Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC [email protected] Recent work...
-
Upload
cleopatra-webb -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC [email protected] Recent work...
![Page 1: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chuck Dermer (NRL)Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, [email protected]
Recent work withMatteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),
Andreas Zech (LUTH), Benoît Lott (CEN Bordeaux),
Hajime Takami (KEK), Kohta Murase (IAS)
Mid-Atlantic Radio-Loud AGN Meeting, 27 September 2013 , STScI
Radio-Loud AGNs as the Sources of the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
![Page 2: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Standard Blazar Model
Leptonic jet model: Nonthermal synchrotron paradigm Associated SSC and EC component(s)
Target photon sources: Accretion-disk radiation Broad-line region radiation IR radiation from molecular torus
Accretion Disk
SMBH
RelativisticallyCollimated Plasma Jet
Observer
BLR clouds
Dusty Torus
Ambient Radiation Fields
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars
– 3C 454.3
Rapid variability– Shorter than the BH dynamical timescale
VHE radiation from FSRQs– 3C 279, 4C +21.35, PKS 1510-089
Two classes of BL Lac objects– Strongly variable (Mrk 421, Mrk 501, PKS 2155-304)– Weaky variable (1ES 0229+200, 0347-121, 1101-232)
EBL/IGMF relationship– Extra component in EBL deabsorbed blazar SED (Finke
et al. 2010)– Stecker-Scully relation– Measuring the IGMF
Five Major Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
![Page 3: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Equipartition Blazar Modeling
1. Use log-parabola function for electron distribution
2. From observations of Lsyn, syn, and tvar, derive parameters for B, Doppler factor D, pk , r’b
4. Use numerical model to adjust parameters to fit data, implying energy density of the external radiation field and (minimum) absolute jet power
5. Constrain location of the -ray emission site
6. Explain GeV cutoff in FSRQs and LSP/ISP blazars
3-parameter model: amplitude K, curvature b,p
![Page 4: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Equipartition Relations
1. Assume (3-parameter) log-parabola function for electron distribution
1. Use observables and equipartition relations to derive , B, p , R’b
)1( , snucpeBtot uu
4203
4DpkeBT
syns NucL
BsssDbkins uuucrL ,4 42
)]([,,)( 2log2pkepk
pk
xbe NKxxKN
Equipartition Relation:
8,
22B
uuV
Ncmu BBe
b
pkoee
2
2
3pk
crs B
B Spectral Relation:
1eWhat does equipartition mean?
vDb tcr bgives monoenergetic electron specrum
log-parabola width
![Page 5: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Solution to System of Equations
16/78/14
4/18/114
16/348
4/1
2
8/1
var
16/1
7546
3
5.173
2
s
e
e
eTscr
s
sD t
L
cmt
B
c
L
8/54
8/314
16/148
4/3
16/13
0.5)(tL
GBe
s
Minimum jet power
16/3
4/1
16/148
8/514
8/34523
s
epk L
t
Dermer et al. (2012)
Corrections for b ≠
![Page 6: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FSRQ Modeling
1 GeV
Syn vs. EC beaming effect (Dermer 1995)
![Page 7: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FSRQ Modeling: Dependence on b and tvar
1 GeV
![Page 8: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BL Lac Modeling
Similar to SEDs of Mrk 421, Mrk 501, but not PKS 2155-304, 1ES 0229+200, 1ES 1101-232. Contrary to flaring periods in Mrk 501
![Page 9: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3C 279 Model Data from Hayashida et al. (2012)
![Page 10: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3C 279 Model Data from Hayashida et al. (2012)
![Page 11: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
External-field energy densities
– Normally = 0.1, implies that emission region near outer edge of the BLR, ~0.1-0.3 pc from SMBH
Jet Model– Colliding shells
Jet Power– Less than Eddington luminosity for MSMBH = (3-8)x108
Mo
Particle Acceleration– Second-order Fermi acceleration
Extra high-energy spectral component
Implications
3246
2003.0
4 cmerg
R
L
cR
Lu
pc
IRIR
![Page 12: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Multi-line model Thermal spectrum for dust
radiation
Code improvementsExplain GeV spectral cutoff by scattering Ly radiation (Cerruti et al. 2013)
GeV Spectral Cutoff
(Telfer et al. 2002)
(Ackermann et al. 2013)
Electron distribution (Abdo et al. 2009) absorption (Poutanen & Stern 2011)Compton scattering model (Finke & Dermer 2011)
![Page 13: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Epoch A: August 2008 low state (Abdo et al. 2009) Epoch B: November 2010 high state (Abdo et al. 2011; Wehrle et al. 2012)
Spectral Fits to 3C 454.3
Cerruti et al. (2013)
![Page 14: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
UHECRs from Radio-Loud AGNs
Standard one-zone synchrotron/SSC model
Hillas condition:
Parameters: B, , R
1. Extragalactic2. Adequate energy production
rate within GZK volume3. Sources within GZK radius4. UHECRs can escape from
acceleration region5. Mechanism to accelerate to
ultra-high energies
UHECR sources must satisfy:
Murase, Dermer, Takami, Migliori (2012)
HiRes Collaboration 2008
Auger Collaboration 2009
![Page 15: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gamma-ray and Cosmic-ray Induced TeV emissionfrom Jetted Sources
,e+
,e-
e+
e-p p
UHECR protons with energies ~1019 eV make ~1016 eV e that cascade in transit and Compton-scatter CMBR to TeV energies
~100 Mpc ~ Gpc
Essey, Kalashev, Kusenko, Beacom (2010, 2011)
Weakly variable cascade radiation
e+
e-
![Page 16: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Electromagnetic Signatures of UHECRs
Photopair-induced cascade in IGM
Murase et al. 2012
Polisensky & Ricotti 2011
![Page 17: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
>10 GeV Sources Explained by Cascade Emission
Fermi-LAT analysis– Pass 7– > 10 GeV – Source class– ROI between 8 and 15 degrees– Use 2FGL source list to remove background sources
-ray induced cascades– /Compton cascade– Use Kneiske et al. (2004) for low and best-fit EBL– Assume no suppression from IGMF ( 10-15 G < BIGMF < 10-20 G)
– Intrinsic source spectrum F(E) E-s , 5.6 GeV < E < 100 TeV
UHECR-induced cascade– Bethe-Heitler pair production, photopair production, expansion– UHECR proton sources spectrum: F(Ep) ~ Ep
-2.6exp(- Ep /Ep,c), Ep,c =1019 eV
– Assume no suppression from IGMF (10-10 G < BIGMF for protons)
KUV 00311-1938 (z = 0.61)
Normalization imposed to fit > 10 GeV Fermi-LAT spectrum from cascade emission
2 > 100 GeV -rays within 0.2o
Takami, Murase, Dermer 2013
![Page 18: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Predictions for CTA
KUV 00311-1938 (z = 0.61)– Detected by HESS at 5.1s with 52.5 hrs observation
(Stegmann 2012)– L > 3.5x 1046 erg/s
– LUHECR >1.1 x1047 erg/s
PG 1246+586 (z = 0.847)– Not yet detected by TeV instrument– L > 7.5x1046 erg/s
– LUHECR >2.0x1047 erg/s
Other sources detectable by 50 hour observations with CTA in the Neronov et al. (2012) list are Ton 116, B3 1307+433, 4C +55.17, and PKS 1958-179.
KUV 00311-1938 (z = 0.61)
PG 1246+586 (z = 0.847)
![Page 19: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pair Production and Photohadronic Opacity in 4C +21.35
Detection of 40-700 GeV rays x >> 0.1pc →←pcttcr min)10/()100/(06.0 var
2var
2
Inject ultra-relativistic leptons:
Ben
Ben
20
Make synchrotron -raysDermer, Murase, Takami (2012)
![Page 20: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Modeling– New equipartition technique for fitting blazar SEDs– Fits to 3C 279– Emission region at outer edge of BLR– Explain GeV cutoffs of 3C 454.3
• UHECRs:– Blazars are the likely source of UHECRs, as can be tested with CTA– UHECRs from blazars would explain
• extra high-energy spectral components• Stecker-Scully relation,• weakly variable BL Lac class• VHE -ray production in FSRQs
Dermer MARLAM 26 September 2013
Summary
![Page 21: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars• Rapid variability• Two classes of BL Lac objects• VHE radiation from FSRQs• EBL/IGMF relationship
EBL Effects on Blazar Spectra
GeV-TeV Spectral Index Difference Stecker-Scully (2006, 2010) relation
Measurements of IGMF
(>~ 10-15 G for persistent jet;
>~10-18 G for jet active for observing period)
Dermer et al. 2011
Origin of hard component in deabsorbed BL Lac spectra?
![Page 22: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fermi Observations of 4C+21.35
PKS 1222+2163 = 4C+21.35, z =
0.432Fermi LAT observations • Major flares 2010 April and June• sub-day scale variability • hour-scale variability (Foschini et al. 2011)• F peak at 1 – 10 GeV
Fermi-LAT spectrum
22
![Page 23: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GeV-TeV Connection
21 joint GeV-TeV sourcesAbdo et al. (2009)
46 Extragalactic Sources listed in the VHE skyWagner’s catalog
Neronov et al. (2012) source catalog of 13 candidates of VHE emission at z > 0.5
–EBL effects greater on more distant blazars– (Ec,z) = 1 at Ec ≈ 100 GeV/z for 0.03 < z < 3
Model the >10 GeV Fermi-LAT emission by cascade rays vs. cascades induced by UHECRs
Find minimum required jet powers and predictions for CTA
Neronov et al. 2012
![Page 24: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability VHE radiation from FSRQs Two classes of BL Lac objects EBL/IGMF relationships
LBAS, Abdo et al. 2009
![Page 25: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability VHE radiation from FSRQs Two classes of BL Lac objects EBL/IGMF relationship
Ackermann et al. 2010 Abdo et al. 2009
3C 454.3
![Page 26: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability Two classes of BL Lac objects VHE radiation from FSRQs EBL/IGMF relationships
Albert et al. 2007
2005 July 9
MAGIC observations of Mrk 501
Feb 2010 VERITAS OBS of MRK 421,
![Page 27: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability Two classes of BL Lac objects VHE radiation from FSRQs EBL/IGMF relationship
HESS obs. of PKS 2155-304
RS/c = 104M9 s
tvar ~ 5 min = 300 s(?) M << 108 M0
28 July 2006 flare
Aharonian et al. 2007
![Page 28: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability Two classes of BL Lac objects VHE radiation from FSRQs EBL/IGMF relationship
Ackermann et al. 2010
3C 454.3
![Page 29: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
MAGIC Observations of PKS 1222+2163 = 4C+21.35
z = 0.432, flare of 17 June 2010MAGIC observations• Emission over 30 minutes• Flaring on timescales of 10 minutes• L ~ 1047 erg/s (TeV energies)
• L ~ 1048 erg/s (GeV energies) Black hole mass: 1.5x108 Mo (Wang et al. 2004)
extreme
Aleksic et al. (2011)
MAGIC spectrum
MAGIC light curve
Fermi-LAT and MAGIC spectrum
Tanaka et al. (2011)
= 3.7
![Page 30: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability Two classes of BL Lac objects VHE radiation from FSRQs EBL/IGMF relationship
Mrk 421
Mrk 501
Abdo et al. 2011b
Abdo et al. 2011a
Variable class– Mrk 421, Mrk 501–PKS 2155-305– 0716+714, etc.–Extreme sources– tvar < RS/c
![Page 31: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability Two classes of BL Lac objects VHE radiation from FSRQs EBL/IGMF relationship
Mrk 421
Mrk 501
Abdo et al. 2011b
Abdo et al. 2011a
Mrk 421
Mrk 501
Abdo et al. 2011b
Abdo et al. 2011a
Mrk 421
Mrk 501
Abdo et al. 2011b
Abdo et al. 2011a
B =0.015G, ′ =12, R =1.3x10′ 17 cm
B =0.038G, ′ =21, R =5.2x10′ 16 cm
tv = 1 d
tv = 4 d
Five Big Fermi/IACT Blazar Discoveries
Variable class– Mrk 421, Mrk 501–PKS 2155-305–Extreme sources– tvar < RS/c– SSC Model fits time-averaged emission
![Page 32: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
TeV BL Lac Objects
Highly variable class– Extreme sources– tvar < RS/c– SSC Model fits– Large inferred factors
Weakly variable class–Weak Fermi LAT fluxes –GeV-TeV spectrum: EBL, IGMF
Mrk 421
Abdo et al. 2011b
Albert et al. 2007
1ES 0229+200 z = 0.141ES 0347-121 z = 0.1861ES 1101-232 z = 0.141ES 0548-322 z = 0.069RGB J0152+0.17 z = 0.08
Tavecchio et al. 2011
Compton-scattered CMBR from extended jet/lobe Böttcher et al. 2008
![Page 33: Chuck Dermer (NRL) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC charles.dermer@nrl.navy.mil Recent work with Matteo Cerruti (CfA), Catherine Boisson (LUTH),](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649dbf5503460f94ab3346/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
GeV spectral breaks in FSRQs, LSP/ISP blazars Rapid variability Two classes of BL Lac objects VHE radiation from FSRQs EBL/IGMF relationship
VHE rays from FSRQs
Senturk et al. 2013
And PKS 1510-089With HESS and MAGIC