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Physical ScienceChapter Tests with Answer Keys

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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Holt Science Spectrum 64 Introduction to Science

Introduction to ScienceIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. The main branches of natural science area. physics and chemistry. c. medicine and agriculture.b. biology, zoology, and ecology. d. life, physical, and earth science.

______ 2. What do scientists who do pure science do?a. They look for ways to use scientific knowledge to solve problems.b. They develop new uses for scientific knowledge.c. They do experiments to find out about the world.d. They build faster and more powerful computers.

______ 3. A scientific law isa. the same as a hypothesis.b. a description of a natural event.c. an explanation of a scientific observation.d. the conclusion of a scientific experiment.

______ 4. According to the graph, for which year was the smallest number ofpennies found?a. 1988 c. 1990b. 1989 d. 1991

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Chapter TestAssessment TEST A

Year

Num

ber o

f Pennie

s

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

199919981997199619951994199319921991199019891988



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Chapter Test continued

______ 5. Scientists test a hypothesis bya. formulating questions. c. doing experiments.b. designing models. d. drawing conclusions.

______ 6. Maria is 123 centimeters tall. Her height in meters isa. 0.0123 m. c. 1.23 m.b. 0.123 m. d. 12.3 m.

______ 7. Which SI prefix means one one-hundredth (1/100)?a. nano- c. milli-b. micro- d. centi-

______ 8. A loaf of bread weighs 1362 g. The weight in kilograms isa. 1.362 kg. c. 0.1362 kg.b. 1362 kg. d. 0.013 62 kg.

______ 9. The speed of light is approximately 3 108 m/s. How would this bewritten in conventional notation?a. 300 000 m/s c. 30 000 000 m/sb. 3000 000 m/s d. 300 000 000 m/s

______10. You are asked to find the volume of a cube that is 2.5 cm high, 2.65 cmwide, and 3.456 cm long. How many significant figures should youshow in your answer?a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

______11. A measurement that is accurate is one thata. is as exact as possible. c. contains at least four significant

figures.b. is close to the true value. d. contains five decimal places.

______12. An important science skill is critical thinking. This meansa. thinking logically to solve a problem.b. discovering the shortcomings of others.c. knowing when something is very important.d. testing a hypothesis during an experiment.

______13. A tool used by physicists to smash atoms is a a. spectroscope. c. particle accelerator.b. stopwatch. d. radio telescope.

Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words that best completesthe statement.

14. A mathematical representation of an object or event is a

____________________.



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15. Any factor in an experiment that can change is referred to as a

____________________.

16. Combinations of the SI base units, which are used to measure quantities such

as volume, speed, and pressure, are called ____________________

____________________.

17. The number .000 9234 would be written in scientific notation as

____________________ ____________________.

18. The number 56 780 000 000 would be written in scientific notation as

____________________ ____________________.

19. The number 4.065 has ____________________ significant figures.

Read the statement, and write your answer in the space provided.

20. That measurement is very precise, but it is still not accurate. Explain howthis statement might be true.



Introduction to ScienceIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. The two main branches of science area. physics and chemistry. c. natural and physical science.b. natural and social science. d. biological and earth science.

______ 2. A scientific theory is an explanation thata. has been published in a journal or book.b. predicts what will happen.c. has been tested by many observations.d. a scientist has tested with an experiment.

______ 3. For a scientific theory to be valid, it must allow you toa. perform experiments. c. form a hypothesis.b. obtain new results each time. d. make predictions.

______ 4. A scientific model is aa. representation of a real event or object.b. small building used to conduct experiments.c. mathematical statement of a theory.d. new theory that takes the place of an incorrect one.

______ 5. The SI unit for measuring temperature is thea. degree. c. mole.b. kelvin. d. ampere.

______ 6. Which SI prefix means one million?a. kilo- c. giga-b. mega- d. milli-

______ 7. The decimal equivalent of 102 isa. 100. c. 0.1.b. 10. d. 0.01.

______ 8. What is 78 900 000 000 expressed in scientific notation?a. 789 109 c. 7.89 109

b. 78.9 108 d. 7.89 1010

______ 9. You are asked to find the area of a room that is 4.56 m long and 5.668m wide. How many significant figures should you show in youranswer?a. 3 c. 6b. 5 d. 7

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Chapter TestAssessment TEST B



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Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words that best completesthe statement.

10. A ____________________ measurement is one that is as exact as possible.

11. Using scientific knowledge for practical applications is called

____________________.

12. Applying logic to investigate problems involves ____________________ thinking.

13. Astronomers use ____________________ to magnify distant objects.

14. A possible answer to a scientific problem is called a ____________________.

15. Length, mass, time, and temperature, are four of the seven SI

____________________.

16. In the SI system, the prefix ____________________ means one billion.

OtherCarbon dioxide

Oxygen

Nitrogen

17. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is ____________________.

18. In scientific notation, the number 46 500 000 is ____________________.

19. The number 50.775 has ____________________ significant figures.

Read the statement, and write your response in the space provided.

20. Explain why scientists use scientific notation.

Gases in the Atmosphere


Holt Science Spectrum 26 Matter

MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Matter can be defined as anything thata. can be seen and touched. c. can be weighed.b. has mass and takes up space. d. contains kinetic energy.

______ 2. The smallest unit of a substance that behaves like the substance is a(n)a. element. c. atom.b. molecule. d. compound.

______ 3. The chemical symbol for sulfuric acid is H2SO4. How many atoms arecontained in each molecule of sulfuric acid? a. 3 c. 6b. 5 d. 7

______ 4. Which of the following is an example of a gas-liquid mixture? a. the air we breathe c. a carbonated drinkb. a helium balloon d. ice cubes

______ 5. Which of the following is an element?a. steel c. ironb. bronze d. brass

______ 6. Which of the following is made of at least two different types ofatoms?a. element c. compoundb. molecule d. matter

______ 7. Unlike a mixture, a pure substance hasa. atoms. c. a specific size.b. molecules. d. a fixed composition.

______ 8. Which of the following is not an example of a physical property? a. freezing point c. boiling pointb. reactivity d. density

______ 9. A substance has a mass of 360 g and a volume of 7.5 ml. What is itsdensity?a. 2700 g/ml c. 270 g/mlb. 480 g/ml d. 48 g/ml

______10. Stainless steel has chemical properties such asa. hardness. c. high melting point.b. resistance to rust. d. electrical conductivity.

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______11. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?a. ice melting c. paint fadingb. pounding gold into a coin d. a puddle of water evaporating

______12. Digesting food is an example ofa. physical change. c. change of state.b. chemical change. d. buoyancy.

Read each statement and write in the blank the word or words that best completesthe statement.

13. A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains the

_________________________ of that substance.

14. The chemical symbol O stands for the element _________________________.

15. The chemical formula for a chlorine molecule, which contains two chlorine

(Cl) atoms, is _________________________.

16. Two or more liquids that can dissolve into each other are referred to as

_________________________.

17. Tooth fillings are often made of gold or porcelain because those materials are

not _________________________.

18. Ice floats in water because it is _________________________ than water.

19. Grinding wheat into flour is an example of a _________________________

change.

Read the question, and write your response in the space provided.

20. Why is density an important property of matter? Explain at least two ways inwhich density has practical importance.



Name Class Date


MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. The science of what matter is made of and how it changes is calleda. chemistry. c. physics.b. kinetics. d. engineering.

______ 2. A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances isa(n)a. compound. c. element.b. mixture. d. atom.

______ 3. The chemical formula for table sugar is C12H22O11. How many oxygenatoms are in each sugar molecule?a. 2 c. 12b. 11 d. 22

______ 4. You put a spoonful of salt into a bowl of water and stir. The resultingliquid is an example of a(n)a. pure substance. c. heterogeneous mixture.b. homogeneous mixture. d. immiscible mixture.

______ 5. Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?a. reactivity with oxygen c. densityb. solubility in water d. color

______ 6. Which of the following is not an example of a physical property?a. freezing point c. boiling pointb. reactivity d. density

______ 7. Knowing the chemical properties of a substance will tell you how thesubstancea. looks. c. smells.b. can be broken down into d. reacts with other substances.

atoms.

______ 8. Steel has a density of 7.8 g/cm3. What is the mass of a block of steelwith a volume of 600.0 cm3?a. 77 g c. 470 gb. 4700 g d. 7700 g

______ 9. Which of the following is an example of a physical change? a. dissolving salt in water c. burning wood into charcoalb. cooking an egg d. rusting iron



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10. Aluminum, oxygen, and carbon are examples of _________________________.

11. Grinding quartz crystals down to produce sand is an example of a(n)

_________________________ change.

12. The smallest particle of oxygen that behaves like oxygen is an oxygen

_________________________.

13. Each molecule of iron oxide (Fe2O3) contains _________________________

iron atom(s).

14. A mixture of flour and water is called a(n) _________________________

mixture because the substances do not dissolve.

15. The _________________________ of a substance is defined as its mass divided

by its volume.

16. A chemical change is a change in the _________________________ of a sub-

stance.

17. A change in color during a reaction is often a sign that a(n)

_________________________ change has occurred.

18. The components of a _________________________ can be separated because

they are not chemically combined.

19. Gold is usually found in a pure form in nature because it is not

_________________________.


20. Explain what it means to say that a chemical change is a change in composi-tion. Give an example of a chemical change and state what changes occur.


Holt Science Spectrum 22 States of Matter

States of MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Temperature is a measure of the average ____________ energy of theparticles in the object.a. thermal c. potentialb. kinetic d. chemical

______ 2. The process of a liquid becoming a gas is calleda. sublimation. c. evaporation.b. condensation. d. freezing.

______ 3. The process of a liquid becoming a solid is calleda. condensation. c. evaporation.b. freezing. d. melting.

______ 4. A state of matter that is not a fluid isa. water. b. gas. c. liquid. d. solid.

______ 5. Which state of matter has a definite volume, but not shape?a. plasma c. liquidb. gas d. solid

______ 6. Archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on a(n) ___________ is equal to the weight of the displaced volume of fluid.a. object in a fluidb. object floating on a fluidc. fluid mixing with liquidd. substance dissolving into a fluid

______ 7. An object that sinks into a fluid is ____________ the liquid.a. less dense than c. more dense thanb. equally dense as d. being dissolved in

______ 8. Unlike a gas, a plasmaa. is a fluid. c. has no definite volume.b. has no definite shape. d. conducts electric current.

______ 9. Charless law relates the volume of a gas to itsa. container. c. molecular composition.b. pressure. d. temperature.

______10. When a fixed sample of gas increases in temperature, it must alsoa. increase in pressure. c. decrease in pressure.b. increase in volume. d. Both (a) and (b)

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11. The ____________________ theory of matter states that matter is made of

particles whose speed is dependent on their temperature and size.

12. The buoyant force exerts a(n) ____________________ force on any object

immersed in or floating on a fluid.

13. When an object floats, the buoyant force is ____________________ the weight

of the object.

14. Pascals principle states that a fluid in equilibrium within a vessel exerts

____________________ of equal intensity to all parts of the fluid.

15. Bernoullis principle describes the phenomenon of fluid pressure decreasing

when its speed _________________________.

16. Unlike liquids and solids, gases expand to ____________________ their con-

tainers.

17. Boyles law relates the pressure of a gas to its _____________________ .

18. Gay-Lussacs law relates the temperature of a gas to the

____________________ of a gas.

19. If a fixed sample of gas increases in temperature, at a constant pressure, its

volume ____________________.


20. How do the two conservation laws apply to changes of state?



States of MatterIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. The kinetic theory helps to visualize the differences between a. temperatures. c. types of motion.b. particles. d. states of matter.

______ 2. The process of a solid becoming a gas is calleda. sublimation. c. evaporation.b. condensation. d. freezing.

______ 3. The process of a gas becoming a liquid is calleda. melting. c. evaporation.b. freezing. d. condensation.

______ 4. The heavier a particle, the ____________ it moves.a. faster c. moreb. slower d. less

______ 5. The force keeping an object floating on a liquid is calleda. Archimedes force. c. natural force.b. buoyant force. d. surface tension.

______ 6. Pascals principle states that a fluid in equilibrium enclosed by a vesselexerts pressure a. upwards. c. equally in all directions.b. towards the vessels opening. d. downwards.

______ 7. An object that floats on a fluid is ____________ the fluid.a. less dense than c. more dense thanb. equally dense as d. being dissolved in

______ 8. Unlike a plasma, a gasa. is affected by magnetic fields. b. has no definite volume.c. is made of particles that have broken apart.d. does not conduct electricity.

______ 9. Boyles law relates the volume of a gas to itsa. container. c. molecular composition.b. pressure. d. temperature.

______10. When a fixed sample of gas increases in volume, it must alsoa. decrease in pressure. c. Either (a) or (b)b. increase in temperature. d. Both (a) and (b)

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11. The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made of particles whose

speed is dependent on their ____________________.

12. The law of mass conservation states that mass ____________________ be created or destroyed.

13. The only state of matter with definite shape and form is

____________________.

14. _____________________ is the most common state of matter in the universe.

15. Archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is

equal to the ____________________ of the volume of fluid that the object displaces.

16. Pascals principle states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed

fluid will be transmitted ____________________ to all parts of the fluid.

17. Charless law relates the volume of a gas to the ____________________ of a gas.

18. Gay-Lussacs law relates the pressure of a gas to the ____________________ ofa gas.

19. If a fixed amount of gas increases in pressure, at a constant temperature, its

volume ____________________.


20. Explain how gases are different from liquids and solids, giving four examplesof properties of gases.


Holt Science Spectrum 33 Atoms and the Periodic Table

Atoms and the Periodic TableIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Daltons atomic theory stated that every element was made of atomsthat could not be subdivided, atoms of the same element are alike, anda. atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.b. the nucleus is the center of the atom.c. atoms can join to form molecules.d. atoms are constantly in motion.

______ 2. Which statement about the atomic nucleus is correct?a. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons and has a negative

charge.b. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons and has a positive

charge.c. The nucleus is made of electrons and has a positive charge.d. The nucleus is made of electrons and has a negative charge.

______ 3. According to Bohrs model of the atom, electrons behave likea. planets orbiting the sun. c. light energy in a vacuum.b. waves on a vibrating string. d. planets rotating on their axes.

______ 4. The order of elements in the periodic table is based ona. the number of protons in the nucleus.b. the electric charge of the nucleus.c. the number of neutrons in the nucleus.d. atomic mass.

______ 5. Ionization refers to the process ofa. changing from one period to c. turning lithium into fluorine.

another.b. losing or gaining protons. d. losing or gaining electrons.

______ 6. Oxygens atomic number is 8. This means that an oxygen atom hasa. eight neutrons in its nucleus.b. a total of eight protons and neutrons.c. eight protons in its nucleus. d. a total of eight neutrons and electrons.

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______ 7. Which statement about an elements average atomic mass is correct?a. It is determined by counting the number of isotopes in a sample of

the element.b. It is equal to one-twelfth the mass of the most common isotope.c. It is a weighted average, so common isotopes have a greater effect

than uncommon ones.d. It is based on an isotopes charge, so negatively charged isotopes

have a greater effect than positive ones.

______ 8. Which statement about the alkali metals is correct?a. They are located in the left-most column of the periodic table.b. They are extremely nonreactive.c. They are usually gases.d. They form negative ions with a 1 charge.

______ 9. Which statement about noble gases is correct?a. They form compounds with very bright colors.b. They exist as single atoms rather than as molecules.c. They are highly reactive with both metals and nonmetals.d. They are extremely rare in nature.

______10. Group 18 noble gases are inert becausea. they readily form positive ions.b. they can have either a positive or a negative charge.c. their outermost energy level is missing one electron.d. their outermost energy level is full.

______11. A mole is an SI base unit that describes thea. mass of a substance. c. volume of a substance.b. amount of a substance. d. electric charge of a substance.

______12. If the atomic mass of carbon is 12 amu, 1 mole of pure carbon willhave a mass ofa. 6 g. c. 12 g.b. 6 mol. d. 12 mol.

______13. The average atomic mass of potassium is approximately 39 amu. Whatis the mass of 2.0 mol of potassium?a. 0.39 g c. 39 gb. 0.78 g d. 78 g

______14. You have 6.50 mol of chromium, which has a molar mass of approxi-mately 52 g/mol. What is the mass in grams of this amount ofchromium?a. 3.38 g c. 338 gb. 33.8 g d. 3.38 kg



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15. The word atom comes from a Greek word that means unable to be

____________________.

16. The nucleus of an atom has a(n) ____________________ electric charge.

17. Bohrs model of the atom compares electrons to ____________________.

18. The order of elements in the periodic table is based on the number of

____________________ in the nucleus.

19. Some elements are highly ____________________ because their outermost

energy levels are only partially filled.

20. Isotopes of an element have the same atomic ____________________ but

different atomic ____________________.

21. The ____________________ are located in the center of the periodic table.

22. Noble gases are nonreactive gaseous elements that are located in Group

____________________ of the periodic table.

23. The ____________________ is the SI unit that is used for counting small

particles, such as atoms.

24. The molar mass of krypton is 83.80 g/mol. The mass of 5.00 mol of krypton is

____________________ g.


25. Explain the major differences between Bohrs model of the atom and themodern model.



Atoms and the Periodic TableIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Which statement is true according to Daltons theory?a. Atoms of different elements can join to form larger atoms.b. Atoms can be subdivided into smaller particles.c. Atoms of the same element differ in electric charge.d. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.

______ 2. Atoms have no electric charge because theya. have an equal number of charged and noncharged particles.b. have neutrons in their nuclei.c. have an equal number of electrons and protons.d. have an equal number of neutrons and protons.

______ 3. According to Bohrs theory, an electrons path around the nucleusdefines itsa. electric charge. c. energy level.b. atomic mass. d. speed.

______ 4. Atoms of elements that are in the same group have the same numberofa. protons. c. valence electrons.b. neutrons. d. protons and neutrons.

______ 5. A lithium ion is much less reactive than a lithium atom because ita. is much more massive.b. has a full outermost energy level.c. has a negative electric charge.d. is in a different periodic table group.

______ 6. An atoms mass number equals the number ofa. protons plus the number of electrons.b. protons plus the number of neutrons.c. protons. d. neutrons.

______ 7. An atomic mass unit is equal toa. one-half the mass of a hydrogen atom.b. one-fourth the mass of a lithium atom.c. one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.d. one-fifteenth the mass of a nitrogen-15 atom.

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______ 8. Alkali metals are extremely reactive because theya. have very small atomic masses.b. are not solids at room temperature.c. have one valence electron that is easily removed to form a positive

ion.d. have two valence electrons that form compounds with calcium and

magnesium.

______ 9. Most halogens form compounds bya. gaining an electron to form a negative ion.b. losing an electron to form a positive ion.c. losing protons.d. joining with both calcium and carbon.

______10. Transition metals such as copper or tungsten form compounds bya. gaining electrons to form negative ions.b. losing electrons to form positive ions.c. losing neutrons.d. changing shape and color.

______11. Avogadros constant is defined as the number of particles ina. one mole of a pure substance. c. one gram of a pure substance.b. one liter of a pure substance. d. one kilogram of a pure sub-

stance.

______12. Molar mass is defined asa. the number of particles in 1 mole of a substance.b. the SI base unit that describes the amount of a substance.c. the amount of a substance necessary to have a positive charge.d. the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance.

______13. The average atomic mass of the element cesium is approximately 133 amu. What is the mass of 3.00 mol of cesium?a. 0.133 g c. 266 gb. 133 g d. 399 g

______14. What is the mass in grams of 0.75 mol of sulfur, which has a molarmass of approximately 32 g/mol?a. 16 g c. 32 gb. 24 g d. 240 g


15. The first person who suggested that matter was made up of atoms was the

Greek philosopher ________________________.



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16. Neutrons and protons are found in the ____________________ of an atom.

17. According to modern atomic theory, the exact location of a(n)

____________________ is uncertain.

18. The ________________________ states that when elements are listed in order

of atomic number, similarities in their properties will emerge in a regularpattern.

19. The valence electron of a lithium atom is easily removed to form a lithium

____________________ with a charge of 1.

20. An atom of potassium has an atomic mass of 39 amu and an atomic number

of 19. It therefore has ____________________ neutrons in its nucleus.

21. Group 1 of the periodic table consists of the ________________________, a

highly reactive group of elements.

22. The ________________________ are reactive elements in Group 17 of the

periodic table.

23. The number of particles in one mole of a substance is referred to as

____________________.

24. The molar mass of palladium is 106.42 g/mol. Therefore, 53.2 g of palladium

contains ____________________ mol.


25. Explain why atoms have no electric charge even though they are made up ofcharged particles.


Holt Science Spectrum 20 The Structure of Matter

In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. A mixture is different from a compound because each substance in amixturea. retains its own properties. c. forms an ion.b. changes its electric charge. d. changes from a solid to a liquid.

______ 2. Each molecule of hydrochloric acid, HCl, contains one atom of hydro-gen anda. one atom of chlorine. c. two atoms of chlorine.b. one atom of oxygen. d. two atoms of oxygen.

______ 3. In which substance do the molecules have the strongest attractions toone another?a. sugar, a solid c. sulfuric acid, a liquidb. hydrogen, a gas d. water, a liquid

______ 4. Often atoms join so that each atom will havea. an even number of electrons.b. an outermost energy level that is full of electrons.c. an equal number of protons and electrons.d. more electrons than either protons or neutrons.

______ 5. In a metallic bond, the nucleus of one atom is attracted by a nearbyatomsa. nucleus. c. energy structure.b. negative ion. d. electrons.

______ 6. Solid ionic compounds have very high melting points because theya. are positively charged.b. contain metallic elements.c. are made of elements that are solid at room temperature.d. contain charged ions that are locked tightly together.

______ 7. The name for the compound with the formula CuBr2 would be writtenasa. copper(II) bromide. c. copper bromine.b. copper(I) bromide. d. copper(III) bromide.

______ 8. Formaldehyde, CH2O, and acetic acid, C2H4O2, have the same empiri-cal formula but differenta. kinds of cations. c. kinds of atoms.b. kinds of anions. d. molecular formulas.

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______ 9. The simplest organic compound isa. aspirin. c. salt.b. table sugar. d. methane.

______10. Polymers are large organic molecules that are made ofa. cations. c. carbon and oxygen only.b. anions. d. repeating units.

______11. A protein is a polymer that is made ofa. simple sugars. c. amino acids.b. nitrogen and carbon dioxide. d. DNA.


12. Unlike a mixture, a compound has a(n) ____________________ that is alwaysthe same.

13. Formula units of salt, NaCl, contain equal numbers of ____________________

and ____________________.

14. A ____________________ formula resembles a ball and stick model of a com-pound except chemical symbols are used to represent the atoms.

15. In ionic compounds, the positively charged ions are formed from

____________________ elements.

16. A(n) ____________________ bond is formed by the attraction between posi

tively charged metal ions and the ____________________ around them.

17. A compound consisting of Br and Cd2 ions would be named

____________________.

18. The simplest formula for a covalent compound is its ____________________formula.

19. ____________________ are compounds that have repeating subunits.


20. Describe how ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds differ from each other.



In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. The forces that hold different atoms or ions together area. electric currents. c. physical bonds.b. chemical bonds. d. nuclear forces.

______ 2. Each molecule of table sugar, C12H22O11, containsa. 0 atoms of carbon. c. 6 atoms of carbon.b. 1 atom of carbon. d. 12 atoms of carbon.

______ 3. Gases take up a lot of space because gas moleculesa. have weak chemical c. contain very few atoms.

bonds. d. have a small molar mass.b. are not attracted to one another.

______ 4. Covalent bonds are formed betweena. ions. c. nonmetal atoms.b. metal atoms. d. compounds.

______ 5. Copper is a good conductor of electricity because its electronsa. are positively charged. c. have a 2 charge.b. can move from atom to atom. d. are repelled by protons.

______ 6. The name dinitrogen tetroxide tells you that this compound containsa. two N atoms and two O atoms. c. two N atoms and four O atoms.b. four N atoms and two O atoms. d. four N atoms and four O atoms.

______ 7. When copper combines with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide, thecharge of the copper ion isa. Cu1. c. Cu3.b. Cu2. d. Cu4.

______ 8. It is possible for different covalent compounds to have the sameempirical formula because empirical formulas representa. a total of all ionic bonds. c. a model of the compound.b. only the cations in the d. a ratio of atoms in the

compound. compound.

______ 9. How many chemical bonds can carbon form with other atoms? a. 1 c. 3b. 2 d. 4

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______10. Alkanes are hydocarbons that containa. single covalent bonds only. c. carbon and oxygen only.b. single or double covalent d. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

bonds.


11. When two atoms bond, the positive ____________________ of one

atom attracts the negative ____________________ of another.

12. The structural formula for a water molecule is ____________________.

13. When two chlorine atoms bond, they ____________________ a pair of electrons.

14. A(n) ____________________ bond is formed when atoms share

____________________ of electrons.

15. Because polyatomic ions are made of covalently bonded atoms that haveeither gained or lost electrons, they behave like simple

____________________.

16. A compound consisting of Cr3 ions and OH ions would be named

______________________.

17. The chemical formula for the ionic compound consisting of oxide ions and

nickel(III) ions is ____________________.

18. A compounds ______________________ formula tells you how many atomsof each type are in one molecule.

19. A(n) ____________________ is a polymer made of bonded amino acids.


20. Describe how the chemical structure of a compound affects its properties bygiving at least two examples.


Holt Science Spectrum 30 Chemical Reactions

Chemical ReactionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. A substance that undergoes a change in a chemical reaction isa. a product. c. a reactant.b. a chemical. d. an enzyme.

______ 2. In an exothermic reaction, energy is transferred froma. the reactants to the surroundings.b. the surroundings to the reactants.c. one reactant to another.d. the container to the chemicals.

______ 3. The energy source in photosynthesis isa. light energy. c. heat energy.b. chemical energy. d. kinetic energy.

______ 4. A synthesis reaction is a reaction between at least two compounds in whicha. one breaks down into at least two products.b. a compound is decomposed by an electric current.c. a compound burns in the presence of oxygen.d. a new, more complex compound is formed.

______ 5. The product of the synthesis reaction between sodium and chlorinegas isa. polyethylene. c. sodium chloride.b. carbon dioxide. d. copper (II) chloride.

______ 6. A chemical equation is balanced by changing or addinga. chemical symbols. c. coefficients.b. subscripts. d. reactants.

______ 7. In the reaction 2H2O : 2H2 O2, if you start with 2 mol of water,how many moles of hydrogen gas are produced?a. 1 mol c. 3 molb. 2 mol d. 4 mol

______ 8. In the reaction H2S 2O2 : H2SO4, the law of definite proportionspredicts that for every mole of H2S you will need how many moles of O2?a. 1 mol c. 3 molb. 2 mol d. 4 mol

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______ 9. In a balanced chemical reaction, the total mass of the products alwaysequals thea. molar mass of the reactants. c. total mass of the reactants.b. atomic mass of the reactants. d. proportional masses of the

reactants.

______10. Large, bulky molecules react more slowly than small ones becausethey have less opportunity toa. become heated. c. collide with other molecules.b. be mixed with catalysts. d. increase their surface area.

______11. Which enzyme breaks down cellulose into smaller molecules?a. amylase c. proteaseb. cellulase d. lipase

______12. When a chemical reaction and its reverse are occurring at the sametime and at the same rate, the reaction has achieveda. displacement. c. imbalance.b. equilibrium. d. decomposition.

______13. Le Chteliers principle states that increasing temperature favors areaction thata. releases energy as heat. c. involves a chemical catalyst.b. absorbs energy as heat. d. involves an enzyme.


14. A change of color is a sign that a ____________________ is taking place.

15. The changes that are visible during a chemical reaction are signs that the

____________________ in the reactants have been rearranged.

16. A chemical reaction that transfers energy from the reactants to the surround-

ings is referred to as ____________________.

17. In a(n)____________________ reaction, the reactants are broken down intoother substances.

18. A substance is said to be ____________________ when it gains electrons.

19. Balance the following chemical equation by filling in the correct coefficient

on the right-hand side. H2 Cl2 : ____________________ HCl



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20. Suppose you were producing zinc chloride by the reaction Zn 2HCl : ZnCl2 H2. If you started with 4 moles of zinc, you would need

____________________ moles of hydrogen chloride and you would produce

____________________ moles of zinc chloride.

21. In the chemical equation H2 Cl2 : 2HCl, the mole ratios are

____________________ .

22. If you ____________________ the temperature of a reaction, generally you

will ____________________ the rate of the reaction.

23. In a state of equilibrium, a reaction and its reverse occur at the same

____________________ and at the same ____________________.

24. When a reaction is at equilibrium, increasing the pressure favors the reaction

that produces ____________________.


25. Why is it incorrect to balance a chemical equation by changing the subscripts?Explain.



Chemical ReactionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. What happens in a chemical reaction?a. Atoms are destroyed. c. Atoms are heated and cooled.b. Atoms are created. d. Atoms are rearranged.

______ 2. Which statement about endothermic reactions is correct?a. Energy is always created in the form of heat.b. Energy is transferred from the surroundings to the reactants.c. Energy is used to force electrons to move to higher energy levels.d. Energy is transferred from the reactants to the surroundings.

______ 3. Most of the energy in an isooctane reaction is released in the form ofa. heat and light. c. water.b. electrical energy. d. sound.

______ 4. Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?a. photosynthesis c. respirationb. digestion d. exchange of ions between two

compounds

______ 5. When water is broken down by electrolysis, the products area. water and carbon dioxide. c. hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.b. hydrogen and oxygen ions. d. oxygen and methane.

______ 6. A balanced chemical equation shows the proportions of reactants andproducts necessary fora. the reaction to occur. c. energy use to be minimized.b. mass to be conserved. d. electrolysis to occur.

______ 7. In the reaction 2H2O2 : 2H2O O2, if you start with 4 mol of H2O2,how many moles of O2 will you end up with?a. 4 mol c. 2 molb. 3 mol d. 1 mol

______ 8. In the reaction 2Mg O2 : 2MgO, the law of definite proportionsstates that for every 2 moles of Mg you will need how many moles of O2?a. 1 mol c. 3 molb. 2 mol d. 4 mol

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______ 9. A balanced chemical equation indicates both the number of particlesof reactants and products and the number ofa. orbits. c. nuclei.b. electrons. d. moles.

______10. What could you do to make yeast dough rise more slowly?a. Add more yeast to the mixture.b. Knead the dough more vigorously.c. Add mold spores to the dough.d. Reduce the temperature.

______11. An enzyme is a special kind of catalyst that works toa. speed up a specific biochemical reaction.b. slow down a chemical reaction.c. break down chemical elements.d. maintain the correct temperature for a reaction.

______12. What is the relationship between chemical equilibrium and the rates offorward and reverse reaction?a. In equilibrium, the forward reaction rate must be greater than the

reverse reaction rate.b. In equilibrium, the forward reaction rate must be less than the

reverse reaction rate.c. In equilibrium, the forward and reverse reaction rates must be

equal.d. In equilibrium, both forward and reverse reactions must stop.

______13. Increasing the concentration of one substance in an equilibrium reac-tion favors the reaction thata. absorbs energy as heat. c. produces less of that substance.b. releases energy as heat. d. produces more of that

substance.


14. A sign that a chemical reaction is taking place is release of energy in the form

of ____________________ or ____________________.

15. In a chemical reaction, atoms are ____________________, but they are notcreated or destroyed.

16. A(n) ____________________ reaction is one in which heat is transferred fromthe surroundings to the reactants.

17. In a combustion reaction, ____________________ is used to make reactantsburn.



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18. A reaction that involves the transfer of ____________________ is called a(n)

____________________ reaction.

19. Balance the following chemical equation by filling in the correct coefficients.

____________________ KI Br2 : ____________________ KBr I220. In the chemical equation CH4 O2 : CO2 2H2O, for every one mole of

carbon dioxide you produced, you would have ____________________mole/moles of water.

21. In the chemical equation FeS 2HCl : FeCl2 H2S, the mole ratios are

____________________.

22. If you ____________________ the surface area of a reactant, you will

probably ____________________ the rate of the reaction.

23. Equilibrium is achieved when the ____________________ and

____________________ reactions continue to take place at the same rate.

24. When a reaction is at equilibrium, increasing the temperature favors the

reaction that ____________________.


25. Why is the mole ratio an important concept for a scientist who frequentlymeasures and mixes chemicals in the lab? Explain.


Holt Science Spectrum 23 Solutions

SolutionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture? a. salt water c. sugar solutionb. vinegar d. mayonnaise

______ 2. A mixture that separates into different layers when you stop stirring itisa. a colloid. c. a solution.b. a suspension. d. an emulsion.

______ 3. You can usually separate out a suspension bya. pouring off the liquid. c. distilling the entire suspension.b. freezing the suspension. d. using a filter.

______ 4. Loose sugar dissolves much faster than a sugar cube because loosesugara. has greater surface area. c. has a higher temperature.b. has less kinetic energy. d. has greater surface tension.

______ 5. You can make a solute dissolve more quickly in a solvent bya. adding more solute. c. heating the solvent.b. adding ice. d. removing some solvent.

______ 6. Water is referred to as the universal solvent becausea. it is found throughout the universe.b. all known substances dissolve in water.c. many different substances dissolve in water.d. it covers more than half of Earths surface.

______ 7. An unsaturated solution is one that a. can dissolve more solute at the current conditions.b. will precipitate out all its dissolved solute.c. can dissolve more solute only if heated.d. can dissolve more solute only if the pressure is increased.

______ 8. Which states of matter can form solutions?a. gas-liquid c. solid-liquidb. solid-solid d. all of the above

______ 9. A bottle of soda fizzes when opened because the dissolved gasa. is insoluble in the soda. c. saturates the solution.b. reacts with the air. d. comes out of solution.

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______10. A solution that holds more solute than it normally can is a(n)a. dilute solution. c. saturated solution.b. unsaturated solution. d. supersaturated solution


11. Garden soil and potato salad are two examples of ____________________mixtures.

12. A solution is an example of a(n) _____________________ mixture.

13. You can separate two ____________________ by pouring the less dense liquidoff the top.

14. As sugar dissolves in water, sugar molecules _____________________, orspread throughout the entire solution.

15. Stirring a solution will make a solute _____________________ more quickly.

16. Water is a(n) _____________________ compound because its shared electronsare not spread evenly throughout each water molecule.

17. To dissolve a substance, solvent molecules must exert_____________________

force on solute particles than the particles exert on_____________________.

18. Gases are _____________________ soluble in warm water than in cold water.

19. The maximum amount of a sustance that will dissolve in a given quantity of

solvent at a given temperature is the ____________________ of the substance.

20. Adding sugar to water _____________________ the boiling point of the water.

21. Hydrogen bonding occurs between _____________________ molecules.

22. Water will usually not dissolve_____________________ compounds.

Read each statement or question, and write your response in the space provided.

23. Calculate the molarity of the solution made from dissolving 36.0 g of silvernitrate, AgNO3, in 325 mL of water.



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24. How many moles of calcium chloride, CaCl2, must be dissolved in 1.30 L ofwater to make a 0.25 M solution?

25. Describe the difference between a suspension and an emulsion.



SolutionsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? a. salad dressing c. rubbing alcoholb. gelatin d. orange juice with pulp

______ 2. Which statement about solutions is incorrect?a. Liquids that mix to form a single layer are said to be miscible.b. Solutions can be made of any combination of the three phases.c. In a solution, the solvent is dissolved in the solute.d. Solutions will not separate under normal circumstances.

______ 3. Distillation can be used to separate solutions of miscible liquidsbecausea. different liquids usually have different boiling points.b. boiling breaks the chemical bonds within each liquid.c. denser liquids sink to the bottom.d. solids remain after the liquids are boiled away.

______ 4. Sugar will dissolve more quickly in iced tea if you stir it because stirringa. absorbs kinetic energy. c. increases solution solubility.b. helps the solute to diffuse. d. changes waters polarity.

______ 5. ____________ will not make it easier to dissolve a solute in a solvent.a. Heating the solvent c. Increasing solute surface areab. Stirring the solution d. Adding a large amount of solute

______ 6. Water can dissolve charged particles becausea. it is an ionic compound. c. it is solid at 0C.b. its atoms have partial charges. d. it has a low molecular weight.

______ 7. When a supersaturated solution cools down, thea. solution starts to solidify. c. solute floats above the solution.b. solution dissolves more solute. d. solute may precipitate.

______ 8. Molarity is a measure of concentration based on moles ofa. solute per liter of solution. c. solute per 100 g of solution.b. solvent per liter of solution. d. solvent per 100 g of solution.

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______ 9. An example of a gas-liquid solution isa. air. c. a soft drink.b. mothballs. d. petroleum.

______10. A hydrogen bond is a partial covalent bond formed between twoa. water molecules. c. hydrogen atoms.b. oxygen atoms. d. solute molecules.


11. A type of suspension that does not settle out under normal conditions is a(n)

_____________________.

12. The particles in a colloid are _____________________ than those in a suspension.

13. When a solid is dissolved in water, you can separate the two by

_____________________ or _____________________.

14. A solutes _____________________ can often be increased by heating.

15. A solute will dissolve more quickly if you increase its _____________________by breaking it into small pieces.

16. Because so many substances can dissolve in water, it is often referred to as

the _____________________.

17. To dissolve an ionic substance, water molecules must exert a force on the

ions that is _____________________ than the force holding the ions in thecrystal.

18. Adding sugar to water _____________________ the freezing point of the water.

19. Gases are _____________________ soluble under high pressure than lowpressure conditions.

20. Polar compounds are more soluble in water than _____________________compounds.

21. The scattering of light in a colloid is called the _____________________.

22. A homogeneous mixture can also be called a(n) _____________________.



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Read each statement or question, and write your response in the space provided.

23. Calculate the molarity of the solution made from dissolving 48.0 g of potas-sium iodide, KI, in 775 mL of water.

24. How many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl, must be dissolved in 2.50 L ofwater to make a 0.19 M solution?

25. Explain why it would be difficult to separate two miscible liquids that havesimilar boiling points.


Holt Science Spectrum 27 Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids, Bases, and SaltsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Which statement about bases is incorrect? a. turn red litmus paper blue c. taste bitterb. contain hydronium ions d. feel slippery

______ 2. The pH of a substance is a measure of itsa. boiling point. c. ability to mix with water.b. food value. d. hydronium ion concentration.

______ 3. When a solution of an acid reacts with a solution of a base, hydroniumions react with hydroxide ions to forma. salt. c. a weaker base.b. a stronger acid. d. water.

______ 4. Which of the following is a basic solution?a. household ammonia c. vinegarb. HCl dissolved in water d. pure water

______ 5. A disinfectant is a substance thata. forms a base. c. kills bacteria and viruses.b. mixes safely with vinegar. d. forms an acid.

______ 6. Putting lemon juice on a piece of cut apple willa. make the fruit softer and easier to chew.b. prevent the fruit from turning brown.c. make the fruit taste sweeter.d. neutralize the acid in the fruit.

______ 7. What is the pH of a 0.01 M solution of the strong acid HNO3 in water?a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

______ 8. The salt sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, can be formed by a reaction betweena. NaOH and HCl. c. NaOH and H2SO4.b. NaCl and H2O. d. NaCl and NH3.

______ 9. Which is not a use for household bleach?a. to kill bacteria c. to neutralize stomach acidb. to whiten clothes d. to kill viruses

______10. Which is a basic compound?a. antacid c. bleachb. drain cleaner d. all of the above

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11. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that either contains hydroxide ions (OH ) or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions.

12. Apple juice has a pH of 3, and stomach acid has a pH of 2. This means that

stomach acid is ____________________ times more acidic than apple juice.

13. Acids turn ____________________ litmus paper ____________________.

14. Salts are ____________________ formed when acids and bases react.

15. A compound that contains hydroxide ions is a(n) ____________________.

16. A strong acid ionizes ____________________ in water.

17. An antacid ____________________ excess stomach acid.

18. Marinades containing acids can be used to ____________________ meat.

19. A ____________________ reaction occurs between an acid and a base.

20. Soaps and detergents are such good cleaners because they can dissolve in

both ____________________ and ____________________.

21. The ____________________ in a titration of a strong acid with a strong base is reached when the original amount of acid equals the amount of added base.

22. An ____________________ conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

23. The negative ion of a soap is a hydrocarbon chain with a(n)

____________________ at one end.

Read each question or statement, and write your response in the space provided.

24. Write the ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between hyrochloricacid, HCl, and potassium hydroxide, KOH. Include all spectator ions.

25. Explain why strong acids and bases are also strong electrolytes, while weakacids and bases are not.



Acids, Bases, and SaltsIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Acids are substances that a. form hydronium ions when dissolved in water.b. turn red litmus paper blue.c. make foods taste bitter.d. react with neutral liquids to form bases.

______ 2. A substance with a pH of 13 isa. neutral. c. mildly basic.b. strongly acidic. d. strongly basic.

______ 3. The pH of an acid and base mixed together in solution depends on thea. amounts of acid and base used. c. temperature of the solution.b. concentration of base alone. d. concentration of acid alone.

______ 4. Marinades for meat commonly include acids such as vinegar or wine,because the acids cana. toughen meat. c. preserve meat.b. tenderize meat. d. react with salt.

______ 5. Soap can remove grease and oil from your skin because it acts as a. an emulsifier to surround oil. c. a solvent to dissolve the dirt.b. an acid to neutralize dirt. d. a salt to make water harder.

______ 6. Which of the following substances is a base?a. lactose c. vitamin Cb. lemon juice d. bleach

______ 7. What is the pH of a 0.1 M solution of the strong acid HNO3 in water?a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

______ 8. The salt potassium chloride, KCl, can be formed by a reaction betweena. KOH and H2O. c. KOH and HCl.b. KI and HCl. d. KI and NH3.

______ 9. Which solution is the most acidic?a. a solution with a pH 10 c. a solution with a pH 3b. a solution with a pH 6 d. a solution with a pH 1

______10. Which is the strongest electrolyte?a. a weak base c. a neutral solutionb. a strong acid d. a weak acid

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11. A(n) acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H) to form

_______________ ions when dissolved in water.

12. Baking soda has a pH of 9, and household ammonia has a pH of 12. This

means that ammonia is _____________________ times more basic than baking soda.

13. In a neutralization reaction, hydronium ions react with hydroxide ions to

produce ____________________.

14. Salts are ionic compounds that are often soluble in ____________________.

15. ____________________ are used to neutralize stomach acid.

16. A weak base _________________________ in water, while a strong base

_________________________ in water.

17. The pH of a solution tells you its concentration of ____________________.

18. Ions that do not change during a chemical reaction are called

____________________.

19. During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the pH of the solution

at the equivalence point is ____________________.

20. Detergents are used instead of soap because they prevent the formation of

____________________.

21. The ____________________ of a soap molecule dissolves in oil.

22. A disinfectant is a substance that kills ____________________.

23. ____________________ change color depending on the pH of a solution.

Read each statement, and write your response in the space provided.

24. Write the ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between nitric acid,HNO3, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Include all spectator ions.

25. Explain why all neutralization reactions do not produce neutral solutions.


Holt Science Spectrum 24 Nuclear Changes

Nuclear ChangesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Radioactive materials have unstablea. electrons. c. protons.b. nuclei. d. neutrons.

______ 2. The process of nuclear change in an atom of radioactive material iscalleda. nuclear decay. c. nuclear mass.b. isotopes. d. radon.

______ 3. In alpha decay, the mass number of the atom before the decaya. equals the sum of the mass numbers of the products.b. does not change after the decay.c. is the same as the atomic number.d. cannot be determined.

______ 4. In this example, what are the chemical symbols of the products of thedecay?

a. Ra and Rn c. Rn and Heb. Ra and He d. He only

______ 5. When a nucleus undergoes nuclear decay by gamma rays, the atomicnumber of the elementa. remains the same. c. increases by one.b. decreases by one. d. increases by two.

______ 6. The attractive force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus causedby the strong nuclear force acts onlya. outside the nucleus. c. in unstable isotopes.b. over a very short distance. d. intermittently.

______ 7. Nuclei with too many or too few neutrons area. never found. c. unnatural.b. unstable. d. stable.

______ 8. Fusion occurs when nucleia. split. c. mutate.b. combine. d. gain energy.

226 88Ra 9:

222 86Rn

42He

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______ 9. A fission chain reaction can be slowed by using materials that willa. absorb some of the neutrons.b. convert some of the neutrons to protons.c. increase the rate of the neutron multiplication.d. decrease the amount of available oxygen in the air.

______10. Background radiation can come froma. the sun. c. water.b. plants. d. All of the above

______11. Short-lived isotopes like magnesium-28 that are used in fields such asgeology, agriculture, and medicine are calleda. trace elements. c. radioactive tracers.b. carbon tracers. d. alpha-emitting isotopes.

______12. The ideal location for a radioactive-waste storage facility is one that isa. in a sparsely populated area. c. far away from ground water.b. in an area free from d. All of the above

earthquakes.

______13. When a fusion reactor for safely generating energy is developed, theelement that could meet Earths energy demands for millions of years isa. oxygen. c. hydrogen.b. nitrogen. d. lithium.

Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words that best com-pletes the statement.

14. In this example, the helium is also known as ____________________.

15. A(n) ____________________ particle is emitted when carbon-14 decays into

nitrogen-14.

16. The time required for half a sample of radioactive nuclei to decay is called

a(n) ____________________.

17. Nuclei with more than 83 protons are always unstable, no matter how many

____________________ they have.

18. The interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in a nucleus is

____________________.

226 88Ra 9:

222 86Rn

42He



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19. The process by which a nucleus splits into two or more smaller fragments,

releasing neutrons and energy, is called ____________________.

20. The ____________________ is one example of a place where naturally occu-rring extreme temperatures provide the energy needed to bring hydrogennuclei together in a fusion reaction.

21. In the equation, E = mc2, the m stands for ____________________.

22. Ionization occurs when atoms lose or gain ____________________.

23. The main problem with disposing of radioactive wastes is that the wastes

have a long ____________________.

24. In nuclear-fission reactors operating today, ____________________ is the mostcommon fuel.


25. A beta particle is negatively charged, but it comes from a positively chargednucleus. How is this possible?



Nuclear ChangesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Which of the following is not a type of nuclear radiation?a. alpha particles c. neutron emissionb. beta particles d. X rays

______ 2. Nuclear radiation refers to charged particles or energy emitted by anunstablea. proton. c. nucleus.b. atom. d. isotope.

______ 3. Alpha particles are nuclei ofa. oxygen. c. helium.b. nitrogen. d. radium.

______ 4. In this example of alpha decay, what is the mass number of radiumbefore the decay?a. 226 c. 222b. 88 d.

______ 5. During beta decay, a nucleusa. gives up two protons and two neutrons.b. maintains the same number of protons and neutrons.c. loses a proton and gains a neutron.d. gains a proton and loses a neutron.

______ 6. In radioactive decay, with each successive half-life, half the remainingsample decays to form anothera. nucleus. c. life-form.b. element. d. proton.

______ 7. The process of the production of lighter nuclei from heavier nuclei iscalleda. mass energy. c. magneticism.b. fusion. d. fission.

______ 8. The opposite reaction to fusion is calleda. beta decay. c. fission.b. alpha decay. d. neutron transmission.

226 88 (314)

226 88Ra 9:

222 86Rn

42He

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Name Class Date


______ 9. You prepare a large screened-in box, inside which you place severaldozen mouse traps. You set each trap, and on each mouse trap youplace a ping pong ball. You then drop another ping pong ball into thebox, which sets off one of the mouse traps, which sets off other mousetraps, and so on. You have just demonstrateda. a chain reaction. c. fusion.b. the theory of relativity. d. alpha decay.

______10. Nuclear radiation can help detect diseases with the use of a. X rays. c. MRI.b. radioactive tracers. d. All of the above

______11. The particles that are released by the radioactive sources in smokealarms carry a charge and produce a(n)a. odor. c. electric current.b. beam of light. d. sound.

______12. Radioactive tracers are short-liveda. drugs. c. tumors.b. isotopes. d. rays.

______13. The use of nuclear reactors to generate electricity isa. decreasing rapidly. c. found in dozens of countries.b. found only in the United States. d. totally safe.

Read each statement, and write in the blank the word or words that best com-pletes the statement.

14. ____________________ are massive, positively charged particles emitted bysome radioactive elements.

15. If the atomic number of an atom before alpha decay is 88, and one of itsproducts has an atomic number of 86, the atomic number of the second

product is ____________________.

16. After three half-lives, the fraction of the original radioactive element that

remains is ____________________.

17. The force that binds protons and neutrons together in a nucleus is called

____________________.

18. The protons in a nucleus both repel and attract each other. In stable nuclei,

the ____________________ are stronger.

19. The equivalence of mass and energy means that matter can be converted intoenergy and energy into matter. The equation that expresses this equivalence is

____________________.



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20. ____________________ is the name for the process in which light nucleicombine at extremely high temperatures, forming heavier nuclei and releasingenergy.

21. In the equation, E = mc2, the E stands for ____________________.

22. ____________________ is nuclear radiation that is emitted from natural sources all around us.

23. The known reserves of coal and oil combined have ____________________ energy than the known uranium reserves.

24. ____________________ is the most likely fuel for nuclear-fusion reactors.


25. Why can a small amount of mass (of matter) create a large amount of energy?


Holt Science Spectrum 31 Motion

MotionIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. The distance traveled by an object divided by the time it takes to travelthat distance is called a. average velocity. c. average acceleration.b. average speed. d. activity.

______ 2. What is the speed of an object at rest?a. 15 km/hb. 0 km/hc. 1 km/hd. This cannot be determined without further information.

______ 3. The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includesa. direction. c. time.b. distance. d. weight.

______ 4. An example of helpful friction isa. car tires wearing out. c. writing on paper with a pen.b. getting holes in your socks. d. scraping your knee on the floor.

______ 5. Friction is defined as thea. force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching.b. rate at which velocity changes.c. resistance of an object to a change in its velocity.d. speed of an object in a particular direction.

______ 6. An object is in motion when a. you observe the object move.b. the objects speed increases.c. the objects displacement is greater than the distance traveled.d. the object changes position relative to a stationary reference point.

______ 7. Force is a quantity made up ofa. weight and speed. c. time and acceleration.b. magnitude and direction. d. mass and velocity.

______ 8. Which is an example of balanced forces acting on an object?a. a kangaroo jumping c. a cyclist slowing downb. a car turning a corner d. a leaf lying on the grass

______ 9. Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided bya. speed. c. time.b. final velocity. d. distance.

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______10. Which is an example of kinetic friction?a. friction between a cars windshield and the air as you drive into the

windb. friction between your shoes and the ground when you stand stillc. friction between a sticky note and the page of a book as it marks

your placed. friction between your skin and a pencil as it rests in your palm


11. Because the speed of an object can change from one instant to the next,dividing the total distance covered by the time of travel gives

______________________________.

12. Velocity describes both speed and _____________________.

13. Acceleration can be determined from a velocity-time graph by calculating the

______________________________.

14. One way to reduce friction in a car engine is to add a(n)

____________________.

15. The change in the position of an object is called _____________________.

16. On a distance-time graph, distance is usually the _____________________variable.

17. A negative acceleration means the object is

______________________________.

18. The combination of all forces acting on an object is the

______________________________.

19. When the net force on an object is greater than zero, the object will accelerate

in the direction of the _____________________ force.

20. Static friction is usually greater than ______________________________.

Read each question, and write your response in the space provided.

21. How long does it take for a fly traveling at 9.1 m/s to fly 100.0 m?



Name Class Date


22. Find the velocity, in km/h, of a dolphin that is observed swimming 55 m in 5.0 s.

23. During a race, a sprinter increases from 5.0 m/s to 7.5 m/s over a period of1.25 s. What is the sprinters average acceleration during this period?

24. A coin falls from rest from the balcony of a building. If it takes 2.7 s for it tohit the ground, what is the final velocity of the coin?

25. A race car travels around a circular track. Explain why the car is acceleratingeven though the driver maintains a constant speed.



MotionIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. In order to determine speed, you must know a. time. c. Both (a) and (b)b. distance. d. Neither (a) nor (b)

______ 2. An airplane is flying at 635 miles per hour at an altitude of 35,000 feet.It is currently over Kansas and is approximately 16 minutes ahead ofits scheduled arrival time. What is its velocity?a. 635 mi/hb. 16 mi/minc. 35 000 ft/sd. This cannot be determined without further information about its

direction.

______ 3. Which of the following does not indicate velocity?a. 14 ft/s SSE b. 40 mi/h toward the town square along the main streetc. 80 km/h going from New York toward New Jerseyd. 28 miles from Los Angeles to Catalina Island

______ 4. The SI unit for acceleration isa. mi/h. c. m/s2.b. ft/s2. d. v/t.

______ 5. If the net force acting on a stationary object is zero, then the object willa. accelerate in the direction of the strongest force.b. remain at rest.c. begin moving backwards.d. decelerate at a steady rate of speed.

______ 6. Displacement a. must be in a particular direction.b. is the change in postition of an object.c. must be a straight line.d. All of the above

______ 7. For an object moving at a constant speed, the distance-time graph a. is quite steep. c. has a negative slope.b. has a positive slope. d. is a straight line.

______ 8. An example of constant acceleration isa. uniform circular motion. c. average speed.b. balanced forces. d. static friction.

Name Class Date




Name Class Date


______ 9. The friction between the bristles of your toothbrush and the surfacesof your teeth is an example of a. rolling friction. c. helpful friction.b. static friction. d. All of the above

______10. Which straight-line acceleration indicates an increase in speed?a. 0 m/s2 c. 4 m/s2

b. 15 m/s2 d. all of the above


11. When an object covers equal distances in equal amounts of time, it is moving

at a(n) _____________________ speed.

12. Acceleration is the rate at which _____________________ changes.

13. In order to determine if an object is moving, you must observe the object in

relation to a(n) ______________________________.

14. Speed measured in an infinitely small time interval is_____________________.

15. The acceleration that occurs during uniform circular motion is

_____________________.

16. A(n) _____________________ line on a velocity-time graph means that thevelocity changes by the same amount over each time interval.

17. The friction between a book at rest and the desk it is lying on is an example

of _____________________ friction.

18. Cyclists wear_____________________ to reduce fluid friction.

19. An action exerted on a body to change its state of rest or motion is a(n)

_____________________.

20. In the acceleration equation, the change in an objects velocity is symbolized

by _____________________.



Name Class Date


Read each question, and write your response in the space provided.

21. A boat is traveling north at 13.4 m/s.The captain walks north on the deck at1.3 m/s. What is her resultant velocity?

22. How far can a caterpillar, traveling at 0.05 m/s, move in 3 minutes?

23. A powerboat accelerates along a straight path from 0 km/h to 99.8 km/h in10.0 s. Find the average acceleration of the boat in m/s2.

24. A tennis player serves a ball that accelerates at an average rate of 21.2 m/s2.How long does it take for the ball to speed up from 10.5 m/s to 20.5 m/s?

25. In your own words, explain the similarities and differences between velocityand acceleration.


Holt Science Spectrum 32 Forces

ForcesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. If you divide momentum by velocity, the result is the value of theobjects a. mass. c. energy.b. direction. d. speed.

______ 2. A 10.0 kg dog chasing a rabbit north at 6.0 m/s has a momentum ofa. 0.6 kg m/s. c. 60.0 m/s.b. 60.0 kg m/s north. d. 60.0 kg/s.

______ 3. When the velocity of an object changes, it is acted upon by a(n)a. force. c. momentum.b. inertia. d. deceleration.

______ 4. If the net force on an object is zero then the object hasa. reaction forces. c. balanced forces.b. action forces. d. unbalanced forces.

______ 5. When objects are moved further apart from each other, the force ofgravity between thema. increases. c. decreases.b. stays the same. d. decreases at first then increases.

______ 6. The SI unit of force, named for the scientist who described the rela-tionship between motion and force, is called thea. newton. c. curie.b. einstein. d. pasteur.

______ 7. When air resistance balances the weight of an object that is falling, thevelocitya. slowly decreases. c. rapidly increases.b. remains constant. d. None of the above

______ 8. The weight of an object can be calculated by multiplying mass bya. distance. c. velocity.b. speed. d. free-fall acceleration.

______ 9. Which object does not have momentum?a. a fish swimming in a pond c. a rock by the side of the roadb. a feather falling to the ground d. a boulder rolling down a hill

Name Class Date




Name Class Date


______10. What is the reaction force when you place a cup on a table?a. The force of the cup on the table.b. The force of the table on the cup.c. The force of gravity on the table.d. The force of gravity on the cup.


11. The free fall acceleration of an object under Earths gravity is directed

_____________________________________________________________________.

12. Terminal velocity is defined as _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

13. When you kick a stone, your foot exerts a force on the stone and the stone

exerts a force _____________________ in size and _____________________ in direction on your foot.

14. Orbital motion is a combination of _____________________ motion and free fall.

15. An important safety feature in your car that is based on the concept of inertia

is the _____________________.

16. The gravitational force on an object _____________________ as the objects mass increases.

17. The path of a pitched ball is an example of____________________ motion.

18. An object changes its motion only if a force acts on it to change its speed or

direction. This is a statement of Newtons _____________________.

19. Action and reaction forces always occur at _____________________ time.


20. Rearrange the equation for Newtons second law of motion to define accelera-tion in terms of force and mass.



ForcesIn the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. Which of the following is not a factor in calculating momentum? a. mass c. accelerationb. direction d. speed

______ 2. Whenever an object is standing still, which value is always zero?a. speed c. momentumb. velocity d. all of the above

______ 3. A tug-of-war that results in one team pulling the other across the lineis an example ofa. action forces. c. balanced forces.b. reaction forces. d. unbalanced forces.

______ 4. A force is continuously applied to an object, causing it to accelerate.After a period of time, however, the object stops accelerating. Whatconclusions can be drawn?a. The mass of the object has increased. b. Gravity on the object has increased.c. The object is experiencing some kind of friction.d. The momentum of the object has reached a maximum.

______ 5. Weight is best described asa. an objects resistance to acceleration.b. what causes an object to fall.c. the downward force exerted on an object due to gravity.d. a force solely dependent on an objects mass.

______ 6. Which of the following units is used to measure acceleration?a. m/s b. m s c. m/s2 d. m2/s2

______ 7. Which of the following is true? a. Weight and mass are proportional but not equal.b. Weight is gravitational force an object experiences due to its mass.c. The weight of an object on Earth is greater than the weight of the

same object on the moon, but the objects mass stays the same.d. all of the above

______ 8. The tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest isa. inertia. c. free fall.b. momentum. d. acceleration.

Name Class Date




Name Class Date


______ 9. The strongest gravitational force occurs between Earth anda. Jupiter. b. Venus. c. Pluto. d. the moon.

______10. Near Earths surface, an objects free-fall acceleration increases as itsa. mass increases. c. speed increases.b. weight increases. d. None of the above


11. According to Newtons second law of motion, force is the product of

_____________________ and _____________________.

12. Free fall is the motion of an object resulting from _____________________.

13. The value for the acceleration of objects in free fall near Earth is

_____________________.

14. When gravitational forces and air resistance equalize on an object that isfalling toward Earth and the object stops accelerating, its velocity is called

the _____________________ velocity.

15. An object at rest remains at rest unless it experiences a(n)

____________________.

16. If the car you are riding in comes to a sudden stop, _____________________ helps stop your forward motion.

17. When a satellite orbits Earth it experiences two motions,

_____________________ motion and _____________________ toward Earth.

18. All _____________________ objects have momentum.

19. As the time period of an objects momentum change becomes longer, the

force needed to cause this change becomes _____________________.

Read the question, and write your response in the space provide

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