Chrysanthemums - Wikipedia

8/6/2019 Chrysanthemums - Wikipedia

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Chrysanthemums, often called mums orchrysanths, are of the genus (Chrysanthemum)

constituting approximately 30 species ofperennial flowering plants in the family

Asteraceae which is native toAsia and northeastern Europe.

Contents

[hide]

1 Etymology

2 Taxonomy

3 History

4 Economic uses

o 4.1 Ornamental uses

o 4.2 Culinary uses

o 4.3 Insecticidal uses

o 4.4 Environmental uses

o 4.5 Medicinal uses

5 Cultural significance and symbolism

o 5.1 China

o 5.2 Japan

o 5.3 United States

o 5.4 Australia

o 5.5 Others

6 Image Gallery

7 See also 8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

Etymology

The name Chrysanthemum is derived from the Greek, chrysos (gold) and anthos (flower).[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Economic_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Ornamental_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Culinary_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Insecticidal_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Environmental_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Medicinal_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Cultural_significance_and_symbolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Image_Galleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Economic_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Ornamental_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Culinary_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Insecticidal_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Environmental_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Medicinal_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Cultural_significance_and_symbolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Image_Galleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant


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In many countries, Chrysanthemums are a beautiful reminder that Autumn has arrived

Taxonomy

The genus once included a larger number of species, but was split several decades agointo several genera. The naming of the genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in 1999 resulted in the defining species ofthe genus being changed to Chrysanthemum indicum, thereby restoring the economically

important florist's chrysanthemum to the genus Chrysanthemum. During the period

between the splitting of the genus and the ICBN ruling, these species have customarily

been included under the genus nameDendranthema.

The other species previously included in the narrow view of the genus Chrysanthemum

are now transferred to the genus Glebionis. The other genera separate fromChrysanthemum include Argyranthemum, Leucanthemopsis, Leucanthemum,

Rhodanthemum, and Tanacetum.

Chrysanthemum are herbaceousperennial plantsgrowing to 50150 cm tall, with deeply

lobed leaves with large flower heads that are generally white, yellow or pink in the wild

and are the preferred diet of larvae of certain lepidoptera species see list ofLepidoptera that feed on chrysanthemums.

History
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Historical painting of Chrysanthemums from the New International Encyclopedia 1902.

Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the

15th century BC.[2] An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) wasnamed Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city". The plant is particularly significant

during theDouble Ninth Festival. It is believed that the flower may have been brought to

Japanin the 8th century CE[citation needed], and theEmperoradopted the flower as hisofficial

seal. There is a "Festival of Happiness" in Japan that celebrates the flower.

The flower was brought to Europe in the 17th century [citation needed]. Linnaeus named it from

the Greek word chrysous, "golden" (the colour of the original flowers), and -anthemon, meaning flower.

Economic uses

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Ornamental uses

Modern chrysanthemums are much more showy than their wild relatives. The flowers

occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like, decorative, pompons or buttons. This genus
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contains many hybrids and thousands ofcultivars developed for horticultural purposes. In

addition to the traditional yellow, other colors are available, such as white, purple, and

red. The most important hybrid is Chrysanthemum morifolium (syn. C.

grandiflorum), derived primarily from C. indicum but also involving other species.

Chrysanthemums are broken into two basic groups, Garden Hardy and Exhibition.Garden hardy mums are new perennials capable of being wintered over in the ground in

most northern latitudes. Exhibition varieties are not usually as sturdy. Garden hardies aredefined by their ability to produce an abundance of small blooms with little if any

mechanical assistance (i.e., staking) and withstanding wind and rain. Exhibition varieties

on the other hand require staking, over-wintering in a relatively dry cool environment,sometimes with the addition of night lights.

The Exhibition varieties can be used to create many amazing plant forms; Large

disbudded blooms, spray forms, as well as many artistically trained forms, such as:

Thousand Bloom, Standard (trees), Fans, Hanging Baskets, Topiary, Bonsai, and

Cascades.

Chrysanthemum blooms are divided into 13 different bloom forms by the US National

Chrysanthemum Society, Inc., which is in keeping with the international classification

system. The bloom forms are defined by the way in which the ray and disk florets arearranged.

Chrysanthemum blooms are composed of many individual flowers (florets), each one

capable of producing a seed. The disk florets are in the center of the bloom head, and the

ray florets are on the perimeter. The ray florets are considered imperfect flowers, as theyonly possess the female productive organs, while the disk florets are considered perfect

flowers as they possess both male and female reproductive organs.

Irregular Incurve: These are the giants of the chrysanthemum world. Quite oftendisbudded to create a single giant bloom (ogiku), the disk florets are completely

concealed, while the ray florets curve inwardly to conceal the disk and also hang down to

create a 'skirt'.

Reflex: The disk florets are concealed and the ray florets reflex outwards to create a moplike appearance.

Regular Incurve: Similar to the irregular incurves, only usually smaller blooms, with

nearly perfect globular form. Disk florets are completely concealed. They used to becalled 'Chinese'.

Decorative: Similar to reflex blooms without the mop like appearance. Disk florets arecompletely concealed, ray florets usually don't radiate at more than a 90 degree angle to

the stem.
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Intermediate Incurve: These blooms are in-between the Irregular and Regular incurves

in both size and form. They usually have broader florets and a more loosely composed

bloom. Again, the disk florets are completely concealed.

Pompon: *Note the spelling, it is not pompom. The blooms are fully double, of small

size, and almost completely globular in form.

Single/Semi-Double: These blooms have completely exposed disk florets, with between

1 and 7 rows of ray florets, usually radiating at not more than a 90 degree angle to thestem.

Anemone: The disk florets are prominently featured, quite often raised and

overshadowing the ray florets.

Spoon: The disk florets are visible and the long tubular ray florets are spatulate.

Quill: The disk florets are completely concealed, and the ray florets are tube like.

Spider: The disk florets are completely concealed, and the ray florets are tube like withhooked or barbed ends, hanging loosely around the stem.

Brush & Thistle: The disk florets may be visible. The ray florets are often tube like, and

project all around the flower head, or project parallel to the stem.

Exotic: These blooms defy classification as they possess the attributes of more than oneof the other twelve bloom types.

Chrysanthemum leaves resemble its close cousin, the mugwort weed so much so thatmugwort is sometimes called wild chrysanthemum making them not always the first

choice for professional gardeners.

Culinary uses

Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers are boiled to make a sweet drink in some partsof Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as "chrysanthemum tea" ( ,pinyin: jhu ch, in Chinese). Chrysanthemum tea has many medicinal uses, includingan aid in recovery from influenza. In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum

flowers is calledgukhwaju ().photo 1photo 2

Chrysanthemum leaves are steamed or boiled and used as greens, especially in Chinesecuisine. Other uses include using the petals of chrysanthemum to mix with a thick snake

meat soup () in order to enhance the aroma.

Insecticidal uses
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Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [orTanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important

as a natural source ofinsecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components

called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of anoleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack

the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When not

present in amounts fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect.They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals andbirds than many synthetic

insecticides, except in consumer airborne backyard applications. They are non-persistent,

being biodegradable and also breaking down easily on exposure to light. They areconsidered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. (Pyrethroids are

synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum, e.g.,permethrin.

Environmental uses

Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA

Clean Air Study.[3]

Medicinal uses

Extracts of Chrysanthemum plants (stem and flower) have been shown to have a wide

variety of potential medicinal properties, including anti-HIV-1,[4][5] antibacterial[6] and

antimycotic.[7]

Dried chrysanthemum

flowers

A red

chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum

coronarium in the

Tel Aviv botanicalgarden

An Irregular Incurve

chrysanthemum, or ogiku in Japanese,meaning "big

chrysanthemum". The size

of this flower is around20cm (about 8 inches)

Cultivated

chrysanthemums can

be yellow, white, or

Chrysanthemum

morifolium - an

example of Spoon
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even bright red, such

as theseshaped bloom

[edit] Cultural significance and symbolism

In some countries of Europe (e.g., France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Croatia), whitechrysanthemums are symbolic of death and are only used for funerals or on graves -

similarly, in China, Japan and Korea, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation

and/or grief. In some other countries, it represents honesty.[8] In the United States, theflower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful.[9]

Chrysanthemum Crest on

the Japanese battleshipMikasa

Chrysanthemum Crest

The gate of Yasukunishrine

A Ming Dynasty Chinese red

lacquerware dish with carved design

of chrysanthemums and dragons

[edit] China

The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Gentlemen" ( ) ofChina (theothers being theplum blossom, theorchid, andbamboo). The chrysanthemum is

said to have been favored by Tao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and issymbolic of nobility. It is also one of the 4 symbolic seasonal flowers.

A Chrysanthemum Festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou,

China.[10]

Chrysanthemums are the topic in hundreds of poems of China.[11]

The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie Curse of the Golden Floweris

a chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as

the 15th century BC.[1]

An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian,meaning "chrysanthemum city".

The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.

[edit] Japan

The Chrysanthemum Throne is the name given to the position of Japanese

emperor.

Chrysanthemum crest ( , kikukamonsh or kikkamonsh) is a generalterm for a mon of chrysanthemum blossom design; there are more than 150
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Gentlemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_mumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_mumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Qianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Qianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongxianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(crest)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_lacquerware_dish,_Ming_Dynasty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kikunogomonshou.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Gentlemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_mumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Qianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongxianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(crest)


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different patterns. The Imperial Seal of Japan is a particularly notable one; it is

used by members of the Japanese Imperial family. There are also a number of

formerly state-endowed shrines (, kankokuheisha) which have adopted achrysanthemum crest, most notably Tokyo's Yasukuni Shrine.[12]

The Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum is a Japanese honor awarded by the

emperor. The city ofNihonmatsu, Japan hosts the "Nihonmatsu Chrysanthemum Dolls

Exhibition" every autumn in historical ruin ofKasumigajo castle.[13]

In Imperial Japan, small arms were required to be stamped with the Imperial

Chrysanthemum as they were considered the personal property of the Emperor.

The Chrysanthemum is also considered to be the seasonal flower of September.

[edit] United States

The chrysanthemum is the flower of the American musician fraternity Phi MuAlpha Sinfonia.

Chrysanthemums were recognized as the official flower of the city of Chicago in1961.[14]

Chrysanthemums are the official flower of the city ofSalinas, CA

The Rock band Everclearhas a song named after the flower.

The Punk rock band Strung Out references the flower in the song

Lucifermotorcade.

[edit] Australia

Australians traditionally give their mother a bunch of chrysanthemums onMother's Day.

[edit] Others

The white chrysanthemum is the flower of Triangle Fraternity, a society of

engineers, architects, and scientists.

The term "chrysanthemum" is also used to refer to a certain type of fireworkshell

that produces a pattern of trailing sparks similar to a chrysanthemum flower.[citation

needed]

The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November.[15]

[edit] Image Gallery
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[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chrysanthemum

Wikispecies has information related to: Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum tea

Chrysanthemum Throne

Asteraceae Garland chrysanthemum

Order of the Chrysanthemum

Persian powder

photoperiodism

Pyrethrins, natural compounds

Pyrethroids, synthetic versions

Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum Coronarium

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum

[edit] References

1. ^ landscaping.about.com

2. ^ History of the Chrysanthemum. National Chrysanthemum Society USA

3. ^ B. C. Wolverton, Rebecca C. McDonald, and E. A. Watkins, Jr. "Foliage Plantsfor Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-efficient Homes" (PDF).

http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdf.Retrieved 2007-05-03.[dead link]

4. ^ Collins RA, Ng TB, Fong WP, Wan CC, Yeung HW (1997). "A comparison ofhuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibition by partially purified aqueousextracts of Chinese medicinal herbs". Life Sciences 60 (23): PL34551.

doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00227-0. PMID9180371.

5. ^ Hu CQ, Chen K, Shi Q, Kilkuskie RE, Cheng YC, Lee KH (January 1994)."Anti-AIDS agents, 10. Acacetin-7-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, an anti-HIV

principle from Chrysanthemum morifolium and a structure-activity correlation

with some related flavonoids". Journal of Natural Products 57 (1): 4251.doi:10.1021/np50103a006.PMID8158164.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=17http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecieshttp://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_powderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroidhttp://www.colorfulnature.com/plantInfo.jsp?lang=en_US&category=flowers&subCategory=all&season=all&color=all&size=all&picGroupId=Chrysanthemum___Pink-Yellow_____3__&displayNames=true&picName=Chrysanthemum_Pink-Yellow_3http://www.colorfulnature.com/plantInfo.jsp?lang=en_US&category=flowers&subCategory=all&season=all&color=all&size=all&picGroupId=Chrysanthemum_Coronarium___Orange__&displayNames=true&picName=Chrysanthemum_Coronarium_Orangehttp://www.colorfulnature.com/plantInfo.jsp?lang=en_US&category=flowers&subCategory=all&season=all&color=all&size=all&picGroupId=Chrysanthemum_Leucanthemum&displayNames=true&picName=Chrysanthemum_Leucanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-0http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-1http://www.mums.org/journal/articles/chrysanthemum_history.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-nasastudy_2-0http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3205(97)00227-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180371http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp50103a006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8158164http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8158164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_4.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=17http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecieshttp://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_powderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroidhttp://www.colorfulnature.com/plantInfo.jsp?lang=en_US&category=flowers&subCategory=all&season=all&color=all&size=all&picGroupId=Chrysanthemum___Pink-Yellow_____3__&displayNames=true&picName=Chrysanthemum_Pink-Yellow_3http://www.colorfulnature.com/plantInfo.jsp?lang=en_US&category=flowers&subCategory=all&season=all&color=all&size=all&picGroupId=Chrysanthemum_Coronarium___Orange__&displayNames=true&picName=Chrysanthemum_Coronarium_Orangehttp://www.colorfulnature.com/plantInfo.jsp?lang=en_US&category=flowers&subCategory=all&season=all&color=all&size=all&picGroupId=Chrysanthemum_Leucanthemum&displayNames=true&picName=Chrysanthemum_Leucanthemumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-0http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-1http://www.mums.org/journal/articles/chrysanthemum_history.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-nasastudy_2-0http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ssctrs.ssc.nasa.gov/foliage_air/foliage_air.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3205(97)00227-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180371http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp50103a006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8158164


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6. ^ Sassi AB, Harzallah-Skhiri F, Bourgougnon N, Aouni M (February 2008)."Antimicrobial activities of four Tunisian Chrysanthemum species". The Indian

Journal of Medical Research 127 (2): 18392. PMID18403798.

http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/february/0213.pdf.

7. ^ Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S, et al. (2009). "Chemical and biological

comparisons on supercritical extracts of Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir) Sch.Bip. with three related species of chrysanthemums of Sardinia (Italy)". Natural

Product Research 23 (2): 1909. doi:10.1080/14786410801946221.

PMID19173127.

8. ^ Flower Meaning. Retrieved 22 September 2007. Archived October 12, 2007 atthe Wayback Machine.

9. ^ http://www.teleflora.com/about-flowers/chrysanthemum.asp

10. ^ "Remarkable Investment Attraction Result of Tongxiang City". ZhejiangForeign Frade and Economic Cooperation Bureau. Archived from the original on

16 December 2003.http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/ope

n/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561. Retrieved 17 July 2009.11. ^ 2010 03 27 (). " 365-

365 ". Guoxue.com. http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006.Retrieved 2010-03-27.

12. ^ Inoue, Nobutaka (2 June 2005). "Shinmon". Encyclopedia of Shinto.http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271. Retrieved2008-11-17.

13. ^ " ". City.nihonmatsu.lg.jp.http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html. Retrieved 2010-03-27.

14. ^ http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/chiflower.html[dead link]

15. ^ "Birth Month Flower of November - The Chrysanthemum - Flowers, LowPrices, Same Day Delivery". 1st in Flowers!. 2008-10-27.http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.html. Retrieved 2010-03-27.

[edit] Further reading

Carvalho, S.M.P.; Abi-Tarabay, H.; Heuvelink, E. (2005). "Temperature affects

Chrysanthemum flower characteristics differently during three phases of thecultivation period". Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 8 (2):

209216. http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932.

Ploeg, A. van der; Heuvelink, E. (2006). "The influence of temperature on growth

and development of chrysanthemum cultivars: a review".Journal of HorticulturalScience and Biotechnology 81 (2): 174182.

http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163.

[edit] External links

Chrysanthemum White

Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chrysanthemum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-5http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/february/0213.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403798http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/february/0213.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786410801946221http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19173127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-7http://www.poemlover.com/flower.asphttp://www.poemlover.com/flower.asphttp://web.archive.org/web/20071012210806/http:/poemlover.com/flower.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-8http://www.teleflora.com/about-flowers/chrysanthemum.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-9http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http:/www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http:/www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http:/www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-10http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-11http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-12http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-14http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=19http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=20http://flower.org.in/c7.htmlhttp://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-5http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/february/0213.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403798http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2008/february/0213.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786410801946221http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19173127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-7http://www.poemlover.com/flower.asphttp://web.archive.org/web/20071012210806/http:/poemlover.com/flower.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-8http://www.teleflora.com/about-flowers/chrysanthemum.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-9http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http:/www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http:/www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http:/www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-10http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-11http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-12http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum#cite_ref-14http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=19http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/338932http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/lang/346163http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysanthemum&action=edit&section=20http://flower.org.in/c7.htmlhttp://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563


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About.com page on Chrysanthemums

GenusDendranthema. New Name forChrysanthemum

Home Gardens Guide page on Chrysanthemum gardening and care

United States National Chrysanthemum Society website

ICBN: List of conserved genera (scroll down forChrysanthemum)

Auburn University (College of Agriculture) web page on Chrysanthemums University of California web page on aphid management
http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htmhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dendranthema_Genus.asp#Taxonomyhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dendranthema_Genus.asp#Taxonomyhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dendranthema_Genus.asp#Taxonomyhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dendranthema_Genus.asp#Taxonomyhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dendranthema_Genus.asp#Taxonomyhttp://www.homegardenguides.com/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://www.mums.org/http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0102AppendixIIIANGEs000.htmhttp://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/Potmum.htmhttp://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7404.htmlhttp://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htmhttp://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dendranthema_Genus.asp#Taxonomyhttp://www.homegardenguides.com/wiki/Chrysanthemumhttp://www.mums.org/http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0102AppendixIIIANGEs000.htmhttp://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/Potmum.htmhttp://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7404.html

Chrysanthemums - Wikipedia

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