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ACTIVITY REPORT

DIVISION 1

COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L’ECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION

ON ILLUMINATION

INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION

VISION AND COLOUR

March 2013

Director: Prof Ronnier Luo (GB)

Assoc Director – Vision Dr Miyoshi Ayama (JP)

Assoc. Director – Colour Dr Ellen Carter (US)

Editor Dr Phil Green (GB)

Secretary Dr Michael Pointer (GB) mrpointer@btinternet.com

This report presents an overview of the status of CIE Division 1 - Vision and Colour since the last Activity Report that was issued in February 2012. CIE Division 1 held its annual meeting in Taipei, Taiwan on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, 26-28 September 2012: this followed the very successful AIC 2012 interim meeting. Included in this time was a Colour Science Symposium attended by nearly 100 industrialists and students. The location of the meetings was the International Building of the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. Five Technical Committees held meetings as well as the full Division 1 meeting. As always at these events, there was time for networking to meet old friends, and to make new ones, as well as a social programme with an event each evening: CIE Division 1 expresses its thanks to the CIE organisation of Taiwan for entertaining us to dinner.

The Division meeting was attended by all 5 Division officers, representatives of 12 of the 37 member countries, 14 TC chairs and reporters, and approximately 20 guests.

The following Technical Committees met in Taipei: TC1-61 Categorical colour identification TC1-81 Validity of formulae for predicting small colour differences TC1-82 The calculation of colour matching functions as a function of age and field size TC1-84 Definition of visual field for conspicuity TC1-86 Models of colour emotion and harmony

The following activities were closed in Taipei: TC1-37 Supplementary system of photometry TC1-60 Contrast sensitivity function TC1-87 New aspects of colour rendering R1-54 Variability in colour-matching functions R1-55 Enhancement of images for colour defective observers

And the following activities were started in Taipei: TC1-89 Enhancement of images for colour defective observers: Po-Cheih Hung JP TC1-90 Colour fidelity index: Hirohisa Yaguchi JP TC1-91 New methods for evaluating the colour quality of white-light sources: Yandan Lin CN R1-58 Liaison with ISO TC130 Graphic Technology: Phil Green GB

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In addition, since the Taipei meeting, a further new TC has been approved by the Division and is currently seeking CIE Board approval:

Title: TC1-XX Skin colour database

Terms of Reference 1. To investigate the uncertainty in skin colour measurement and to recommend protocols

for good measurement practice. 2. To tabulate skin colour measurements that accord with these protocols covering different

ethnicity, gender, age and body location.

Chairman: Kaida Xiao CN

This establishment of this TC was approved by all 25 of the member countries who responded. We now await the CIE Board Approval when a number will be allocated. As a result of this action R1-56 Skin Colour Database should be considered closed.

The following Division 1 publications have appeared during the last year: CIE 200:2012: CIE Supplementary System of Photometry CIEDS 014-6/E:2012: Joint ISO/CIE Standard: CIE Colorimetry – Part 6: CIEDE2000 Colour-Difference Formula

A summary of the status of each of the Technical Committees in Division 1 is included in this report together with summaries from the Reporters and Liaisons. The reports from the Vision Section are presented first, followed by those from the Colour Section and then the Liaison reports.

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VISION SECTION: TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

TC1-36 (V) Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiologically Significant Axes

Established: 1991

Terms of Reference:

To establish a chromaticity diagram of which the coordinates correspond to physiologically significant axes.

Chairman: F Viénot FR

Members: D MacLeod US, JD Mollon GB, JD Moreland GB, Y Nakano JP, J Pokorny US,

LT Sharpe DE, A Stockman GB, A Valberg NO, PL Walraven NL, J Wold NO

Consultants: H Scheibner DE, P Trezona GB, and H Yaguchi JP

Part I of the report has been published under the reference CIE Document 170-1:2006. Part II (Chapters 6 and 7) is being prepared.

Chapter 6 "Photometric aspects; the choice of the spectral luminous efficiency functions VLM(λ) and VLM,10(λ)” and chapter 7.1 “The MacLeod-Boynton Chromaticity Diagram” were completed in 2011.

At the end of 2011, inconsistencies between the numerical values of the matrices that control the derivation of an XYZ-like system from the cone fundamentals, and the tabulated values, were found. These have been carefully checked. The number of decimal places of the terms of the matrices and the number of significant figures of the tabulated values have been adjusted so as to ensure agreement between the result of the linear transform and the tabulated values.

F

F

F

( 1,94735469 -1,41445123 0,36476327 (

( 0,68990272 0,34832189 ( 0

( 1,93485343 (0 0

x l

y m

z s

10F,10

10F,10

10F,10

( ) 1,93986443 -1,34664359 0,43044935 ( )

( ) 0,69283932 0,34967567 ( ) 0

( ) 2,14687945 ( )0 0

x l

y m

z s

The 2° and 10° spectral fundamental chromaticity coordinates are calculated from the tabulated fundamental tristimulus values. Since the tabulated fundamental tristimulus values are rounded (to 7 significant figures), the spectral fundamental chromaticity coordinates calculated directly from the cone fundamentals may differ slightly from those given in the tables.

All tables can be downloaded from the cvrl website: www.cvrl.org

The report will be sent to the TC members for voting, and then to the Division Editor.

TC1-42 (V) Color Appearance in Peripheral Vision

Established: 1993

Terms of Reference:

To prepare a technical report on color appearance zones for colored lights in terms of unique hues in peripheral vision.

Chairman: M Ayama JP

Members: I Abramov US, M Ayama JP, H Chan US, G Derefeldt SE, L Eriksson SE,

L MacDonald GB, K Okajima JP, A Yujiri JP

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The Technical Report for TC voting had been distributed to the members, and 5 members among 6 voted in favor. After some editorial revisions, the TR will be sent to the Division for voting.

TC1-67 (V) The Effects of Dynamic and Stereo Visual Images on Human Health

Established: 2005

Terms of Reference:

To write a technical report on the physiological and psychophysical effects of dynamic and stereo visual images in terms of photosensitive seizures, visually induced motion sickness and eyestrain.

Chairman: H Ujike JP

Members: Jelte Bos NL, Graham F A Harding GB, Peter A Howarth GB, Tohru Kiryu JP, Ken Sagawa JP, Richard H Y So HK, Brian Tansley CA, Arnold Wilkins GB, Makoto Yoshizawa JP

The draft of Technical Report for photo-sensitive seizures developed by the editorial group in this TC is under revision in terms of readability, which will be circulated among the members. Moreover, it was determined that the draft will be consulted in terms of some of the content with the BOA, before submission.

TC1-78 (V) Evaluation of Visual Performance in the Real Lit Environment

Established: 2009

Terms of Reference:

To investigate and report on current research on visual performance that

relates to psycho-physical and physiological measurements in the real lit

environment, and to produce a plan for future work.

Chairman: Monica Billger SE

Members: Steve Fotios GB, Frédéric Leloup BE, M. Ronnier Luo GB, Barbara Matusiak NO,

Yoshiki Nakamura JP, Wouter Ryckaert BE, Monica Säter, SE, Jan Wienold DE,

Mark Rea US, Dragon Sekulovski NL, Ingrid Vogel NL

In Taipei, the Chairman of this Technical Committee informed the Division that she wished to resign. The Division officers are seeking a new chairman; otherwise the TC will be closed in 2013.

TC1-80 (V) Research Methods for Psychophysical Studies of Brightness Judgements

Established: 2010

Terms of Reference:

1. To document the correlation between performance on colour matching, colour discrimination, colour naming, and colour deficiency tests and factors such as variation in the peak spectral sensitivity of the M and L cones, density of the lens, density of macular pigment, variation in the optical density of the cones, L to M cone ratio, rod intrusion, illumination level, stimulus size, gender, stimulus duration and identify any substantive gaps in the existing literature.

2. Using the above database, develop a model or models that will allow the prediction of the effect of the above factors on colour discrimination, colour matching, and colour naming performance.

Chairman: Steve Fotios

Members: Alan Chan HK, Ulrich Engelke NL, Peter Hanselaer BE, Kevin Houser US, Ásta Logadóttir DK, Balazs Nagy HU, Keith Niall CN, Osvaldo da Pos IT, David Simmons GB, Lou Tassinary US, Jan Vanrie BE, Minchen (Tommy) Wei US, Martijn Withouck BE

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This TC was approved in March 2010 at the Vienna meeting. Meetings held: 1. September 2010: 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on Appearance (Ghent, Belgium). 2. July 2011: 27th Session (Sun City, South Africa) 3. September 2012: CIE conference in Hangzhou (note; very informal as only 3 people present;

made plans as to how to respond to feedback on the latest draft).

There are 14 members, including the chairman, and these have backgrounds in both lighting and psychology: PhD students have been encouraged to join. This group has been reduced from the earlier list of ~20 people to include only those who have made contributions to the work, e.g. responded to requests for comments/feedback on draft reports.

Progress to date:

Definition of spatial brightness.

Report part 1: procedures. Draft circulated to classify the four main experimental procedures that have been used in previous research of spatial brightness and to describe precautions needed when employing these. Feedback received.

Report part 2: conditions. Draft circulated to discuss test conditions (field size, field complexity, evaluation mode etc). Feedback received.

Final report: containing discussion of procedures and test conditions, simplified guidance for best practise, and an extensive list of further work.

Statistics. Good statistical understanding is essential. However, we have not been able to identify any candidates for writing these notes. In order to achieve a completed report that provides some useful information, discussion of statistics will be omitted from the final report and listed as an essential item for further work.

The latest draft was circulated on 10th December 2012, in preparation for a TC meeting at the Paris 2013 mid-term session, giving the final year for the approvals processes.

TC1-82 (V) The Calculation of Colour Matching Functions as a Function of Age and Field Size

Established: 2010

Terms of Reference:

1. Following on from CIE Technical Report 170, to recommend a procedure for calculating XYZ-like colour marching functions from cone fundamentals, as a function of age and field size.

2. To deliver a computer programme for the calculations.

Chairman: Jan-Henrik Wold NO

Members: C F Andersen NO, M Brill US, M Fairchild US, H Fairman US, I Farup NO, C Li CN,

K Richter DE, F Viénot FR, M Withouk BE, Y Yamuchi JP

While waiting for the final decisions of the TC1-36 (agreement achieved just recently), some of the committee members have continued preliminary studies on the following:

development of a general procedure for optimization of spectral functions using a fixed number of significant digits (necessary for proper computations of the colour matching functions)

implementation of the TC1-36 procedure for derivation of the L-, M- and S-cone fundamentals as

functions of age and field size, i.e. the functions age, fieldsize( )l , age, fieldsize ( )m and age, fieldsize( )s

derivation of a concept for determination of the weighting factors L, age, fieldsize and M, age, fieldsize to be

used in the linear combination of the age and field size dependent cone fundamentals age, fieldsize( )l

and age, fieldsize ( )m into the age and field size dependent spectral luminous efficiency function

LM, age, fieldsize ( )V .

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development of a procedure (morphing) for determination of the reference curves to be used as target curves in the optimization of the age and field size dependent spectral fundamental

chromaticity coordinates F, age, fieldsize ( )x and F, age, fieldsize ( )y .

development of a preliminary computer program, written in the Python programming language (freeware), in which XYZ-like color matching functions are calculated as a function of age and field size.

Committee meeting:

September 26 2012 CIE Div. 1 meeting, Taipei 2012

Attendees TC members: Klaus Richter DE, Françoise Viénot FR, Jan Henrik Wold NO Observers: Myioshi Ayama JP, Ellen Carter US, Andrew Chalmers NZ, Takayoshi Fuchida JP, John Philip Green UK, Po Chieh Hung JP, Jisoo Hwang KR, Francisco Imai US, Yoshie Imai JP, Taiichiro Ishida JP, Chan-Su Lee KR, Ronnier Luo UK/TW, Aimi Mochinaga JP, Yoko Mozokami JP, Lorne Whitehead CA, Kaida Xiao UK, Hiroshira Yaguchi JP.

In the meeting, the main concepts of the study were presented together with a brief demonstration of a preliminary computer program (see above). In the subsequent discussion, it was considered / suggested:

to include, for comparison, options for plotting the CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 chromaticity diagrams.

to restrict the age parameter to 20‒70 years (or 20‒60 years) to include, for the stimuli represented on the purple line, options for tabulating tristimulus

values and chromaticity coordinates as a function of complementary wavelength. to offer a MatLab plugin and Excel macros (in addition to a main web application) to offer a variety of file formats for the data computed.

The further progress of the committee work will be discussed at the next TC meeting, to be held in Paris, April 17 2013 (CIE midterm meeting).

TC1-83 (V) Visual Aspects of Time-Modulated Lighting Systems

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

1. To investigate and report on current research on the perception of visual artifacts of temporally modulated lighting systems, including flicker, the stroboscopic effect, ghosting, and digital artifacts.

2. Design methodology and gather data on the visibility of temporal artifacts.

3. Build a model for the visibility of temporal artifacts and their dependence on environmental, demographical and lighting parameters.

Chairman: Dragan Sekulovski NL

Members: Chan-Su Lee KR, Tsung-Xian Lee TW, Malgorzata Perz NL, Andy Bao-Jen Pong TW, Michael Poplawski US, Lorne Whitehead CA, Arnold Wilkins UK

There was limited activity in the TC in 2012. After the CIE Division 1 Meeting in Taipei, the membership of the TC was finalized. A conference publication with the definitions of different temporal artefacts and comparison of models for their visibility is in preparation. Links were made to the IEEE PAR1789, IEC and Energy Star.

TC1-84 (V) Definition of Visual Field for Conspicuity

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

To define and classify functional visual fields for universal tasks and develop guidelines for the layout of visual information to increase the visibility of visual signs, displays and markings.

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Chairman: Nana Itoh JP

Members:

No report.

TC1-88 (V) Scene Brightness Estimation

Established: 2012

Terms of Reference:

1. To investigate current research on brightness estimation methods using a calibrated luminance image of a real indoor scene

2. To compare brightness estimations of real indoor scenes with those predicted 3. To recommend a method to predict the brightness of specified regions of a

scene from a luminance image of that scene

Chairman: Yoshiki Nakamura JP

Members:

No report.

TC1-89 (V) Enhancement of Images for Colour Defective Observers

Established: 2012

Terms of Reference:

To study, evaluate and recommend image enhancing techniques for colour defective observers and to provide a test procedure for the evaluation of those techniques.

Chairman: Po-Chieh Hung JP

Members: M Ayama JP, H Chen TW, L Fernandes BR, Y Ichihara JP, G Kuhn BR, R Lenz SE, R Mochizuki JP, M Oliveira BR, G Sharma US, F Viénot FR, Y Yoshikawa JP

This Technical Committee was approved in the Div. 1 meeting, Taipei, in September 2012, was approved by the Board of Administration in November 2012, and was formally activated in January 2013. The future plan will be discussed in the first meeting to be held in early 2013.

JTC1 Standard on Mesopic Photometry and Guidelines for Defining Photometric Values in the Mesopic Region

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

1. To investigate adaptation and viewing conditions in outdoor lighting.

2. To define lighting applications where mesopic photometry should be used.

3. To provide methods and guidelines for calculating photometric values in the mesopic region to prepare a standard on a system of mesopic photometry

Chairman: Liisa Halonen FI

Members:

This cross-division TC is now established.

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VISION SECTION: REPORTERS

R1-40 (V) Scene Dynamic Range

Established: 2006

Terms of Reference:

To investigate the concept of scene dynamic range, the appearance of colors brighter than the adapted white, and adaptation to the dynamic range when viewing, and make recommendations regarding work to be done by the CIE.

Reporter: J Holm US

No report.

R1-49 (V) Above-threshold Pulsed Lights

Established: 2009

Terms of Reference:

To review methods for photometric prediction of the brightness and colour of supra-threshold pulsed signal lights.

Reporter: Ian Tutt GB & Dennis Couzin US

No report.

R1-51 (V) Reconciling Maxwell vs. Maximum Saturation Colour Matches

Established: 2010

Terms of Reference:

1. To examine the CIE TR 185 rod-cone model.

2. To examine the viability of the uniqueness of stimulus C for a Maxwell match.

3. To examine the hypothesis of pigment-bleaching distinction between the matching methods.

4. To examine in u’v’ space the Wyszecki & Stiles reported discrepancy of the spectrum loci to assess the significance of the difference.

5. To consider the recommendation of a new TC to carry out further study.

Reporter: Michael Brill US

No report.

R1-57 (V) Border Between Luminous and Blackish Colours

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

Study the literature which determines by psycho-physical and physiological experiments the colour border between luminous and blackish colours in white surrounds.

Reporter: Thorstein Seim NO

No report.

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COLOUR SECTION: TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

TC1-55 (C) Uniform Colour Space for Industrial Colour Difference Evaluation

Established: 1999

Terms of Reference:

To devise a new uniform color space for industrial color-difference evaluation using existing experimental data.

Chairman: M Melgosa ES

Members: Members: D Alman US, R Berns US, E Carter US, G Cui GB,

M D Fairchild US, R Kuehni US, M R Luo GB, J Nobbs GB, C Oleari IT,

M R Pointer GB, D Rich US, K Richter DE, B Rigg (GB), A R Robertson CA,

J Romero ES, G Rösler DE, M Vik CZ, K Witt DE, J H Xin CN, and

H Yaguchi JP

Advisor: R Huertas ES

No report.

TC1-57 (C) Standards in Colorimetry

Established: 2000

Terms of Reference:

To prepare a series of CIE/ISO/IEC Standards that describe:

1. The method of calculating CIE tristimulus values and chromaticity co-ordinates

2. A uniform colour space and its associated metrics

3. A formula for industrial colour difference evaluation

Chairman: AR Robertson CA

Members: P Alessi US, JA Bristow SE, J Campos Acosta ES, R Connelly US, JF Decarreau FR,

R Harold US, R Hirschler HU, H Ikeda JP, B Jordan CA, C Kim KR, D McDowell US,

P McGinley AU, Y Ohno US, MR Pointer UK, K Richter DE, G Roesler DE,

JD Schanda HU, R Sève FR, K Witt DE, H Yaguchi JP, J Zwinkels CA

Liaisons IEC TC100/TA2, H Ikeda; ISO TC 6, B Jordan; ISO TC35/SC9/WG22, G Roesler;

ISO TC38/SC1/WG7(UK), M Pointer; ISO TC38/SC1/WG7(US), R Harold;

ISO TC42, D. McDowell; ISO TC130, D. McDowell; ISO/IEC/JTC1/SC28, K Richter

TC 1-57 is responsible for the preparation of four CIE Standards: S 014-3 Colorimetry – Part 3: Calculation of CIE tristimulus values S 014-4 Colorimetry – Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space S 014-5 Colorimetry – Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space and u', v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram S 014-6 Colorimetry – Part 6: CIEDE2000 colour-difference formula

Part 4 (CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space) has been approved and was published in September 2007 as CIE Standard S 014-4/E:2007. In addition, it has been approved by ISO and published as ISO 11664-4:2008(E).

Part 5 (CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space and u', v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram) has been approved and was published in March 2009 as CIE Standard S 014-5/E:2009. It has been approved by ISO and published as ISO 11664-5:2009(E).

Part 3 (Calculation of CIE tristimulus values) has been approved and was published in July 2011 as CIE Standard S 014-3/E:2011. It has been approved by ISO and published as ISO 11664-3:2012(E).

Part 6 (CIEDE2000 colour-difference formula) has been approved by the TC, D1 and the BA. It was

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sent to the National Committees for comments on 30 April 2012. A few comments were received and an edited version was sent to the National Committees for final voting on 18 December 2012. The deadline is 18 February 2013.

TC1-61 (C) Categorical Colour Identification

Established: 2001

Terms of Reference:

To prepare a report describing a color categorization map for the photopic and mesopic illumination levels.

Chairman: T Ishida JP

Members: N Johnson US, K Okajima JP, M Pointer UK, L Ronchi IT, K Sagawa JP, J Schanda HU,

H Shinoda JP, O Da Pos IT, MR Luo UK, H Yaguchi JP, F Viénot FR(observer)

The TC met in Taipei on Sept. 27, 2012. It was agreed that we would prepare the 3rd draft report including: (1) colour categorization data obtained by Sturges and Whitefield (1995) in the final data section, (2) final data mapped on the CIELAB color space, (3) summary and recommendation section. The meeting agreed to complete the report by the end of 2012, but the chair is still preparing it.

TC1-63 (C) Validity of the Range of CIEDE2000

Established: 2001

Terms of Reference:

Terms of To investigate the application of the CIEDE2000 equation at threshold, and to CIELAB colour differences greater than 5 units.

Chairman: K Richter DE

Members: P. Alessi US, K.R. Gegenfurtner DE, T. Holtsmark NO, M.R. Luo GB, M. Melgosa ES,

Y. Nakano JP, J. Nobbs GB, C. Oleari IT, D. Rich US, J. Schanda HU, T. Seim NI,

M.Vik CZ, P. Walraven NL, H. Yaguchi JP

A first CIE draft of a proposed Technical Report of TC1-63 with the following content is still under work. 1. Terms of reference 2. Test charts and CIELAB data for the study of large colour differences 3. Results from different countries (CZ, DE, ES, GB) 4. Standard deviation and correlation in terms of stress values 5. Results for small colour differences (Kittelmann, Witt, Melgosa, Luo) 6. Standard deviation and correlation in terms of stress values 7. Discussion of the results 8. Summary 9. References Workplan (timeframe): First draft of a Technical report (Chairman and Members): June 2013 Second draft which includes Comments of Committee Members: September 2013 Draft for voting by Committee Members of TC1-63: January 2014 Draft for voting by CIE Division 1: April 2014 Publication: 2014

TC1-64 (C) Terminology for Vision, Colour and Appearance

Established: 2003

Terms of Reference:

To monitor the terminology requirements of Division 1 including the revision of the present ILV terms and the addition of new terms.

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Chairman: S. McFadden CA

Members: E Carter US, O Da Pos IT, M Pointer GB, J Schanda, HU, and Manuel Melgosa SP

A draft report incorporating all of the terms where there is general agreement has been completed and circulated to members. After the January 31st deadline for reviewing the report, a second draft will be prepared and circulated for members to vote on. If approved, the report will be sent to the Division Editor. The report has also been passed to Division 2 because several of the terms require their input.

Based on comments received during the second round of discussion, the remaining terms were divided into two groups by the chair – terms where consensus appeared possible and terms where consensus was unlikely or the TC lacked the necessary expertise. A revised definition was prepared for those terms in the first group and sent to members for further comments. The second group of terms was also sent to members with the recommendation that they be removed from further consideration at this time.

TC1-68 (C) Effect of Stimulus Size on Colour Appearance

Established: 2005

Terms of Reference:

To compare the appearance of small (<2) and large(>20) uniform stimuli on a neutral background.

Chairman: P. Bodrogi HU

Members: P Alessi US, KF Anter SE, EC Carter US, I-P Chen TW, O da Pos IT, CS Kim KR,

G Kutas HU, MR Luo GB, M Nicholson GB, T Nilsson CA, K Sagawa JP,

J Schanda HU, R Ûnver TR, F Viénot FR, K Xiao KR

Advisor: G. Derefeldt SE

The Draft Technical Report has been sent out for Committee Ballot. It is waiting for acceptance. Once accepted, it will be sent to the CIE Cental Bureau for publication.

TC1-69 (C) Colour Rendition by White Light Sources

Established: 2006

Terms of Reference:

To investigate new methods for assessing the color rendition properties of white-light sources used for illumination, including solid-state light sources, with the goal of recommending new assessment procedures.

Chairman: Wendy Davis US

Members: Richard Young US, Ronnier Luo GB, Changsoon Kim KR, Peter Bodrogi HU,

Danny Rich US, Yoshi Ohno US, Ferenc Szabó HU, János Schanda HU,

Emil Radkov US, Hirohisa Yaguchi JP, Peter van der Burgt NL, Boris Shugaev RU,

Kenjiro Hashimoto JP, Robert Hirschler HU, Danielle Ferreira de Oliveira BR,

Ian Ashdown CA, Osvaldo da Pos IT, Cheng Li GB, Andrew Jackson US,

Günther Heidel DE, Ronald Daubach US, Ulrich Binder DE, Werner Jordan DE,

Rolf Bergman US, Peter Hanselaer BE, Klaus Richter DE, Maria Thompson US,

Sophie Boissard FR, Françoise Viénot FR, Katalin Toth HU, Kevin Smet BE,

Nicolas Pousser FR, Tadashi Yano JP, Andreas Kraushaar DE, Takayoshi Fuchida JP,

Kevin Dowling US, Lorne Whitehead CA, Jean Paul Fressinier US, Mark Rea US

No report.

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TC1-70 (C) Metameric Samples for Indoor Daylight Evaluation

Established: 2007

Terms of Reference:

To investigate the derivation of a set of metameric samples to enable the evaluation of indoor daylight simulators

Chairman: B Kránicz HU

Members: Péter Bodrogi DE, Robert Hirschler HU, Danny Rich US, Patrick Rombauts BE, Alexander Rosemann CA, János Schanda HU

No report.

TC1-71 (C) Tristimulus Integration

Established: 2007

Terms of Reference:

To investigate methods for computing weighting tables for the calculation of tristimulus values from abridged data.

Chairman: C Li CN

Members: J Campos Acosta ES, M Brill US, H Fairman US, B Jordan CA, Y Ohno US, C Oleari IT,

MR Pointer UK, AR Robertson CA, G Roessler DE, J Schanda HU, R Seve FR,

G Wang CN

Progress 1. Two methods for computing weighting tables based on Oleari’s local power expansion have

been considered. They are the zero-order and second-order methods. The full paper was published by Journal of Optical Society of America. A, Vol. 28, No. 11 / November 2011, pages 2243-2252, authored by Changjun Li, Claudio Oleari , Manuel Melgosa (Spain) and Yang Xu. This work will make the comprehensive comparison on methods selected by the TC much easier.

2. Two sets of 1nm data were obtained. The first set was provided by Danny Rich. This set is the Pantone reflectance data at 1nm intervals between 360nm and 780nm. It has 1099 plus 28 samples. There are 28 samples having reflectance values greater than 1, which are definitely the fluorescent samples. A second set was provided by Mike Pointer. This set has 60 samples between 360nm and 780nm at 1nm intervals.

3. Preliminary testing This part of the work was done by the TC Chair and his students.

This test used the first set of the 1nm data. In this test, the least squares method (referred to as the Li-Wang-Luo method), the optimum weighting tables (the Li-Luo-Rigg method), the zero- and second-order weighting tables and the ASTM Int. weighting tables of Table 5 and Table 6 were tested. Comparison results have shown the least squares method is the best for 10nm intervals and is competitive with the Li-Luo-Rigg method and is better than all the other methods for 20nm intervals. A paper is in preparation based on this test.

Further testing is planned for next four months (Jan-May, 2013). Comprehensive testing will be conducted, and the following methods will be compared: 1. Direct Selection; 2. CIE-R method (interpolating measured reflectance into 1nm data and then use the 1nm

summation formula); 3. ASTM Table 5; 4. ASTM Table 6; 5. Optimum Method (Li-Luo-Rigg); 6. Least Square Method (Li-Wang-Luo); 7. Zero-Order method(based on Oleari’s work);

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8. Second-Order method(based on Oleari’s work).

Based on the test results and discussions among members, the TC report will be written (June 2013-Dec 2013). It is hoped that finally a single method will be recommended for computing tristimulus values and the TC closed by the end of next year.

To complete the TC work this year, it is expected that Technical Report (draft 2) will be completed by the Chair and ready for discussion among members in August this year and final Technical Report will be ready by the end of 2012.

TC1-73 (C) Real Colour Gamuts

Established: 2007

Terms of Reference:

To recommend a gamut representative of real (non-fluorescent) surface colours and defined by associated spectral reflectance data.

Chairman: C Li CN

Members: P Alessi US, Maeng-Sub Cho, MR Luo GB, F Martinez-Verdu ES, Jan Morovic,

M R Pointer GB, Jin-Seo Kim KR, K Richter DE, Krisztián Samu HU, Pei-Li Sun TW

Observers: Ellen C Carter US, Siu-Kei Tin

Li CJ, Luo MR, Pointer MR, Green PJ have done some research on generating colour gamuts. Two papers are in preparation. a) Object Colour Gamuts, Reflectance Data and Comparisons; b) A Set of New Gamut for Object Colours The first paper reviews available gamuts and compares them with the accumulated real data sets. Results have shown that available gamuts do not represent real data well. The second paper presents new gamut in terms of L*, C* and h under a fixed illuminant/observer and in terms of reflectance functions.

Time Scale Jan 2013 – June 2013: Further evaluate the new gamut developed by Li, Luo, Pointer , and Green. Is this gamut good enough? If not, developing a new methodology to improve it and finally gave a new gamut. A MSc student at University of Science and Technology Liaoning will take on this task. Results will be reported to TC members in due course. July 2013 – June 2014. In this period, a technical report will be completed. To this aim, the chair will write a draft first and further modifications will be based on the discussions and suggestions by the TC members. It is hoped that the TC can be closed by the end of June 2014, if not earlier.

TC1-74 (C) Methods for Re-defining CIE D Illuminants

Established: 2009

Terms of Reference:

To investigate the issue of smoothing the values of the D illuminants such as described in CIE 15:2004 Appendix C and to propose the calculation methods for new definitions of the D Illuminants.

Chairman: Janos Schanda HU

Members: Hugh Fairman US, Robert Hirschler HU, Balázs Kránicz HU, Changjun Li CN,

Yoshi Ohno US, Danny Rich US

The draft passes the first round of comments and is now out for BA/Div voting. The deadline for voting is 2013-01-19.

TC1-75 (C) A Comprehensive Model of Colour Appearance

Established: 2009

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Terms of Reference:

To derive colour appearance models that include prediction of the appearance of coloured stimuli viewed in typical laboratory conditions that 1) appear as unrelated colours, 2) are viewed under illumination down to scotopic levels and 3) include consideration of varying size of stimulus.

Chairman: Ronnier Luo UK

Members: R. W. G. Hunt GB, M. Fairchild US, N. Morony US, C. Y. Fu CN, C. Li CN,

K. D. Xiao CN, Y. S. Kwak SK, S. Y. Choi SK, H. Yaguchi JP

A paper was accepted for publication by Color Research and Application [1] in dealing with unrelated colours under photopic and scotopic vision. Also, a book chapter by Luo and Li [2]. was written, which describes the extension of CIECAM02 to predict the two effects investigated in this TC. The reverse model is also under development. The Collaboration tool notification will be carried out this year.

Reference 1. C. Y. Fu, M. R. Luo, C. J. Li, G. H. Cui, R. W. G. Hunt and M. R. Pointer, An investigation of colour

appearance for unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic vision, Color Res. Appl., 36 (2011)in press.

2. M. R. Luo and C. J. Li, Chapter 3. CIECAM02 and its recent developments, C. Fernandez (Eds), Advanced color image processing and analysis, Springer, 261-294 2012, in press.

TC1-76 (C) Unique Hue Data

Established: 2009

Terms of Reference:

To study and report on unique hue data, including an analysis of the scatter of those data: this to include practical viewing conditions.

Chairman: Sophie Wuerger GB

Members: Miyoshi Ayama JP, Rolf Kuehni US, Katsurnori Okajima JP, Galina Paramei GB,

Renzo Shamey US, Vicki Volbrecht US, Michael Webster US, Kaida Xiao GB

No report.

TC1-77 (C) Improvement of the CIE Whiteness and Tint Equations

Established: 2009

Terms of Reference:

To recommend improvements or modifications to the existing CIE Equations for Whiteness and Tint to extend their scope of application to a wider range of instrument conditions and white materials; e.g. various tints and levels of fluorescence.

Chairman: Robert Hirschler HU

Members: M Ayama JP, M Brill US, E Carter US, D Chen CN, R Connelly US, D Fleming US,

P Green GB, P Hubner DE, K Imura JP, B Jordan CA, R Luo GB, D Oliveira BR,

C Puebla DE, D Rich US, P Robertson US, W Schlenker DE, R Sève FR,

T Shakespeare FI, C Silva BR, A Springsteen US, K Wobser DE, D Wyble US, Z Xu CN,

J Zwinkels CA

Advisors: S Hossein IR, R Harold US, R Jafari IR

Activities in 2012

1. Shendye, Aksoy, Fleming and Joyce presented a paper at the Peer Reviewed Coating and Graphic Arts Section of TAPPI at PaperCon 2012 in New Orleans, April 22-25 on Psychophysical tests for Visual-Numerical Correlation of Whiteness Formulas; stating that the previously published

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Fleming-Aksoy whiteness formula shows much better visual-numerical correlation than the current CIE whiteness formula.

2. Lin, Shamey and Hinks published a paper in JOSA (29, 2289-2299, 2012) on Factors affecting the whiteness of optically brightened material. They concluded, that “The performance of the CIE WI and the Uchida whiteness models against perceptual results was found to be modest, and results showed that the CIE WI correlated slightly better under both D65 and D75 illumination conditions.

3. Hirschler, Oliveira and Azevedo submitted a paper for the 23rd IFATCC congress (Budapest, 8-10 May 2013) on Whiteness determination of optically brightened textiles. Conclusions drawn from their preliminary results (based on a rather limited number of samples):

a. The differences between SPEX and SPIN measurements for Spectralon and textile specimens are very small, in the order of 1 CIE W10 unit and about 0.5 CIE Tw,10 units. The selection of the measurement geometry (SPIN or SPEX) has thus to be based on other consideration, such as the reproducibility of the measurements between different instrument models.

b. The differences between the 45°:0° nominal values and the SPIN and SPEX measured values of the Spectralon transfer standard are in the order of ± 0.5 CIE W10 units, it may thus not be necessary to apply a geometric correction when transferring nominal data from the national standardizing laboratories to the industrial users.

4. David Chen’s PhD thesis has been submitted to the University of Leeds (supervisor M. Ronnier Luo) on Colour Measurement of Sample Containing Fluorescent Whitening Agent; it will be defended (and subsequently published) in 2013.

5. Hirschler, Oliveira and Azevedo have started research on The effect of calibration on the inter-instrument agreement in whiteness measurements: CIE or Ganz-Griesser? Comparative measurements are performed on 8 industrial spectrophotometers, involving over 40 PTFE, ceramic, textile, paper and plastic samples. A paper will be presented at the AIC 2013 Congress (8-12 July 2013, Newcastle).

Publications will be distributed among TC members as they become available, and discussed at the next TC meeting in Leeds (July 2013) prior to the AIC Congress.

TC1-81 (C) Validity of Formulae for Predicting Small Colour Differences

Established: 2010

Terms of Reference:

1. To evaluate available formulae for small colour differences (<~2.0 CIELAB).

2. To define a visual threshold colour difference.

Chairman: Klaus Richter DE

Members: S Bracko SI, MR Luo GB, M Melgosa ES, G Roesler DE, T Seim NO

There was a meeting of CIE TC1-81 members and other CIE members during the CIE Division 1 meeting in September 2012 in Taipeh/Taiwan. The chairman reported about available formulae for small colour differences and some reasons between the different metric for visual threshold and large colour differences.

The following experimental threshold data and physiological models are main sources for a draft Report of TC1-81:

1. The book "Perception of Colour" by R. M. Evans (1974), Wiley 2. The Ph. D. thesis of P. Kittelmann (2010), see (132 pages, 9,8 MB),

http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2010/2634/ 3. The book "Computer Graphics and Colorimetry (in German)" by K. Richter (1996), VDE-Verlag,

see (288 pages, 2,6 Mbyte), see http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/BUA4BF.PDF 4. The booklet "Colour and color vision - Elementary colours in colour image technology (in English,

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German and other languages (intended), see http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/color 5. Valberg, A. and Holtsmark, T. (1971), Similarity between JND-curves for complementary optimal

colours, In: Color Metrics, AIC, Soesterberg, TNO, 58-68 6. Valberg, A. (2005), Light Vision Color, Wiley, 462 pages

There are different experimental data sets in the field of visual thresholds and formula for predicting small colour differences. First preliminary results are produced in 2012. The chairman appreciates further experimental data sets and formula to be considered in the Report CIE TC1-81. In 2013 meetings of TC1-81 are planed during the CIE Division Meetings in Paris (April) and Leeds (July).

Workplan (Timeframe): Study and analysis of more colorimetric and physiological models and experimental data at threshold (Chairman and members): July 2013 First draft of a Technical Report (Chairman and Members): April 2014 Second draft which includes Comments of Committee Members: September 2014 Draft for voting by Committee Members of TC1-81: January 2015 Draft for voting by CIE Division 1: April 2015 Publication: 2015

TC1-85 (C) Update CIE Publication 15:2004 Colorimetry

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

To update CIE Publication 15:2004 taking into consideration the current

CIE/ISO standards on colorimetry and the work of TC1-36 Fundamental

Chromaticity Diagram with Physiologically Significant Axes

Chairman: Janos Schanda HU

Members: Francoise Viénot FR, Alan Robertson CA, Mike Pointer GB, Hirohisa Yaguchi GB,

Ellen Carter US

No report.

TC1-86 (C) Models of Colour Emotion and Harmony

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

To recommend models of colour emotion and harmony based on existing psychophysical data obtained by different research groups or networks for applications in the colour design area.

Chairman: Li Chen Ou TW

Members: M. Ronnier Luo GB, Osvaldo Da Pos IT, Tetsuya Sato JP, Shing-Sheng Guan TW, Suchitra Sueeprasan TH, Rafael Huertas ES, Ferenc Szabó HU, John Hutchings GB, Tien-Rein Lee TW, Wen-Yuan Lee TW

Advisor: Mike Pointer GB

Current progress:

A communication post "Request for existing experiental datasets on colour emotion and colour harmony" has been published in Color Research and Application in June 2012.

The first TC meeting has been held during the Division 1 Meetings September 2012 in Taipei, Taiwan.

A forum for discussing the use of "colour emotion" for the TC has been set up at the CIE Collaboration Tool.

A request has been sent to TC members to submit existing psychophysical data of colour emotion and colour harmony via the CIE Collaboration Tool.

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The original work programme has been revised into a more realistic time schedule:

2013 Jan – Jun Collecting existing experimental data of colour emotion and colour harmony Jul – Dec Developing new models of colour emotion and colour harmony

2014 Jan – Mar Refinement of new models Apr – Sep First draft of TC report Oct – Dec Second draft of TC report

2015 Jan – Mar Final version of TC report

TC1-87 (C) New Aspects of Colour Rendering

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

To investigate available methods for assessing the colour rendering capabilities of all types of white light source with a view to possibly recommending a new assessment index or indices.

Chairman: Mike Pointer GB

Members:

No report.

TC1-91 (C) New Methods for Evaluating the Colour Quality of White-Light Sources

Established: 2012

Terms of Reference:

To evaluate available new methods for evaluating the colour quality of white-light sources with a goal of recommending methods for industrial use. (Methods based on colour fidelity shall not be included: see TC1-90).

Chairman: Yandan Lin CN

Members: Esther de Beer, Ming Ronnier Luo, Janos Schanda, Peter Bodrogi, Minchen Wei, Kevin Smet, Ayako Tsukitani

Observers: Jeff Zawada, Hirohisa Yaguchi

In 2012 TC1-91 called for new members and there are now 8 members from 8 countries, and 2 observer members. The TC will hold its first meeting in April in Paris. There tasks will be discussed in details based on the report (or draft report) of TC 1-69.

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COLOUR SECTION: REPORTERS

R1-42 (C) Extension of CIECAM02

Established: 2007

Terms of Reference:

To evaluate potential additions to CIECAM02 in liaison with Division 8 and to include: Those published in the literature; Extension to include unrelated colours; Extension of the range down to scotopic levels

Reporter: Changjun Li CN

CIE TC8-11 had a meeting during the CIC2012, on November 15, 2012 in Los Angeles, USA. In the meeting, Changjun Li, the Chair of the TC , gave a presentation to summarize what has been done since the TC was formed. Mike Brill also gave a presentation on Oleari’s approach to chromatic adaptation.

In the meeting, it was decided the following actions are to be conducted in the coming year and results will be reported during the next TC meeting which is expected to be held during CIC2013: 1. Further modify CIECAM02 by removing the HPE matrix and adopting new chromatic-adaptation

primaries that are HPE-like (i.e., enclose the spectrum locus) and fit corresponding-colour data. 2. Compare the result in action 1 with HPE matrix. 3. Evaluate Oleari’s approach.

Relevant publications: 1. Li CJ, Perales E, Luo MR and Martínez-Verdú F, A Mathematical Approach For Predicting

Non-Negative Tristimulus Values Using the CAT02 Chromatic Adaptation Transform, Color Res. Appl. 27: 255-260,2012.

2. Li CJ, Luo MR and Wang ZF, Different Matrices for CIECAM02, Color Research and Application. DOI: 10.1002/col.21765, 2012.

3. Li CJ, Luo MR and Sun PL, A New Version of CIECAM02 with the HPE Primaries, In Proceedings of CGIV 2012, May 6-9, 2012, Amsterdam, pages 151-154.

4. Brill MH and Mahy M, Visualization of mathematical inconsistencies in CIECAM02, Color Res. Appl. (Early View) , 2012, DOI: 10.1002/col.20744.

5. Li CJ, Luo MR & Sun PL, A New Version of CIECAM02, submitted to JIST, 2012. 6. Li CJ, Luo MR & Melgosa M, CAT02 and HPE triangles, in the proceedings of CIC 2012, Nov.

14-16, Los Angeles, USA, 195-199

R1-50 (C) 3D Aspects of Visual Appearance Measurement

Established: 2009

Terms of Reference:

1. To review the activity of relevant organisations related to 3D vision, 3D image capture, 3D model storage and 3D display where these are relevant to visual appearance issues

2. To establish a database of key research articles, technology and terminology related to 3D aspects of visual appearance

3. To establish an international panel of experts able and willing to advise on 3D matters

4. To liaise with other CIE divisions

Reporter: David Simmons GB

No report.

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R1-52 (C) Spectral Data Interpolation

Established: 2010

Terms of Reference:

To review the methods, and make a recommendation for the interpolation of existing, highly structured source spectra, including the FL illuminants, for colorimetric calculations.

Reporter: Hugh Fairman US

No report.

R1-53 (C) Gloss Perception and Measurement

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

1. To establish a database of key research articles and terminology related to gloss perception and to gloss measurement.

2. To investigate if, from this database, improved measurement methods could be suggested in order to achieve a better correlation between gloss perception and measurement.

Reporter: Frédéric Leloup BE

A draft report has been submitted. It will now be considered how it will be made public.

R1-56 (C) Skin Colour Database

Established: 2011

Terms of Reference:

1. To assemble a database of skin colours, to include spectral data and measurement method.

2. To report on the variation in colour between different ethnic groups, genders and body parts.

Reporter: Kaida Xiao CN

This reporter has now produced a report Skin Colour Database presenting a recommendation that a new Technical Committee be established. This proposal has been balloted and approved by the Division.

R1-58 (C) Liaison with ISO TC130 Graphic Technology

Established: 2012

Terms of Reference:

To investigate and respond to ISO TC130 Graphic Technology on matters concerned with colorimetric calculations.

Reporter: Phil Green GB

A workshop has been planned for July 4, 2013, in conjunction with the D1 meetings in Leeds, UK. Invitations have been sent to ISO TC 130 WG 2, 3 and 4 members. The motivation and program for the meeting have been discussed with the TC 130 Liaison, Danny Rich. The meeting is being publicised through the web page http://www.color.org/events/colorimetry.xalter. The topics envisaged for the workshop are:

Colour difference metrics

Illuminants and colour rendering

Surface of real colour gamuts

Modifications to CIECAM02 colour appearance model

Measurement of fluorescence

Recent work on blackness Everyone with an interest in colorimetry in the graphic arts is invited to participate.

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LIAISONS

L1-1 AIC (Association International de la Couleur)

Liaison: P J Alessi

The Color Association of Taiwan hosted the AIC 2012 Interim Meeting in Taipei from September 22-25. The venue for the meeting was the Chinese Culture University. The topic of the meeting was “In Color We Live – Color and Environment”. The purpose of the meeting was to explore the colors of human living spheres on a daily basis. The meeting was very successful in that it helped us understand the physiological and psychological effects of man-made and natural environments that contribute to healthier living through the use of color. We also learned how hue, vision, light and color temperature affect human bio-energetic response. The meeting was attended by more than 250 participants from 34 countries around the world. There were about 60 oral presentations with pre-conference lectures and workshops, a poster exhibition, and a color market. The 12th AIC quadrennial Congress will be hosted by The Colour Group (Great Britain) from July 8-12, 2013. The venue is The Sage Gateshead located on the River Tyne by the city of Newcastle, UK. The Congress theme will be “Bringing Colour to Life”. Papers have been submitted according to the following topics: Lighting and colour Colour vision Colour science Colour imaging Digital colour Colour measurement Colour appearance Colour communication Colour in art and design Colour in environmental design Sustainable coloration Color in conservation Colour in nature Colour psychology Colour education Colour in forensics and medicine

The Congress will feature 6 symposia: 1. Lighting: New Technologies and Colour Rendering 2. Colour Harmony: From Perception to Built Environment 3. Colour in Fashion and Textile Design 4. Multispectral Colour Science 5. Colour Vision: Perception and Neuroscience 6. Museum Lighting: Conservation and Appearance

During the Congress the coveted AIC Deane B. Judd Award will be presented to Professor Roy S. Berns from The Munsell Color Science Laboratory at Rochester Institute of Technology. Dr. Berns will give a special talk after receiving the Award.

The AIC 2014 Interim Meeting will be held in Oaxaca, Mexico from October 29-November 1. It will be hosted by Asociación Mexicana de Investigadores del Color.

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L1-2 CCPR (Comite Consultatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie), BIPM

Liaison: M Stock

The CCPR meets about every two years at the BIPM in Sèvres, France, bringing together some 30-40 experts from its member NMIs (National Metrology Institutes). The last meeting took place on 23-24 February 2012. The CCPR working groups met during the same week. The next meeting of the CCPR is planned for June/July 2014. Some of the working groups will already meet in April 2013. On 1 January 2013, Dr. Takashi Usuda from the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) became the new President of the CCPR, following Dr. Franz Hengstberger. General information on the work of the CCPR can be found on www.bipm.org/en/committees/cc/ccpr. The CCPR Key Comparison Working Group has set up a schedule for the second round of key comparisons, which are the technical basis for the CIPM Arrangement on Mutual Recognition of National Measurement Standards and of Calibration and Measurement Certificates issued by National Measurement Institutes. The key comparisons demonstrate the technical capabilities of the participating NMIs. The first comparisons to be repeated are for spectral regular transmittance (start in 2011), for luminous intensity and luminous flux (start in 2012) and for spectral responsivity in the visible and infrared regions (start 2013). The results of the completed key comparisons of the first round can be found in the Key Comparison Data Base, held at the BIPM (kcdb.bipm.org/appendixB). They cover the fields of spectral irradiance, spectral responsivity, luminous intensity, luminous flux, spectral diffuse reflectance (not yet completed) and spectral regular transmittance. It is expected that in the near future four of the seven base units of the SI system will be redefined: the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole. Each of these units will be based on a fixed numerical value of a fundamental constant: the Planck constant, the elementary charge, the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant. To give guidance on how the units can be realized in practice, a so-called mise en pratique (French for “practical realization”) will be published for each base unit. The candela will not be redefined, but it is planned to change the wording of its definition. An important development in the field of photometry is the introduction of the spectral luminous efficiency functions for mesopic vision. For these reasons, the Strategic Planning Working Group of the CCPR held a workshop on the mise en pratique of the candela to which representatives of the CIE had been invited. The workshop had the objective to guide the direction and to coordinate possible joint work between the CIE and the CCPR to prepare a new mise en pratique for the candela. The final decision was that a concise mise en pratique would be written by experts from the CCPR and that an additional more extensive document Principles Governing Photometry should be published by a joint CCPR-CIE task group, which should be chaired by Dr. Ohno (NIST).

L1-3 ISO/TC6/W3: Paper, Board and Pulp -Optical Properties

Liaison: J C Zwinkels

The following recent activities may be of interest to the CIE:

The most recent meeting of ISO TC6 was 15-19 October 2012 in Montreal, Canada. At the meeting of WG3 (Optical properties), 5 resolutions were presented at the TC6 plenary:

ISO 5631-3:2008 Paper and board – Determination of colour by diffuse reflectance method – Part 3: Indoor illumination conditions (D50/2 degrees) – resolved to make a minor revision that included editorial changes recommended in recent systematic review ballot.

ISO 5631-2:2008 Paper and board – Determination of colour by diffuse reflectance method – Part 2: Outdoor illumination conditions (D65/10 degrees) – resolved to make a minor revision that included editorial changes recommended in recent systematic review ballot.

ISO 11476 Paper and board – Determination of CIE whiteness, C/2° (indoor illumination

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conditions) and ISO 11475 Paper and board – Determination of CIE whiteness, D65/10° (outdoor daylight) – resolved to prepare two New Work Items to update Annex A, Section A.2 of both of these Standards to allow for calculations using ASTM E308 for instruments that have bandpass correction and still maintain the non-bandpass correction procedure.

ISO FDIS 2469 Paper, board and pulp – Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor) – it was resolved to stop the progression of this FDIS irrespective of the ongoing FDIS ballot and to revert back to the enquiry (DIS) stage. This decision was made after discussion of the results of the UVB round-robin comparison that was presented at the WG3 meeting. While it confirmed that the reduction of UVB with the insertion of the filter had an impact on the measured optical properties with the magnitude being greatest for those papers that have very different UVB excitation characteristics from the fluorescent standard, it did not improve the inter-instrument variability. Thus, it was considered by the WG3 members that the proper implementation of this UVB filter was not yet well-understood and further studies are required.

ISO/WD TR 10688 Paper, board and pulps – Basic equations for optical properties – it was resolved to re-open this work item that had been cancelled because of lack of a WD with a new name: Paper, board and pulps – Basic terms and equations for optical properties. There was considerable discussion at the WG3 meeting on the items that needed to be resolved in order to complete this WD and this will include harmonized terms and definitions that refer to CIE vocabulary, where appropriate.

ISO 4094: 2005 Paper, board and pulps – International calibration of testing apparatus – Nomination and appointment of standardizing and authorized laboratories is scheduled for normal systematic review in October 2013. Executive members of ISO TC6 and the ISO Committee on conformity assessment (CASCO) will be having a two day meeting in Ottawa, Canada on March 20-21, 2013, to discuss in detail what changes are required to this Standard to meet the ISO/IEC Directives on conformity assessment.

The ad hoc task groups on automated on-line and off-line testing have been disbanded and a new Working Group (WG) 10 Automated Testing has been created in TC6. This WG will be responsible for the development of ISO 18522 Paper and board – Automated off-line testing of physical properties for CD (cross direction) profiles and a future NWIP entitled “Correspondence between standard measurements and output of on-line gauges: Procedures and methodology”.

A new Ad hoc group on the Measurement and Characterization of Nanocellulose has been established under the leadership of Dr. Lyne Cormier of FPInnovations (Canada). The mandate of this group will be to make recommendations to TC6 on future actions for the development of International Standards.

CIE liaison activities: I prepared a CIE liaison report to ISO TC6 highlighting activities in D1, D2 and D6. Of particular interest, was the progress of TC 1-77 on Improved CIE Whiteness and Tint Equations and on how to access the recently launched free CIE International Lighting Vocabulary web-link.

Respectfully submitted, Joanne Zwinkels National Research Council of Canada

L1-4 ISO/TC38/SC1: Textiles: Colour Fastness & Measurement

Liaison: M R Luo

No report.

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L1-5 ISO/TC42: Photography

Liaison: J Holm

No report.

L1-6 ISO/TC130: Graphic Technology

Liaison: D C Rich

ISO TC 130 held its fall meeting at Crown Plaza Hotel, Chicago, USA 30 September to 6 October 2012.

The fall meeting includes the plenary session and I have included relevant actions from TC 130 in this report.

The following were topics of discussion carried over from the spring meetings that are still open.

1. ISO TC 130 has not received guidance from the CIE on how to move forward from the older CIE recommendations of CIELAB and CIE94 to adoption of CIEDE2000. It was reported to the ISO TC130 Convener that the latest recommendation is too complex and confusing and that the documents and papers published, to date, are understandable only by the creators of such a metric and not by the general users of these technologies. It was proposed that existing standards in the graphic arts not be revised to include references to CIEDE2000 tolerances. The Technical Committee and the graphic engineering community waits further guidance and clarification from the CIE.

2. ISO TC 130 had formally adopted the stance that all instruments for the measurement of prints and printing should conform to the requirements of ISO 13655 and ISO 3664 and either irradiate the specimen with light from a source that is at least a BB rating versus CIE D50 or uses a method that reads the specimen with a UV-rich and a UV-poor daylight source and correct the total radiance factors to the levels that would have been read had the instrument had a CIE D50 source. When characterizing materials that are luminescent it is possible to obtain CIELAB L* values greater than 100. But there is no guidance as to the relevance of these values, since the CIE Publication 15:2004 defines the range of L* as 0 to 100. Would CIE Division 1 be willing to provide some guidance as to the applicability to the power function of Y for Y values greater than 100?

3. Standards ISO 12646 and ISO 14861, the standards that documents the processes for calibrating self-luminous displays for simulating the proof of a print job using flat panel displays, have moved forward and should be balloted for release as a draft international standard in 2013.

4. As in the last liaison report, the lack of progress in CIE TC 1-69 continues to give reason for some concern on the part of image reproduction industry, especially in the packaging industry where the value of the brand and the decision by the consumer to purchase or not to purchase is strongly linked to the color rendition of the package on the shelf. Now that many countries around the world have legislated against energy inefficient incandescent lamps and are beginning to take a similar stand on mercury containing fluorescent lamps, we are starting to see commercial product offerings of high luminous output linear LED arrays that are intended to replace tubular fluorescent lamps. These produce very, energy efficient commercial lamp light but introduce unpredictable and often undesirable color effects on print, especially if the print substrate contains fluorescent whitening agents.

At the plenary, it was reported that the DIN wishes to relinquish the role of Secretariat of ISO TC 130. After some negotiation, China has agreed to establish a new secretariat under the direction of the Standardization Administration of the Peoples Republic of China (SAC). However, TC 130 WG 3 – Process Control and WG 4 – Materials will continue utilize DIN as their secretariat. No other actions or activities were planned or carried out that are of interest to CIE Division 1.

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Respectfully submitted,

Dr. Danny C. Rich

L1-7 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC28 Office Equipment

Liaison: K Richter

In 2012 the International Standard ISO/IEC 21118 (Revision) "Information Technology - Office Equipment - Information to be included in Specification Sheets - Data Projectors" has been published. This standard does not consider that the usual viewing illuminant in offices produces a reflection on the screen which reduces the luminance contrast between white and black for example to 36:1 (instead of a value >2000:1 used in ISO/IEC 21118). For a standard for eight viewing (reflection) conditions, see ISO 9241-306:2008 "Ergonomics of human-system interaction -- Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays".

A list of 14 possible New Work Item Proposals (NWI) from the Working Group SC28/WG5 Office Color (Convenor Mr. Fumio Nakaya) with priorities is given in the 2012 CIE Division 1 Meeting Minutes of Taipeh/Taiwan. One project NP 17823 "Colour terminology for office colour equipment" of this list is under work and considers the terms of the CIE eILV.

In 2013 there seem to be no plans of WG5 to start any of the other 13 proposed NWI. The reason may be no or conflicting industrial interest and too less experts in the complicated colour field. The complicated matter is for example illustrated in a diagram "SC28 WG5 Workflow for Colour Metadata Investigation". For this diagram see the CIE Division 8 Website, Meetings, Vienna - Minutes, last page.

There are many conflicting interest in the colour area, and compromises are needed to fulfill the many and often different user wishes. It is hard to solve the user wish of a preferred output by CIE methods. However, the two user wishes of a "relative (affine) colour reproduction" with no loss of information, and the "minimum colour difference" with much loss of information between input and output is covered by CIE methods. Because the two user wishes lead to very different results one "automatic" colour reproduction (NWI of WG5) is in my view impossible. The following documents and many others in Fig. 1 try to solve the user wish for the relative (affine) reproduction.

Figure 1

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In December 2012 there was a vote "ISO Systematic Review on ISO IEC TR 19797 2004 and ISO IEC TR 24705 2005". The Title of these two documents are ISO/IEC TR 19797:2004: Information technology -- Office machines -- Device output of 16 colour scales, output linearization method (LM) and specification of the reproduction properties with the test charts. For the test charts see http://www.ps.bam.de/19797TE/

ISO/IEC TR 24705:2005: Information technology -- Office machines -- Machines for colour image reproduction -- Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital and analog test charts. For the test charts see http://www.ps.bam.de/24705TE/

According to the Voting Result "Systematic Review" (Doc. N1676) 10 of 11 P-members including the US voted for "Confirm", only JAPAN voted for "Withdraw".

There are additional voting questions (Q.2 and Q.4) about National Standards and National Use based on both documents. Out of 11 countries 3 countries have National Standards (Germany, Korea, and Netherlands) based on both documents. In 6 countries out of 11 there is a National Use without national adoption (Armenia, Belgium, China, Ireland, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan). There were two comments "There is no market to utilize this TR" by Japan and "The US feels that these technical reports are not used by our industry" by the US.

Both standard documents ISO/IEC TR 19797 and ISO/IEC TR 24705 are connected (see Figure 1) to the ISO standards.

ISO/IEC 15775:1999: Information technology -- Office machines -- Method of specifying image reproduction of colour copying machines by analog test charts -- Realisation and application (same test charts as ISO/IEC TR 24705) and ISO/IEC 15775:1999/Amd 1:2005. and ISO 9241-306:2008 "Ergonomics of human-system interaction -- Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays". For the test charts see: http://www.ps.bam.de/9241E/ and http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/OE58/OE58D0NP.PDF (3 pages, 1,8MB) http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/OE58/OE58D1PX.PDF (24 pages, 15MB)

All the International Standards or International Technical Reports of ISO and the National Standards of DIN within Fig. 1 have been edited by K. Richter, except ISO/IEC 15775:1999/Amd 1:2005. The Editor of this Amendment was Takashi Itoh from Japan. There is an identical Japanese Standard JIS X 6933 compared to ISO/IEC 15775:2005/Amd 1:2005, which comes with corresponding digital test charts on a CD and analog test charts in black and white and colour, both produced in offset print by output linearization. In other words for the equally spaced rgb-input data in this ISO/IEC-file there are equally spaced L*a*b* in the analog ISO/IEC-test chart of the output. Therefore, the vote "Withdraw" of Japan seems not understandable. Japan has used "Output Linearization" in 2005, and seem to need it for the next revision of the standards ISO/IEC 15775 and JIS X 6933.

Some users may not know the purpose of "Input and Output Linearization" used in Fig. 1. For example by "Input Linearization" a 16 step gray scale with L* between 20 and 95 in steps of delta L*=5 produces the equal values r=g=b=0, 1/15, 2/15, ..., 14/15, 1. "Output Linearization" produces again for the 16 rgb values between 0 and 1 in the file the L* values between 20 and 95 of the original gray scale.

However, usually the rgb values are not scaled equidistant between 0 and 1 in the file produced by a slide or negative film or a camera. The output depends to a high degree on the exposure The output file for 7 exposures between two stops under exposure and 4 stops over exposure for slide and negative film is shown in a file, see 1 page, 1,5MB http://www.ps.bam.de/INFBE04/B4E1260N.PDF

The images look very different. The second file is produced by the "Input Linearization Method" of ISO/IEC TR 24705. For the original scene and for a wide exposure range the ISO/IEC image file

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produces a visually equal output, which looks in addition very similar for slide (left) and negative film (right). In this case by the "Input Linearization Method" of ISO/IEC TR 24705 an ISO/IEC image according to ISO/IEC 15775 is produced, see 1 page, 1,5 MB http://www.ps.bam.de/INFBE04/B4E1260C.PDF

Therefore the "Input Linearization Method" of ISO/IEC TR 24705 is needed to produce the ISO/IEC-image which is included in the digital ISO/IEC-file of the International Standard ISO/IEC 15775. "Output Linearization" is needed to produce the analog ISO/IEC-test chart of the International Standard ISO/IEC 15775 by offset print.

Figure 2

Many readers may not be able to answer the question "What is Output Linearization?" Fig. 2 tries to answer this question. In principle the double cone of Fig. 2 is normalized to a circle for the maximum chroma of any reproduction process. Then the double cone is a good representation for all colour reproduction spaces, for example the sRGB, offset and printer colour spaces.

At the same time the circle of the double cone is described by the image data r, g, and b. The relative CIELAB chroma c defined by

c = max (r, g, b) - min (r, g, b)

For all colours of the circle at least one of the three values r, g, and b is 1 and another 0, and therefore c=1. For the achromatic colours with r=g=b the relative chroma c is cero. Therefore, if for the device colour red Rd the CIELAB chroma is C*ab,d=100 then for example for c=0,5 the CIELAB chroma is 50. In summary there is a linear relation between the rgb values and the CIELAB values and one can transfer in both direction by linear equations in any hue triangle.

In addition, if the CIELAB values of standard spaces (sRGB, Offset, Printer) are used then this kind of coding increases the accuracy of colour output by a factor 10 compared to ICC colour management according to ISO 15076-1:2005. The factor 10 is calculated because the real sRGB colours fill only 20%, see CIE 156 "Guidelines for the Evaluation of Gamut Mapping Algorithms", of the CIELAB space. The colours are coded in CIELAB with the coding range -128 to 127 for a* and b*, and the range 0 to 100 for L*. For more information and larger factor for increasing accuracy for the displays output see the proposed report CIE R8-09.

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The scope of ISO/IEC TR 19797 describes the purpose of output linearization as follows: "The method is applicable for systems that do not have colour management or as a linearization method for devices that could be used as a setup_state for colour management." Based on a linearized output device one can make the image more or less chromatic or even achromatic, see an example file with colour samples of 12 hues and the colorimetric shifts in the relative CIELAB space. The seven example transformations consider the available colour gamut, and no colour is shifted outside this available gamut. http://130.149.60.45/~farbmetrik/LE72/LE72L0NP.PDF

In other words a "Output Linearization Method" needs to be implemented in the operating system, the printer driver on within PostScript devices. In this case automatically a affine (relative) colour transformation between the two colour triangles of a display (sRGB) and offset is produced for any hue, see Fig. 3a

Fig. 3: "Affine (relative) colour output" between display (yellow balls) and print (black balls) indicated by lines

Often instead of the output Fig. 3 the "minimum colour difference" is the goal.

Fig. 4: "Minimum colour difference output" between display (yellow balls) and print (black balls) indicated by lines (reproduction similar by ICC-colour management of ISO 15076-1).

Real outputs according to Fig. 3 and 4 have been published by K. Richter (see Ergonomic color image technology with high visual and material efficiency based on elementary (unique) hues, pages 259-264, Color Imaging Conference, Proceedings 2008, Nov. 10-15, Portland, Oregon, USA). Further examples are expected in the report R8-09 for displays, offset and printers. According to Fig. 3 the relative colour differences remain constant for the 5 step colour series. In ISO/IEC 15775 a "regularity index" is defined with the value 100 if all steps of a series have equal colour differences and with the value near cero if the visual and CIELAB difference is below 1 between two samples of the series. For example for cyan it OFTEN happened that the two cyan colours with the input values rgb = (0 1 1) (relative chroma c=1), and rgb = (0 0,75 0,75) (darker, relative chroma c=0,75, see Fig. 4) appear equal in the output. Therefore within a 16 step colour triangle large colour areas appear equal in the output. For a test of any output device (display or printer) use for example the standard file of DIN 33872-2, see (11 pages, 400 KB) http://www.ps.bam.de/De12/10L/L12e00NP.PDF

On a display usually all the samples can be distinguished (regularity index usually larger 50 for all

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samples). However, the output on a printer shows many samples which cannot be distinguished (regularity index near zero).

The US comment "The US feels that the TR's are not used by the (printer) industry" is therefore mostly true. Most of the printers produce steps which cannot be distinguished. This is a large difference compared to the display and offset output. And this usual output does not fulfill the user wishes of DIN 33872-2.

However, there is one printer manufacturer of a PS laser printers on the market which comes with the option "Colour Management ON or OFF" in the printer driver.

Many users appreciate that for the option "OFF" the user wish of DIN 33872-2 "all steps visible" is approximately realized and in addition this printer fulfills the 1-Minus-Relation which is tested with the files of DIN 33872-3 and -4, see http://www.ps.bam.de/33872E

These users usually appreciate that there are for the option "OFF" no large areas of the same colour in the printer output and that therefore there is no loss of information.

Other users may be happy that for the option "ON" the mean colour difference between the display and the printer output is smaller and they may not care about the larger loss of information.

The above "example printer" solves two completely different user wishes by the options "OFF" and "ON". This example may help to solve some conflicts in the image colour area. By CIE colorimetry there is in both cases a solution according to the user wishes.

SC28 covers only a limited area of many applications in the colour field. For example the ISO committees TC42 "Photography", TC130 "Graphic Technology", TC159 "Ergonomics, Visual Display Requirements", and TC171 "Document Management Applications" are working on standards in the colour field. CIE Division 1 seems the appropriate standard body to produce the basic data for all these application fields. The CIE Division 1 has the broader view and may come to technical reports even if one application area may prefer only one of the two solutions discussed here for the application.

L1-8 IALA (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities)

Liaison: M Nicholson

No report.

L1-9 ISO/TC159: Ergonomics

Liaison: K Sagawa

No report.