Cinema as independent art form 1920s and 1930s. mise-en-scene creating the look and feel: since...
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![Page 1: Cinema as independent art form 1920s and 1930s. mise-en-scene creating the look and feel: since Georges Melies.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649ccf5503460f9499a51e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cinema as independent art form
1920s and 1930s
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mise-en-scene
• creating the look and feel: since Georges Melies
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1930s – the studio system
• The majors: MGM, 20th c. FOX, Columbia, Universal Studios, RKO, Warner Bros.
• “Film factories”• Actors and directors on
contract: several films a year.
• “Star system”
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Focus on glitz and glamour
• Representations of glamorous lifestyles
• Artificial jobs – focus on leisure and consumption
• Warner Bros. - more realistic, representation of the working class people, more down-to-earth plot.
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Sex and violence in the 1930s
• Freaks, Scarface• Condemnation and
calls for censorship• Hollywood
Production Code introduced after 1934
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Cinema of the code
• Will H. Hays:• no skirt-lifting• no single bed for
unmarried characters.• crime – always punished.• no kissing or touching
etc.• no bathroom with toilet• Result?: • Creativity!
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Citizen Kane
The Long Take and Deep Focus
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Significance
• Masterpiece of American cinema.
• Greatly innovative – combines many techniques used separately before.
• Story told in a very characteristic way.
• Innovative use of cinematography as well as mise-en-scene.
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Orson Welles
• Citizen Kane was directed and written by 26-year-old Orson Welles (1915-1987),
• He also stars as the title character.
• Welles came to the attention of Hollywood because of his infamous “War of the Worlds” radio broadcast
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The other important figure
• Gregg Toland• cinematographer
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Makeup
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Low angle shots
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high angle shot
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Deep focus photography
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deep focus
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shallow focus
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Story
• William Randolph Hearst
• Press magnate with political ambitions and colorful private life.
• Hearst practically blocked Well’s career in Hollywood.
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Complex narrative structure
• Can be confusing:
– the film begins with the death of the main character
– the story of his life is told from multiple points of view
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“News on the March”
• newsreel (a miniature version of the rest of the film) Followed by five narratives told as flashbacks
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• Entries from the diary of Mr. Thatcher• (Kane’s legal guardian)
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• Interview with Mr. Bernstein (Kane’s business partner)
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• Interview with Jed Leland (Kane’s one-time closest friend)
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• Interview with Susan Alexander (Kane’s second wife)
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• Interview with Raymond, Kane’s butler.
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the reporter
• The newspaper: always turned away from the camera or in shadows as he conducts his interviews
• He becomes a stand-in for the audience, often appearing only as a silhouetted head in the lower right corner of the frame.
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Throughout the film we are limited to the knowledge that each narrator has about Kane, so the point of view changes with eachnew narrator.
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Times of propaganda
• Sergei Eisenstein• Leni Riefenstahl "Triumph of
the Will”
• Wartime Hollywood• - many crude propaganda
films with crass stereotyping• - but also more nuanced
narratives• Casablanca
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Casablanca
• The setting – atmosphere, refugees, war far away yet impact perceptible
• Characters:– Rick Blane (Humprey Bogart), Ilsa Lund
(Ingrid Bergman)
• Public good over private desire.
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Post-war America
• Post-war optimism and economic boom in the USA, newly-found confidence. America: key player in international politics.
• “Tinsletown” – celebration of prosperity and triumph, also celebration of national values through the triumph of law and order.
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Film noir
• Also the dark mirror – many of the pioneers came from Germany (escaped from Hitler),
• brought traditions of German impressionism.
• Peak of popularity 1940s and 1950s.
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Film noir
• Atmosphere of desperation and paranoia.• No happy ending.• Authority questioned: corrupt policemen,
soldiers or politicians.• Beautiful seducers – femmes fatales.• Main characters: lonely types often criminals.• Urban setting
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City spaces
• shot on location rather than sets build in the studio (previously dominant form).
• Use of authentic spaces.• Lighter, faster cameras.
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Neorealism
• Italian movement – first significant development in the post-war European cinema.
• Movement of huge importance and impact:– Cesare Zavattini– Vittorio De Sica– Roberto Rosselini (Rome, Open City)– Luchino Visconti
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Neorealism
• On location shooting.• Use of non-professional actors.• Working life characters and
communities.• Telling story through take rather
than cut.• Sense of defeat and exploitation –
social conscience.• sympathy for the common people
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Bicycle Thieves
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1950s the Hitchcock Era
• Alfred Hitchcock – one of the most famous directors ever.
• Master of Suspense• famous for meticulous
storyboarding.• The advent of colour• slow adaptation of the
new technology: coexistence/