there may be a participant who benefits from the doing.

e.g.

Mrs Piggott cooked meals for the family

Mrs Piggott cooked the family meals

Actor Pro:Mat Goal Beneficiary

Actor Pro:Mat Beneficiary Goal

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Test question: who (did the Actor do the doing) for?

e.g.



Actor Pro:Mat Goal Beneficiary

Actor Pro:Mat Beneficiary Goal

Beneficiary

who did Mrs Piggot cook meals for?

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Whether the Beneficiary is a nominal group or a prepositional phrase depends on its position in the clause

Beneficiary



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potential Participants in material processes

process

material

non-material

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process

material

relational

2

types of process

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Participants in Attributiverelational processesThe daisy is a beautiful flower.

Carrier Attribute

The daisy is a beautiful flower

Pro: Attributive

It has no fragrance

Pro: Attributive

Carrier Attribute

Carrier Attribute24

Here are his paw marks

CarrierAttribute: Circumstance Pro: Attributive

A Circumstantial Attribute may come first

On the mantelpiece was an envelope

CarrierAttribute: Circumstance Pro: Attributive

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a sore head has the bear

CarrierAttribute: possessive Pro: Attributive

Intensive and possessive Attributes generally do not come first

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Tom is the tallest

Tom is the captain

Identifying a thing in terms of some identifying feature

relational processes 2: identifying things

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Some verbs identifying form/function: become, equal, add up to;

act as; call; mean; define; represent; spell; express; form; give;

constitute; imply etc

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Identifying a thing in terms of some circumstance: time, place, manner etc:

2

Today is the 4th

The best way to get there is by train

Some verbs identifying circumstances: takes up; follows; spans;

crosses; accompany; resemble etc


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Identifying a thing in terms of ownership 3

The book is mine

possessio

npossessor

Some verbs identifying possession: own; include/exclude; involve;

contain; comprise; provide; deserve; owe; lack etc


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A: Her name is Alison

Participants in Identifying relational processes

IdentifiedIdentifier

2 sets of labels

Q: What is her name?

The thing about which the question is asked is labelled Identified

1

That which identifies the thing is labelled Identifier

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A: Her name is Alison


IdentifiedIdentifier

2 sets of labels

Q: What is her name?

1

A: Alison is her name

Identifier Identified

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A: Today is the 4th

A: It ‘s mine


Identified Identifier

Q: What is today’s date?

Q: Whose book is that?

Identified Identifier32

to represent the fact that something exists or happens

There were many children in the street.

e.g.

existential processes are about existence

they usually follow the pattern: There + “be” + Thing

A 3rd use of the verb “to be”

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existential processes

There are not many flowering trees out there at the moment.

What is the difference (if any) between the following instances of there:

Existential “there”

Circumstantial “there”34

existential there v. circumstantial there

There ’s a spare seat over there

existential there circumstantial there

Process Participant Circumstance

exampleThere is someone at the door. Is anybody there?

phonologically reduced full value

clause positionearly in the clause anywhere in the clause

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There were many children in the street.

the main participant is the thing that exists

process: existential Existent Circumstance

existential

“there” has no

transitivity

function

it is non-referentialwhy?

existential ‘there’

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relational processes and participants

process

material

relational

describing

identifying

existential

Attribute & Carrier

Existent

Identifier & Identified

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These are clauses which take the form “it” + a form of the verb “to be” + a nominal group (often with embedded clauses), e.g.

Theme Predication

It was the dog [[that died]]

Such theme predicated clauses function to set up a contrast, e.g.

not the cat

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Such clauses are related to a non-predicated experientially equivalent version, e.g.

Theme Predication

It was the dog [[that died]],

Clause initial “it” in Theme Predicated clauses refers to the NG coming after the verb

The dog died

It was the dog [[that died]]

(not the cat)

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These clauses are simple to analyse, e.g.

Analysing Theme Predicated clauses

It was the dog [[that died]],

Pro: Rel: Id Id’rId’d

It was the dog [[that died]], (not the cat)

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further process types

• representing our material doings and

• describing, identifying and representing

the existence of things, we also

represent the world of ourinner consciousness

In addition to

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mental processes

Pro:Men Participant

The baby knows its mother

She loves ice-cream

I hear someone whistling

knower

reacter

hearer

a more appropriate term for the “do-er” in mental processes is the Senser

conscious “do-er”

Senser

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the second participant (P2) is the thing that

is sensed. This is called the Phenomenon

mental processes

Senser Pro:Men Phenomenon

The baby knows its mother

She loves ice-cream

I hear someone outside

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Senser and Phenomenon

Lightning frightens me

Senser

The order of Senser and Phenomenon is not always

the same

I fear lightningSense

r

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Mental process clauses: 2 patterns

1. ‘like’ type=Senser^Phenomenon

2. ‘please’ type= Phen^Senser

I like icecream

Icecream pleases me

I fear lightning

Lightning frightens me

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There may not be a second participant (Phenomenon)

in a mental process clause because what comes

after the mental process may be a whole clause

Beware

We knew

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Mental process projecting another clause

We knew // that you were coming//

Senser Pro: Men Actor Pro: Material

1 We knew

Senser Pro: Mental

2 that you were coming

Actor Pro: Material

Clause segmentation:

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Participants in mental processes

process

material

relational

reaction

perception

cognition

mental

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Use the tense test to distinguish material & mental processes

Ask yourself:

what is the typical form of the present tense with this process?

Create a scenario where you have to use the present tense of the verb in focus, e.g.

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Tense test

e.g. The children knew the answer

Scenario: Someone tells you some old information. In response, would you say:

1. I know that.

2. I am knowing that.

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Beware

some processes of perception are like material processes because they take

the continuous tense

The children are watching a movie.

e.g.

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These processes that seem to be closely

related in meaning to mental processes

but behave grammatically like a material

process are categorised as Behavioural

processes.

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The dog is watching the neighbour’s cat

The old lady is listening to the radio

The doctor is feeling the patient’s pulse

Participants in Behavioural processes

conscious P1=Behaver

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Behaver Behavioural RangeThe children watched a movie

The parents listened to the radio

The doctor felt the patient’s pulse

Usually, the second participant (P2) in Behavioural

processes is a Range, i.e. P2 indicates the range

over which the behaviour extends Did

what?

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process

material

relational

reaction

perception

cognition

mental

doing

behavioural

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verbal processes

He says it’s going to rain.

processes of saying

She asked a question

They explained the problem

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verbal processes

clause 1 clause 2P r o j e c t s

They announced that an inquiry would be held

He stated “My client is innocent

Sayer Pro:Vbl Goal Pro:Mat

Sayer Pro:Vbl Carrier Pro:Rel Attribute

//

//

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test 2 for identifying mental and verbal processes

Since these process types can project another process, e.g.

She said

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Look for another verb after the mental or verbal process

They heard that it had finished

She said they were coming

They listened that it had finished

She spoke they were coming

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i They are walking quickly.

ii They are watching a movie.

iii She loves icecream.

iv He says it’s going to rain.

v The orchid is a beautiful flower.

summary of tense & process types

material

mental

verbal

relational

behavioural

continuoustense

simpletense

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summary of participant roles

process type

material

behavioural

mental

verbal

relational - attributive

relational - identifying

relational - existential

Actor – Goal – Range - Beneficiary

Behaver - Range

Senser - Phenomenon

Sayer–Receiver–Verbiage-Target

Carrier - Attribute

Identified - Identifier

Existent

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Characteristics of main participants

participant characteristic

Actor unrestricted

Behaver living

Senser conscious

Sayer signaller

Carrier unrestricted

Id’d / Id/r unrestricted

Existent unrestricted

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Processes & participant functions

The books cost me $20

Carrier Pro: rel: circ Attribute

Beneficiary may occur with relational processes, e.g.

The books were $20

Carrier Pro: rel:intens Attribute

Beneficiary

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Further participants in material process clauses

They painted the room yellow

P1 P3 P3

What is going on here?

As a result of painting, the room was yellow

So….64


They painted the room yellow

Pro: MatActor Goal Attribute (result)

Attribute is the result of the painting

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The travellers returned home broke

P1 P2

In what state/condition did the travellers return home?

So….

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The travellers returned home broke

Pro: MatActor Circ Attribute (depictive)

Attribute depicts the state of the travellers


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Circumstance specifies certain information about the process

manner how (the process is done)

extent in space or time How far or how long / often..

location in space or time Where or when..

cause Why? How? What / who for…

contingency under what conditions…

Conceding what….

accompaniment And who / what else…

role what as…

angle according to who…

matter what about…. 68

task

• Analyse Transitivity, Mood and Theme in the telephone text clauses

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1 This telephone has two AA-size batteries

trans

Mood

Theme

2 When they are installed,

trans

Mood

Mood Residue

Theme

Pro: RelCarrier Attribute

Topical

Pro: MaterialGoal

TopicalTextual

passive clause

Rheme

Rheme

Subject F P Complement

Mood Residue

Mood Residue

Subject F Pred

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3 these provideback-up for the clock display and the

telephone numbers in the memory.

Trans

Mood

Theme


synonym of “be”

4Such battery

back-up is not necessary for normal operation;

Trans

Mood

Theme

Pro: RelCarrier Attribute Circ: purpose

Topical Rheme


Mood Residue

Subject F P Complement Adj circ

Mood Residue

Topical Rheme

5 however the batteries should be installed

Trans

Mood

Theme

6 in case the telephone is disconnected from the phone line.

Trans

Mood

Theme

Pro: MaterialGoal

TopicalTextual

passive clauses

Pro: MaterialGoal Circ: loc: sp

Subject F1 PredicatorF2

Mood Residue

Rheme

Subject F Predicator

Mood Residue

Adj circ

TopicalTextual Rheme

7 To install the batteries:

Trans

Mood

Theme

8 Loosen the screw on the battery compartment cover.

Trans

Mood

Theme

Pro: Material Goal

Rheme

non-finite dependent

clause

Pro: Material Goal Circ: loc: sp

Topical

Predicator Complement

Residue

Predicator Compl

Residue

Adj circ

Rheme

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9 Open the battery compartment cover.

Trans

Mood

Theme

10 and insert two 1.5v AA batteries.

Trans

Mood

Theme

Pro: Material Goal

Topical Theme

Pro: Material Goal

TopicalText

Rheme


Residue

Rheme


Residue

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11 Close the compartment cover

Trans

Mood

Theme

12 and carefully secure the screw.

Trans

Mood

Theme

Pro: Material Goal

Topical

Pro: Material Goal

Topical: mkdText

Circ: manner

Rheme


Residue


Residue

Rheme

Adj circ

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13 The life of the batteries is about 24 months.

Trans

Mood

Theme

14 To replace used batteries,

Trans

Mood

Theme


Topical

Pro: Material Goal

non-finite clause

Rheme


Mood Residue

Rheme


Residue

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15 simply remove them

Trans

Mood

Theme

16 and insert new ones.

Trans

Mood

Theme

Pro: Material Goal

TopicalInterpersonl

Pro: Material Goal

TopicalText

Predicator ComplementAdjmood

Mood Residue

Rheme


Residue

Rheme

According to the transitive interpretation of experience

in two participant (effective) processes, Participant 1 “does” something to Participant 2

transitive interpretation

The children kicked a ball around the yard

P1 P2

According to the transitive interpretation of experience

captures whether or not a process extends to second participant which it affects

The ball soared through the air

transitive interpretation

P1 P2

The children kicked a ball around the yard

Circum stances - City University of Hong...

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