History of the Church Didache Series: Chapter 9: Crusades, Military Orders, and the Inquisition
Church Reforms and the Crusades
description
Transcript of Church Reforms and the Crusades
Simony Gothic Urban II Crusades Saladin
Richard the Lion Hearted
Reconquista Inquisition
910 Clumy in France› Monastaries led to
spiritual revival› Return to basic
principles› New religious orders
Popes expanded power and authority
The Age of Faith was born
Some priests nearly illeterate
Barley read prayers Popes men of
questionable morals Bishop concerned
more as feudal lord than religion
3 main issues› Village priests were
married and had families against church rulings
› Simony-Bishops sold positions in the church
› Lay Investiture, kings appoint bishops reformers wanted the church to do it
Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced laws against simony and marriage
1100’-1200’ church restructured to look like a kingdom
Pope advisors called the papal Curia
Curia acted as a court Canon Law on
marriage, divorce, inheritance
Diplomats traveled through Europe for the pope
Church collected taxes in for of a tithe
Used money for the sick and ran most hospitals
1200’s monk and friars took vow of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Friars- begged owned nothing
Dominic- Spanish priest formed the Dominicans› Importance of study› Were scholars
Francis of Assisi- found the Franciscans treated humans and animals as spiritual brothers
1212 Clare and Francis founded Poor Clares and order for women
Women were not allowed to travel
Took care of the sick
Built in cities 800-1100 built in
Romanesque style› Round arches› Heavy roofs› Thick walls› Pillars› Tiny windows
1100’s new style of architecture
Gothic-comes from German tribe (Goths)› Light from huge
stained glass windows
› Sculptures and wood carvings
› Built like they were reaching the heavens
Notre Dame- 100 feet tall
500 gothic churches built between 1170-1270
Urban II called for a Holy War
Crusades- had economic, political and social, religious motives
Muslims controlled Palestine and threatened Constatinople
Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and unite Christendom
Split in 1054 Kings saw crusades
as a way to get rid of some knights
Younger sons participated not likely to inherit from parents
Merchants prospered by loaning money for the Crusades
Leased ships to transport armies
Pisa, Genoa, and Venice wanted to control trade routes
Pope Urban’s call brought religious support
Those who died in the Crusade were assured to go to heaven
Red Cross on tunic “God wills it”
1097 3 armies outside Constantinople
Ill prepared for war Knew little of
geography, climate, or culture
No strategy to capture Jerusalem
Captured the city July 15, 1079
4 feudal estates carved from 650 miles of land
Each ruled by a noble 1144 Edessa was
captured by the Turks Second Crusade
organized to recapture the city (fails)
1187 Jerusalem falls to Saladin
To recapture Jerusalem› Three most powerful
monarchs› Philip II of France› Frederick I German
Emperor› Richard the Lion
Hearted English King› Phillip argued and
went home› Frederick drowned
Richard led the Crusade
Fought many battles with Saladin
1192 made a truce Jerusalem in Muslim
hands, but would allow pilgrimages
1204 4th Crusade fails to capture Jerusalem
Knights loot Constantinople
1200’s 4 more Crusades, all unsuccessful
1212-thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem
Led by Stephen of Cloyes
No weapons Died of cold and
starvation Some sold into
slavery
Germany Nicholas of Cologne marched with 20,000 children
Marched to Rome Most died Met with Pope told
to go home till older 2000 made it back
to Germany
Muslims (Moors) controlled most of Spain
Reconquista-effort by Spanish to drive out the Muslims
1492 Granada fell to the Christian Army of Ferdinand and Isabella
Inquisition- court held by the church to suppress heresy
Heretics were people who belief’s differed from the church
Many Jews and Muslims converted in the 1400’s
Inquisition suspected Jews and Muslims as heretics
Suspects questioned for weeks
Some tortured Once they confessed
they were burned at the stake
1492 all practicing Jews and Muslims were expelled
Showed the power of the Church
European merchants expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia
Spices, fruits, cloths Failure of Crusades
lessened the power of the Pope
Weakened feudal nobility
Increased power of the kings
Fall of Constantinople Byzantine Empire
Intolerance and prejudice by Christians left legacy of bitterness and hatred
Relationships between Christians, Jews and Muslims leadership worsened
Jews in Europe face increased persecution
Led to growth in trade, towns and universities in Medieval Europe