Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary...

91
Transformers

Transcript of Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary...

Page 1: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Transformers

Page 2: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Faraday’s Law of Induction

Page 3: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 4: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 5: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 6: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 7: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 8: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 9: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 10: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 11: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 12: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 13: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 14: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 15: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

30:1

7200 V 240 V

60:1

120 V

15:1

480 v

26:1

277 v

Page 16: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 17: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

• The only relationship between the

primary and secondary winding is the

ratio and polarity.

• Either winding can be left ungrounded,

or grounded at any point without

affecting the grounding or the voltage

of the other winding.

Page 18: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Transformers can be

interconnected together in a

variety of ways on both the

primary and secondary sides to

get a variety of three phase

secondary voltages.

Page 19: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 20: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

A Phase

B Phase

C Phase

B Phase

Page 21: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

A Phase

C Phase

B Phase

Page 22: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

A Phase

B Phase

C Phase

B Phase

Page 23: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Distribution Systems

Page 24: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

24

Typical Substation

Transformer C A N B

7200V

7200V 7200V

Page 25: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Multi-Grounded Wye Distribution – Most common Type

Neutral – Phase Voltage 7200V and 14,400V most common

Page 26: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Delta Distribution System

Page 27: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 28: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Various Transformer

Connections May Be Used

On Multi-Grounded

Distribution System.

Page 29: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Four Wire Multi-Grounded

System Allowable Transformer

Connections

• Ungrounded Wye Primary Transformer

Bank

• Grounded Wye Primary Transformer Bank

• Delta Primary Transformer Bank

• Open Wye (Primary) – Open Delta

(Secondary) Transformer Bank

Page 30: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Ungrounded Wye Transformer Grounded Wye Transformer

Page 31: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Ungrounded Wye – Delta Transformer

Page 32: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Ungrounded Wye – Delta Transformer

Open Primary Phase

Page 33: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Grounded Wye –Delta Transformer

Grounding Bank

Page 34: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Delta Connected Transformer

Page 35: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Delta Connected Transformer

Page 36: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

4 Wire Multigrounded Wye Open Wye-Open Delta Transformer Bank

Page 37: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

The secondary (low voltage) side of the

three phase banks can be interconnected in a

variety of manners, independently of the

connection on the primary (high voltage)

side.

Page 38: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Probability of Ferroresonance

From Westinghouse Distribution Transformer Guide.

Page 39: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Intended to examine the condition

of the distribution primary neutral

and the farm grounding system by

measuring the resistance of the farm

grounding system and primary

neutral. It also measures the cow

contact voltage in response to the

primary neutral voltage.

Page 40: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Inject a current into the

neutral system, measure

the voltage rise, measure

the current into the farm

and the primary, and

determine the resistance of

each with the formula

R = V / I

Page 41: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 42: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

RPRI RFARM

LOAD

BOX

CURRENT

REMOTE

+

Vp

_

Page 43: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

One Bushing Single Phase Transformer

Page 44: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 45: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

3 Phase Delta - Delta 120/240 Volt

Page 46: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 47: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 48: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

3 Phase Floating Wye - Delta 120/240 Volt (4 wire)

Page 49: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 50: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 51: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

3 Phase Delta - Grd Wye 120/208 Volt

Page 52: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 53: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 54: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

3 Phase Grd Wye - Grd Wye 120/208 Volt

Page 55: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 56: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 57: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

2 Phase Open Wye - Open Delta 120/240 Volt (4w)

Page 58: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 59: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 60: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

2 Phase Open Wye - Open Delta 240 Volt (3w)

Page 61: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 62: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Load

Box

Page 63: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Important Considerations are:

• A balanced three phase load on any system using three transformers will NOT cause any neutral current in the primary

• If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary neutral current.

• On most systems, with the exception of open wye/open delta connection, a balanced three phase load box will do nothing to load up the primary neutral.

Page 64: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 65: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 66: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 67: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 68: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

• Rf = Δ Vs / Δ Isec(farm)

• Rp = Δ Vp / Δ Ip ?

• Rt = Δ Vp / Δ Itotal ?

• K = Vcc (hi) / Vs(hi) x 100

• ΔCR = (IPrimary Neutral / ITotal)x 100 ?

Page 69: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 70: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 71: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 72: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 73: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Rupstream

Rdownstream

Page 74: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 75: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

RPRI RFARM

LOAD

BOX

CURRENT

REMOTE

+

Vp

_

Page 76: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

• Δ ITotal = Δ Iload box /transformer ratio

• Δ Inet = Δ I sec(farm)

• Δ Ipri neutral = Δ Itotal - Δ Inet

Page 77: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

OR

Δ Ipri neutral =

Δ Ipri n upstream

+/-

Δ Ipri n downstream

Page 78: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

• Rt = Δ Vp / Δ Itotal

• Rf = Δ Vs / Δ Isec(farm)

• Rp = Δ Vp / Δ Ipneutral

• K = Vcc (hi) / Vs(hi) x 100

• ΔCR = (IPrimary Neutral / ITotal)x 100

Page 79: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Δ Vp / Δ Ipneutral

In Each Direction

Rp =

Parallel Combination of

OR

Page 80: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

I(net)

Page 81: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

RPRI RFARM

LOAD

BOX

CURRENT

REMOTE

+

Vp

_

Page 82: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

• Δ ITotal = Iload box /xfrmr ratio

• Δ Inet = Δ I sec(farm)

• Δ Ipri n = Δ Itotal - Δ Isec(farm)

Page 83: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

5

Page 84: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 85: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

• Rt = Δ Vtotal / Δ Ipri

• Rf = Δ Vs / Δ Isec(farm)

• Rp = Δ Vp / Δ Ipneutral

• K = Vcc (hi) / Vs(hi) x 100

• ΔCR = (IPrimary Neutral / IPhase)x 100

Page 86: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 87: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

Ifarm

Itotal

Page 88: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary
Page 89: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

A Phase

B Phase

C Phase

Page 90: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

90

Single phase

20A

20A

Substation

Page 91: Circuits (On and Off the Farm) - Midwest Rural …...•If the transformer bank has no primary winding connection to the primary neutral, the load (at the farm) CAN NOT cause a primary

3 Wire Ungrounded Delta