Chronological Table

1918 28/29 September

1 October 230ctober

280ctober 7/8 November

9 November

11 November

16-20 December

29 December

30/31 December

1919 5-12 January 15 January

19 January 6 February 7 April

1 May

28 June 11 August

The German High Command advises the Kaiser to establish a parliamentary cab­inet and sue for peace

Prince Max ofBaden appointed Chancellor President Wilson's Third Note implying that

peace could not be negotiated unless the Kaiser abdicates

Naval mutinies begin in Kiel Bavarian monarchy overthrown and a Re­

public declared in Munich Republic declared in Berlin. Ebert heads

first Republican government - a coalition of Majority and Independent Social Democrats

The Kaiser flees to Holland Erzberger concludes an armistice with Mar­

shal Foch Congress ofWorkers' and Soldiers' Councils

in Berlin. Votes to hold elections for a National Assembly

Independent Social Democrats leave the Government

Foundation of the German Communist Party in Berlin

Spartakist rising in Berlin Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

murdered by government forces Elections for the National Assembly National Assembly meets at Weimar Bavarian Soviet Republic proclaimed 10

Munich Bavarian Soviet suppressed by Reichswehr

and Bavarian Freikorps Treaty of Versailles signed The Constitution of the German Republic

formally promulgated

126

21 August September

1920 24 February

13 March

17 March 24 March

6 June

5-16 July 1921 21 March

27 April

5 May

26-29 July

26 August 1922 16 April

24 June 18 July

1923 10 January

11/12 January

Summer 1923

13 August 26 September

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 127

Friedrich Ebert takes the oath as President Hitler joins the German Workers' Party in

Munich Hitler announces new programme of the

National Socialist German Workers Party (formally German Workers' Party)

Kapp Putsch. Ebert and ministers flee to Stuttgart

Collapse of Putsch Defence Minister Noske and army chief

Reinhardt resign. Gessler and von Seeckt take their places

Ist Reichstag election. SPD wins 102 seats; USPD 84; DNVP 7 I; DVP 65; Centre 64; DDP 39; BVP 21; KPD 4

International Conference at Spa Plebiscite in U pper Silesia Reparations Commission sets German debt

at 132 thousand million gold marks Allied ultimatum delivered in London re­

quiring German compliance with con­ditions about disarmament, reparations and war criminals

Hitler becomes undisputed leader of the Nazis Erzberger assassinated German-Soviet Agreement signed at

Rapallo Assassination of Rathenau 'Law to Protect the Republic' passed by the

Reichstag Germany declared in default on reparations

payments Franco-Belgian forces occupy the Ruhr

and the German government declares passive resistance

Inflation of currency completely out of control

Stresemann becomes Chancellor Passive resistance ended. Von Kahr declares

state of emergency in Bavaria and estab­lishes himself as State Commissioner

128 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

27 September Ebert declares state of emergency throug-hout Germany. Gessler given full powers under Article 48 of Constitution

1-30ctober Buchrucker Putsch suppressed at Kustrin 290ctober Socialist/Communist governments sup-

pressed in Saxony and Thuringia 2 November SPD ministers in Berlin resign

8/9 November Hitler Putsch in Munich 15 November First Rentenmark notes issued 23 November Stresemann resigns as Chancellor but con-

tinues to serve as Foreign Minister 1924 13 February President Ebert declares end of state of

emergency I April Hitler sentenced to five years' fortress arrest 4 May 2nd Reichstag election. SPD 100; DNVP 95;

Centre 65; KPD 62; DVP 45; Racialists 32; DDP 28; BVP 16; Landbund 10; Economics Party 10

9 August London Conference protocol accepting the Dawes Plan for reparations payments

7 December 3rd Reichstag election. SPD 131; DNVP 103; Centre 69; DVP 51; KPD 45; DDP 32; BVP 19; Economics Party 17; Racial-ists 14; Landbund 8

192 5 28 February President Ebert dies 27 April Hindenburg elected President 50ctober Locarno Treaty initialled

1926 24 April German-Soviet Non-aggression pact 8 September Germany elected to the League of Nations 90ctober Von Seeckt resigns as head of the Re-

ichswehr. Succeeded by Heye 192 7 31 January Allied Control Commission withdrawn from

Germany 1928 30 January Defence Minister Gessler resigns. Groener

becomes Minister of Defence 20 May 4th Reichstag election. SPD 153; Centre 62;

DNVP 73; KPD 54; DVP 24; DDP 25; Economics.Party 23; BVP 16; Nazis 12; Landvolk 10; Farmers' Party 8; Landbund 3

192 9 7 June Y oung Plan drawn up in Paris 6-31 August First Hague Conference on Young Plan.

Agreement on evacuation of Rhineland 30ctober Stresemann dies

1930 30 March Brüning appointed Reich Chancellor

14 September

1931 20 June

13-14July

1932 10 April 13 April

13 May 30 May 16 June---g July 17 June 20 July 31 July

6 November

17 November 2 December

1933 28 January 30 January 27 February 28 February

5 March

23 March

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 129

5th Reichstag election. SPD 143; Nazis 107; KPD 77; Centre 68; DNVP 41; DVP 30; Economics Party 23; DDP 20; BVP 19; Landvolk 19; German Farmers' Party 6; Landbund 3

President Hoover suggests Moratorium on reparations and War Debts

DANAT Bank closes its doors. 'Bank holi­day' in Germany Hindenburg re-elected President SA and other Nazi para-military formations

suppressed Groener resigns post as Defence Minister Brüning resigns. Von Papen Chancellor Lausanne Conference on reparations Ban on SA lifted Von Papen deposes Prussian government 6th Reichstag election. Nazis 230; SPD 133;

KPD 89; Centre 75;DNVP 37; BVP 22; DVP 7; DDP 4; Economics Party 2

7th Reichstag election. Nazis 196; SPD 12 I; KPD 100; Centre 70; DNVP 52; BVP 20; DVP I I

Von Papen resigns Von Schleicher appointed Chancellor Von Schleicher resigns Hitler appointed Chancellor Reichstag fire Decree to Protect the German People and

the State 8th Reichstag election. Nazis 288; SPD 120;

KPD 81; Centre 74; DNVP 52; BVP 18; DVP 2

Enabling Act passed through Reichstag

Bibliography

SCHOLARS ofGerman history are fortunate in the availability ofa large variety of sources, and in particular of official documents captured by the Allies at the end of the Second W orld War. Many of these­including most of the records of the German Foreign Office - are available on microfilm. Selections ofGerman Foreign Office documents covering the Weimar period have also been published in Germany.

On the collapse ofthe Empire and the German Revolution the books by Professor E. Matthias and Professors Matthias and Morsey contain sources of great value for the light they cast on the reform movement in the German Reichstag before November 1918 These are:

E. MATIHIAS, Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917-1918, 2 vols. (Düssel­dorf, Droste, 1959)'

E. MATTHlAS and R. MORSEY, Die Regierung des Prin::;en Max von Baden (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1962).

Das Kriegstagebuch des Reichstagsabgeordneten Eduard David, 1914 bis 1918, ed. E. Matthias and S. Miller, (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966).

Die Reichstagsfraktion der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1 8!)8-191 8, ed. E. Matthias and E. Pikart (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966).

In addition, W. Deist, Militär und Innenpolitik, 1914-1918 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1970), is very informative on the domestic role of the military in Germany during the war.

The memoirs of Prince Max von Baden should still be consulted, as should Amold Brecht's fascinating autobiography, which adds to our knowledge ofthe confused and difficult situation in the Chancellery on the eve of revolution. The most recent account of the German Revolution to appear in English is that by Dr A. J. R yder. It is a balanced and sensible assessment and deals especially weil with the wealth of memoir material- much of it polemical- on the revol­utionary side.

The ftavour of the revolution and the success of Majority Socialist attempts to moderate it comes out weil from C. B. Burdick's and R. H. Lutz's The Political Institutions of the German Empire, a book of documents on the revolutionary period. Fuller documentation is now available in

BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 1

German; the most authoritative publication is Die Regierung der Volksbeauftragten, 1918-19, ed. S. Miller and H. Potthoff with an introduction by Erich Matthias (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1969). The introduction has been separately published under the tide Zwischen Räten und Geheimräten (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1969).

A good short selection of documents on the Revolution is that by Gerhard A. Ritter and Susanne Miller, Die deutsche Revolution 1918-1919 Dokumente (Frankfurt M/Fischer Verlag, 1968).

Eberhard Kolb's his tory ofthe Workers' Councils remains one ofthe most illuminating books on the working-class movement in this period. Two new histories of the USPD, by David Morgan and Robert Wheeler, have also deepened our understanding of the German Left and its reactions to the crisis years 1918-1920.

On the Foundations of the Republic Professor Bracher's early chapters in Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik and his general reflections in Deutschland zwischen Monarchie und Diktatur deal very effectively with the problems presented by the Weimar constitution, and by the nature of Germany's civil service, political parties and officer corps. For English readers The German Dictatorship has useful introductory chapters on the rise ofthe NSDAP and the coHapse ofWeimar. On the important question ofthe reform ofthe bureaucratic system in Prussia, Wolf gang Runge's Beamtentum im Parteienstaat gives a good picture of the extent to which the Prussian civil service was Republicanised and the difficulties faced by reforming ministers in achieving this end.

On the army there is a very large bibliography, but Professor Carsten's recent history ofthe Reichswehr is quite outstanding. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett's Nemesis of Power remains a classic indictment of military interference in German politics, and its main conclusions have been reinforced by the documentary evidence which has appeared since it was written. Important information on the organisation of secret reserve formations in Prussia, as weH as on the political ideas ofGeneral Schleicher, are to be found in Thilo Vogelsang's Reichswehr, Staat und NSDAP. Hans Meier-Welcker's biography of Seeckt contains much interesting detail.

On the politics of Weimar Governments scholars are indebted to Professor K. D. Erdmann and the Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften for the documentary publi­cation Akten der Reichskanzlei: Weimarer Republik (Boppard um Rhein, Harald Boldt Verlag), 1968-, a multi-volume publication.

As far as political parties are concerned the German Sodal Democratic Party still lacks a definitive history, as indeed do most ofits rivals. Professor Hunt's German Social Democracy is a useful survey. The most important book to appear on a single party is Professor Morsey's analysis ofthe Centre, but this only takes the story up to 1923. He has,

132 BIBLIOGRAPHY

however, published the protocols of the Centre's parliamentary delegation 1926-33. The origins of the German People's Party are described by W. Hartenstein in Die Anfänge der deutschen Volkspartei, but perhaps the best picture of the party in action is in Turner's Stresemann and the Politics ofthe Weimar Republic. A good idea ofthe tensions within the German National People's Party emerges from Hertzmann's DNVP, but much more work needs to be done on this subject. The situation has improved as far as left-wing parties are concerned. Apart from the histories of the USPD mentioned above, Hermann Weber's monumental study Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus (2 vols.) (Frankfurt, 1969) has provided much valuable information on the KPD, and the early years ofthe Communist Party received a detailed and balanced treatment from Werner Angress in his Stillborn Revolution.

Two of the para-military formations which played such an import­ant part in Republican political life have received illuminating and scholarly treatment in Karl Rohe's Reichsbanner and Volker Berghahn's Stahlhelm. The Nazi Party can best be understood by reading about its real creator in Alan BuIlock's Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. Werner Maser's Frühgeschichte gives an interesting and detailed account of the party's early struggles in Bavaria, but does not alter the main outlines of BuIlock's account. The best short description of the nature ofNational Socialism is Martin Broszat's Der Nationalsozialismus.

On the making of Peace 1918-19 Alma Luckau's The German Delegation at the Peace Conference remains very important though sadly difficult to obtain. Klaus Epstein's biography of Erzberger is informa­tive on the armistice and the critical negotiations leading up to the German acceptance ofthe Versailles Treaty. German attempts to stress the transformed nature of German politics in order to attract the Entente are illustrated in H. Holborn's articIe in The Diplomats. The extent of their failure can be read in vol. XII of Foreign Relations of the United States. The Paris Peace Conjerence. German-Russian relations are particularly weil served for the early part of the Republic's his tory by G. Freund's Unholy Alliance. The military relationships are set out in Professor Carsten's Reichswehr. The foreign policy ofthe Stresemann era is illuminated by Jon Jacobsen's Locarno Diplomacy (Princeton U .P., 1972 ).

The collapse of the Republic is best studied in Professor Bracher's Auflösung der Weimarer Republik and Nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung. The volume on the demise ofGermany's political parties, Das Ende der Parteien, by Professors Matthias and Morsey, is also essential. Professor Conze has some challenging comments on the Brüning Government in his chapter in Die Staats- und Wirtschaftskrise das deutschen Reiches, while E. W. Bennett presents a critical picture ofBrüning's foreign policy in Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis (Harvard U.P., 1962).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 133

On the crisis itself a fascinating picture of German financial problems and the Government's attempts to deal with them is provided in Dr Born's book on the weaknesses of the German banking system. R. E. Luke's Von der Stabilisierung zur Krise is important for the relationship between Germany's reparation problem and her economic difficulties in the depression.

The victory of National Socialism has attracted many writers, but mention should be made oflocal studies which throw light on the nature ofthe support for Hitler. Heberle's analysis ofNazi growth among the farming communities ofSchleswig-Holstein remains a classic ofits kind, butJeremy Noakes's work on Lower Saxony and GeofTrey Pridham's book on Bavaria have added a great deal to our knowledge of the mechanics of Nazi expansion and the nature of the party's appeal. RolofT's description of the Nazi victory in Brunswick illustrates the stages by which bourgeois parties lost their voters to the Nazis. W. S. Allen stresses the conflict between classes in his study of a small town in the Weser valley. The Nazi Party itself is described by Dietrich O. Orlow in the first volume of his history. The attraction of National Socialism for craftsmen and sm all businessmen is described by Professor Winkler in his Mittelstand Demokratie und Nationalsozialismus. Professor Brozat's chapter in Upheaval and Continuiry (ed. E.J. Feuchtwanger) is also highly illuminating on the social basis of Nazi support.

On the whole question of elections and electoral movements Milatz's study Wähler und Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik is invaluable.

Leading figures in the Republic have not been fortunate in their biographers. Kotowski's biography ofEbert stops at the end ofthe First World War. Rathenau has been sensitively and sympathetically treated by Count Harry Kessler, andJamesJoll. Andreas Dorpalen's political biography of Hindenburg is a most useful and thoughtful book. The best treatment of all has been reserved for Hitler: Alan Bullock's picture of hirn remains unsurpassed.

Books mentioned in this brief survey, and others of particular importance, are marked with an asterisk. The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.

The best general his tory of the Weimar Republic in English is: ERICH EYCK, A HistoT) of the Weimar Republic, 2 vols., tr. H. P. Hanson and R. G. L. Waite (Harvard and Oxford V.P., 1962 and 1964).

This is especially good when dealing with parliamentary politics, foreign policy and constitutional questions. Social and economic questions are given less detailed consideration, although Eyck still has a good many sensible things to say about them.

Still required reading are:

134 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ARTHUR ROSENBERG, The Birth of the German Republic (Oxford V.P., 1931) .

-A History of the German Republic (Methuen, 1936).

The following list ofbooks and articles is selective. For more detailed information the reader is referred to the following:

DAHLMANN-WAITZ, Qyellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte. Bibliographie der Quellen und der Literatur der deutschen Geschichte, IO ed. book 8, section 393-4 (Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann, 1965).

BRUNO GEBHARDT, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 8th ed. vol. 4 (Stuttgart, V nion Verlag, 1959)'

BRANDT-MEYER-juST, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, vol. IV, section 3, 'Die Weimarer Republik' (1958).

sec ti on 4, 'Die Diktatur Hitlers bis zum Beginn des zweiten Weltkrieges' (1961).

Wiener Library. Catalogue Series No. 2. From Weimar to Hitler, Germany /9/8-/933 (Vallentine, Mitchell, 1964).

The bibliographical appendices published in the Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte should also be consulted.

I. PUBLICATIONS OF DOCUMENTS AND OTHER SOURCE MATERIALS

C. B. BURDICK and R. H. LUTZ, The Political Institutions of the German Revolution (Stanford V.P. and London, 1966).

W. DEIST, Militär und Innenpolitik, /914-/9/8 (Düsseldorf, Dro!ite, 1970). j. HOHLFELD (ed.), Dokumente der deutschen Politik und Geschichte vom /94B

bis zur Gegenwart (Berlin, Dokumentem-Verlag/Dr Herbert Wendler, 195 1-) .

HÖLFRON, Die deutsche Nationalversammlung im Jahre /9/9 (Ber­lin, 1919)'

VLRICH KLUGE, Soldatenräte und Revolution: Studien zur Militärpolitik in Deutschland, /9/8-/9 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1975) .

E. KOLB and R. RÜRuP, Der Zentralrat der deutschen sozialistischen Republik, 19.12.1918---8.4.1919 (Leiden, E. Brill, 1968).

P. MANTOUX, Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre (Paris, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1955)'

E. MATTHIAS, Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917-1918, 2 vols. (Düssel­dorf, Droste, 1959)'

E. MATTHIAS and S. MILLER (eds.), Das Kriegstagebuch des Reichstagsab­geordeneten Eduard David, 1914 bis 1918 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 135

E. MATTHIAS and R. MORSEY, Die Regierung des Prinzen Max von Baden (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1962).

E. MATTHIAS and E. PIKART (eds.), Die Reichstagsfraktion der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1 8!)8-191 8 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966).

H. MICHAELIS, E. SCHRAEPLER and G. SCHEEL, Ursachen und Folgen. Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur staatlichen Neuordnung Deutschlands in der Gegenwart (Berlin, Dokumenten-Verlag, 1958-).

S. MILLER and H. POTTHOFF (eds.), Der Regierung der Volks beauftragten, 1918-19,2 vols. (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1969).

R. MORSEY (ed.), Die Protokolle der Reichstagsfraktion und des Fraktionsvor­stands der Deutschen Zentrumspartei, 1926-1933 (Mainz, Frünewald, 1969).

jEREMY NOAKEs and GEOFFREY PRIDHAM, Documents on Nazism, 1919-1945 (Cape, 1974)·

GERHARD A. RITTER and SUSANNE MILLER, Die Deutsche Revolution, 1918-1919 Dokumente (Frankfurt/M, Fischer Verlag, 1968).

H. ROTHFELS, M. BEAUMONT, A. BULLOCK and H. M. SMYTHE (eds.), Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918-1945, Series B, 1925-1945, vol. I, I (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1966).

LEo STERN, Die Auswirkungen der grossen sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution auf Deutschland, 4 vols. (E. Berlin, Rütten und Loening, 1959).

ALBERT TYRELL, Führer Bifehl ... Selbstzeugnisse aus der" Kampfzeit" der NSDAP. Dokumentation und AnalYse. (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1969).

2. BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS, DIARIES AND WORKS CONTAINING SOURCE MATERIALS

*PRINZ MAX VON BADEN, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart, DVA, 192 7).

EMIL BARTH, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, Hoffmann, 1919).

*OTTO BRAUN, Von Weimar zu Hitler (Hamburg, Nord-deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1949).

* ARNOLD BRECHT, Aus nächster Nähe. Lebenserinnerungen eines beteiligten Beobachters 1884-1927 (Stuttgart, DVA, 1966).

U. VON BROCKDORFF-RANTZAU, Dokumente und Gedanken um Versailles (Berlin, Verlag rur Kulturpolitik, 1925).

* KLAus EpSTEIN, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma oJ'German Democracy (Princeton U .P., 1959).

DAVID LLOYD GEORGE, The Truth about Reparations and War Debts (Heinemann, 1932).

136 BIBLIOGRAPHY

*OTTO GESSLER, Reichswehrpolitik zn der Weimarer Zeit (Stuttgart, DVA, 1958).

*WILHELM GROENER, Lebenserinnerungen, Jugend, Generalstab, Weltkrieg (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1957).

D. GROENER-GEYER, General Groener. Soldat und Staatsmann (Frankfurt/ M, Societäts-Verlag, 1954).

Adolf Hitler

ALAN BULLOCK, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Penguin, 1962). JOACHIM C. FEsT, Hitler (Frankfurt/M, Propyläen 1973). A. HITLER, Mein Kampf (Jubiläumsausgabe, Munieh, Zentralverlag

der NSDAP, 1939). - HitleT's Secret Conversations 1941-44 (New York, Signet, 1961). WERNER MASER, Hitler (tr. Peter and Betty Ross) (Allen Lane, 1973). HERMANN RAUSCHNING, Hitler Speaks (Butterworth, 1939). ROBERT G. L. WAlTE, The Psychopathic God, Adolf Hitler (New York,

Basic Books Inc., 1977).

Hindenburg

* A. DORPALEN, Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic (Princeton V.P., 1964).

W. GÖRLITZ, Hindenburg: Ein Lebensbild (Bonn, Athenäum-Verlag, 1953) .

W. HUBATSCH, Hindenburg und der Staat. Aus den Papieren des Generalfel­dmarschalls und Reichspräsidenten von /878 bis 1934 (Göttingen, Berlin, etc., Musterschmidt, 1966).

J. W. WHEELER-BENNETT, Hindenburg. The Wooden Titan (Macmillan, 1936).

WILHELM HOEGNER, Der schwierige Aussenseiter. Erinnerungen eines Abgeor­dneten, Emigranten und Ministerpräsidenten (Munieh, Isar, 1959).

JAMES JOLL, Intellectuals in Politics: Three Biographical Essays (Essay on Rathenau) (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1960).

H. KEssLER, Walther Rathenau, His Lift and Work (Geraid Howe, 1929). GEORG KOTOWSKI, Friedrich Ebert. Eine politische Biographie (Wiesbaden,

Franz Stein, 1963). HANS LUTHER, Politiker ohne Partei. Erinnerungen (Stuttgart, DV A, 1960). O. MEISSNER, Staatssekretär unter Ebert-Hindenburg'---Hitler (Hamburg,

Hoffmann & Campe, 1950). HANS MEIER-WELCKER, Seeckt (Frankfurt/M., Bernard und Graefe,

1967) . R. MULLER, Vom Kaiserreich {ur Republik (Vienna, Malik Verlag, 1924). J. P. NETTL, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 vols. (Oxford V.P., 1966).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 137

GUSTAV NOSKE, Von Kiel bis Kapp (Berlin, Verlag rur Politik und Wirtschaft, 1920).

- Erlebtes aus Aufstieg und Niedergang der deutschen Sozial-demokratie (Offenbach, Bollwerk Verlag, 1947).

FRANZ VON PAPEN, Memoirs, tr. B. Connell (Andre Deutsch, 1952). HERMANN PÜNDER, Politik in der Reichskanzlei. Aufzeichnungen (ed. Th.

Vogelsang) (Stuttgart, DV A, 1961). F. VON RABENAU, Seeckt. Aus seinem Leben 1918-1936 (Leipzig, Hase &

Koehler, 1940). WALTHER RATHENAU, Tagebuch 1907-1922, ed. H. Poggevon-Strand-

mann (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1967). HJALMARSCHACHT, TheStabilizationofthe Mark (Allen & Vnwin, 1927). - My First Seventy-Six rears (Wingate, 1965). PHILIPP SCHEIDEMANN, The Making of the New Germa'!Y. The Memoirs of

Philipp Scheidemann, 2 vols., tr. J. Mitchell (New York, Appleton, 1929).

- Der Zusammenbruch (Berlin, Verlag rur Sozialwissenschaft, 1921). HELMUT J. SCHORR, Adam Stegerwald. Gewerkschaftler und Politiker in der

Ersten Deutschen Republik (Recklinghausen, Kommunalverlag, 1966). *CARL SEVERING, Mein Lebensweg, 2 vols. (Cologne, Greven, 1950). GUSTAV STRESEMANN, Vermächtnis des Nachlasses in drei Bänden, 3 vols,

(ed.) H. Bernhard (Berlin, Vllstein Verlag, 1932-3). EARL OF SWINTON, Sixty rears of Power (Hutchinson, 1966). ANNELISE THIMME, Gustav Stresemann (Hanover and Frankfurt/M,

Worldeutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1957).

3. SECONDARY WORKS

*W. S. ALLEN, The Nazi Seizure ofPower. The Experience of a Single German Town 1930-1935 (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1966).

ALFRED ANDERLE, Die Deutsche Rapallo-Politik (E. Berlin, Rütten & Loening, 1962).

J. W. ANGELL, The Recovery ofGermany (Yale V.P., 1929). * WERNER T. ANGRESS, Stillbom Revolution. The Communist Bidfor Power in Germany. 1921-1923 (Princeton V.P., 1963). WILLIBALT APELT, Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung (Munich, Bieder­

stein, 1946). G. AXHAUSEN, Organisation Escherich. Die Bewegung zur Nationalen Einheit

(Berlin, Weicher, 1921). * EDW ARD W. BENNETT , Germa'!Y and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis

(Harvard V.P., 1962). *V. R. BERGHAHN, Der Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten (Düsseldorf,

Droste, 1966).

138 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CARL BERGMANN, Der Weg der Reparationen. Von Versailles über den Dawesplan zum Ziel (Frankfurt/M, Frankfurter Societäts-Druckerei, 1926) .

A.J. BERLAU, The German Social Democratic Party 1914-1921 (New York, 1949)·

W. BESSON, Württemberg und die deutsche Staatskrise 1928-1933 (Stuttgart, DVA, 1959).

GEORGES BONNIN, Le Putsch de Hit/er a Munich en 1923 (Paris, Les Sables D'Olonne, 1966).

* KARL ERICH BORN, Die deutsche Bankenkrise 1931 (Munich, Pi per, 1967).

*K. D. BRACHER, Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik. Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie (Villingen, Ring Verlag, 4th edn., 1964).

- Deutschland zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur (Bern-Munich-Vienna, Schutz Verlag, 1964). * - Die Deutsche Diktatur: Entstehung Struktur Folgen des Nationalsozi­

alismus (Köln, Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 1969). English translation: Jean Steinberg, The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971).

* - W. SAUER and G. SCHULZ, Die Nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, 2nd edn (Cologne and Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag, 1962).

W. L. BREITON, Stresemann and the Revision of Versailles (Stanford V.P., 1953) .

*M. BROSZAT, Der Staat Hitlers (Munich, DTV, 1969). * - Der Nationalsozialismus. Weltanschauung, Programm und Wirklichkeit (Stuttgart, DVA, 1960). *F. L. CARSTEN, The Reichswehr and Politics 1918-1933 (Oxford V.P.,

1966). *-, Revolution in Gentral Europe, 1918-1919 (Temple Smith, 1972). NORMAN COHN, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World­

conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967).

*W. CONZE and H. RAuPAcH (eds.), Die Staats- und Wirtschraftskrise des Deutschen Reiches 1929-33 (Stuttgart, Klett, 1967).

GORDON A. CRAIG, The Politics of the Prussian Army 164fr1945 (Oxford

V.P., 1955)· *- and FELIX GILBERT, The Diplomats (Princeton V.P., 1953). WILFRIED DAIM, Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab (Munich, Isar,

1958). ERNsT DEUERLEIN, Der Hitlerputsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum9. November

1923 (Stuttgart, DVA, 1962). PlUS DIRR, Bayerische Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch und zum Versailler

Schuldspruch (Munich, Mühlthaler, 1922).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 139

HANS-PETER EHNI, Bollwerk Preussen? Preussen-Regierung, Reich-Länder­Problem und Sozialdemokratie, 1928-1932 (Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Ver­lag Neue Gesellschaft GmbH, 1975).

MODRIS EKSTEINS, The Limits of Reason: The German Democratic Press and the Collapse of Weimar Democracy (Oxford V.P., 1975).

WOLFGANG ELBEN, Das Problem der Kontinuität in der deutschen Revolution 1918-1919 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1965).

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-, Ironand Steel in theGerman Injlation, 1916-1923 (Princeton V.P., 1977). (Princeton V.P., 1977).

E.J. FEUCHTWANGER (ed.), Upheaval and Continuiry: A Century ofGerman History (Wolff, 1973).

*OSSIP K. FLECHTHEIM, Die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands in der Weimarer Republik (Offenbach, Bollwerk Verlag, 1948).

GEORG FRANZ-WILLlNG, Die Hitlerbewegung. Der Ursprung 1919-1922 (Hamburg and Berlin, Decker, 1962).

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140 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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WILHELM HOEGNER, Die verratene Republik, Geschichte der deutschen Gegenrevolution (Munieh, Isar, 1958).

H. H. HOFMANN, Der Hitlerputsch. Krisenjahre deutscher Geschichte (Munieh, Nymphenburger Verlag, 1961).

W. HORN, Führerideologie und Parteiorganisation in der NSDAP, /9/!}-/923 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1972).

*RICHARD N. HUNT, German Social Democra&y /9/8-/933 (New Haven, Yale V.P., 1964).

JOHN jACOBSEN, Locarno Diplomacy. Germa'!Y and the West, /925-/929 (Princeton V.P., 1972).

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CHRISTOPHER M. KIMMICH, Germa'!Y and the League of Nations (Chicago and London, Chicago V.P., 1976).

MARTIN KITCHEN, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, /9/6-/9/8 (Croom Helm, 1976).

* EBERHARD KOLB, Die Arbeiterräte in der deutschen Innenpolitik, /9/8-/9/9 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1962).

G. KROLL, Von der Weltwirtschaftskrise ~ur Staatskonjunktur (Berlin, Duncker und Humblot, 1958).

A. KRUCK, Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes /8!)(r1939 (Wiesbaden, Steiner, 1954)'

W. Z. LAQ.UEUR, Russia and Germany. A Century of Conflict (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 141

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*R. MORSEY, Die deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917-1923 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966).

GEORGE L. MOSSE, The Crisis oJ German Ideology. Intellectual Origins oJ the Third Reich (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966).

* ANTHONY NICHOLLS and ERICH MATIHIAS (eds.), German Democracy and the Triumph oJ Hit/er (St Antony's College, Oxford, Publications; Allen & Vnwin Ltd, 1971).

JEREMY NOAKES, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony, 1921-1933 (Oxförd V.P., 1971).

ERNST NOLTE, Three Faces oJ Fascism (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965). P. VON OERTZEN, Die Betriebsräte in der Novemberrevolution (Düsseldorf,

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GAINES POST JR, The Civil-Military Fabric oJ Weimar Foreign Policy (Princeton V.P., 1973).

*EUGEN PRAGER, Geschichte der USPD. Entstehung und Entwicklung der Unabhängigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, 2nd ed. (Berlin, Freiheit Verlag, 1921).

GEOFFREY PRIDHAM, Hitler's Rise to Power: The Nazi Movement in Bavaria, 1923-33 (Hart-Davis, 1973).

P. G. J . PULZER, The Rise oJ Political Anti-semitism in Germany and Austria (New York, John Wiley, 1964).

142 BIBLIOGRAPHY

FRITZ K. RINGER, The Decline 01 the German Mandarins: The German Academic Communiry, /f19o--/933 (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard V.P., 1969) .

E. M. ROBERTSON, Hitlers Pre-war Policy and Military Plans /933-39 (Longmans, 1963).

* KARL ROHE, Das Reichsbanner Schwar;:;-Rot-Gold (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966).

*E. A. ROLOFF, Bürgertum und Nationalso;:;ialismus /930-/933. Brau­nschweigs Weg ins Dritte Reich (Hanover, Verlag rur Literatur und Zei tgeschehen, 1961).

H. R. RUDlN, Armistice /9/8 (New Haven, Yale V.P., 1944). *WOLFGANG RUNGE, Politik und Beamtentum im Parteienstaat. Die De­

mokratisierung der politischen Beamten in Preussen ;:;wischen /9/8 und /933 (Stuttgart, Klett, 1965).

* A.J. RYDER, The German Revolution of /9/8. A Study ofGerman Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge V.P., 1967).

MICHAEL SALEWSKI, Entwaffnung und Militärkontrolle in Deutschland, /9/!r/927 (Munieh, Oldenbourg, 1966).

F. SCHADE, Kurt Eisner und die bayerische So;:;ialdemokratie (Hanover, Verlag fur Literatur und Zeitgeschehen, 1961).

KLAUS SCHONHOVEN, Die bayerische Volkspartei, /924-/932 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1972).

O. E. SCHÜDDEKOPF, Linke Leute von Rechts (Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1960).

*GERHARD SCHULZ, Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur, vol I (Berlin, Gruyter, 1963).

- Aufstieg des Na;:;ialso;:;ialismus: Krise und Revolution im Deutschland (Frankfurt/M, Propyläen, 1975).

KARL SCHWEND, Bayern ;:;wischen Monarchie und Diktatur (Munieh, Pflaum, 1954).

K. SONTHEIMER, Anti-demokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Republik, Die politischen Ideen des deuschen Nationalismus (Munieh, Nymphenburger Verlag, 1962).

G. STOLTENBERG, Politische Striimungen im schleswigholsteinischen Landvolk /9/8-/933 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1933).

R. STUCKEN, Die deutsche Geld- und Kreditpolitik /9/4-I!lJ3, 3rd edn. (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1964).

MICHAEL STÜRMER, Koalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik, /924-1928 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1967).

A.J. P. TAYLOR, The Origins ofthe Second World War (Penguin, 1964). F. TOBlAS, Der Reichstagsbrand. Legende und Wirklichkeit (Rastatt, Grote,

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Droste, 1954).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 143

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ALBRECHT TYRELL, Vom Trommler ~um Führer: Die Wandel von Hitlers Selbstverständnis ~wischen 1919 und 1924 und die Entwicklung der NSDAP (Munich, Fink, 1975).

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4. ARTICLES

(I have confined this list to articles cited in footnotes. They are given here in order of appearance in the text.)

REINHARD RÜRUP, 'Problems ofthe German Revolution, 1918-19', in Journal ofContemporary History, vol. 3, no. 4 (October 1968) pp. 101-35·

WILHELM DEIST, 'Seekriegsleitung und Flottenrebellion 1918', in Vierteljahrshefte jür Zeitgeschichte, October 1966.

144 BIBLIOGRAPHY

LORD BRAND, 'How a Banker Watched History Happen', in The Observer, 8 January 1961.

FRITZ DICKMANN , 'Die Kriegschuldfrage auf der Friedenskonferenz von Paris 1919', in Historische Zeitschrift, August 1963.

IMANUEL GEISS, 'The Outbreak of the First World War and German War Aims', in The Journal ofContemporary History, vol. I, no. 3,1966.

K. D. ERDMANN, 'Deutschland, Rapallo und der Westen', in Viertelja­hrshejtefür Zeitgeschichte, April 1963.

R. C. WILLIAMS, 'Russians in Germany: 1900-1914', in The Journal of Contemporary History, vol. I, no. 4, 1966.

ERNST DEUERLEIN, 'Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und in die Re­ichswehr', in Vierteljahrshejte für Zeitgeschichte, April 1959.

R. H. PHELPS, 'Hitler als Parteiredner imJahre 1920', in VierteljahrsheJte für Zeitgeschichte, 1963, pp. 274-330.

DIETRICH O. ORLOW, 'The Organizational History and Structure ofthe NSDAP, 1919-1923', in Journal of Modern History, June 1965.

HANS W. GATZKE, 'The Stresemann Papers', in Journal of Modern History, 1954, pp. 49 ff.

M. STÜRMER, 'Probleme der parlamentarischen Mehrheitsbildung in der Stabilisierungsphase der Weimarer Republik', in Politische Vierteljahrsschrift, Heft I, 1967.

ATTILA CHANADY, 'The Disintegration of the German National People's PaFty, 1924-193°', in Journal of Modern History, March 1967.

H. HAMMER, 'Die deutschen Ausgaben von Hitlers "Mein Kampf" ',in Vierteljahrshifte für Zeitgeschichte, April 1956.

H. TREVOR-RoPER, 'Hitlers Kriegsziele', in Vierteljahrshefte für Zeit­geschichte, April 196o.

J. NOAKEs, 'Conflict and Development in the NSDAP 1924-1927', in Journal of Contemporary History, October 1966.

HEINRICH AUGUST WINKLER, 'From Social Protectonism to National Socialism' in Journal of Modern History, vol. 48, no. 1 (March 1976) pp. 7-13.

HEINRICH BRÜNING, 'Ein Brief', in Deutsche Rundschau, July 1947. K. O. VON ARETIN, 'Prälat Kaas, Franz von Papen und das Re­

ichskonkordat von 1933,' in Vierteljahreshifte für Zeitgeschichte, July 1966.

Index

Allies, see Western Allies Alsace-1orraine: no voting allowed in

27n.; loss of 41, 43, 86 Amann, Max, Hitler's business manager

71

Anti-semitism: origins of 65 ff.; in Nazi programme 68-9; Hitler and 70

Armistice: November 1918 18; deeision to seek 3, 126; negotiations for ll,

40; conditions of 11, 14 Austria: on brink of revolution 30; ag­

gression of 39; possible union with Germany 41, 120; rejected by Al­lies 42, 44; racialists in 68, 71

Balfour, Lord, British Foreign Sec­retary 41

Barth, Emil, Independent Social Demo­crat in revolutionary government 12

Bauer, Gustav (1870-1944), Reich Chan­cellor 51, 52

Bavaria: revolutions in 10, 30; consti­tutional position of 24, 63; Coburg joined to 25; diplomatie documents published 39; and Nazi Move­ment 63 ff.

Bavarian People's Party 63,64, 107 Belgium: and Peace settlement 41, 43,

44; and Ruhr occupation 61; and 10-carno 87

Bell, Dr Hans, Centre Party Minister, at Versailles 48

BeneS, Eduard, at Locarno Bismarck, Prince Otto von

123

87 and n. 20, 34, 68,

BIomberg Werner von, General, appointed Defence Minister 121

Bolsheviks: and world revolution 30; and KPD 31; recognition of, by German government 39

Brandler, Heinrich, KPD leader 78

Braun, Otto, Prussian Prime Minister 97, 115, 117

Briand, Aristile, French statesman 112 Britain 41,54,57; and Russian relations

with, in 1922 57-9; attitude of, over Ruhr occupation 77; and Locarno 86 ff.; and war debts moratorium 112

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count Ulrich von (1869-1928), Foreign Minister (1918-(9) 40, 48; refuses to sign Peace Treaty 47

Brüning, Dr Heinrich (1885-1970): prom­inent in Centre Party 99; becomes Chancellor 103, 128; domestic policies of loS ff.; foreign poliey of 112-13; forced out of office 113-14, 129

Buchrucker, Ernst, Major, attempts coup 78, 128

Burgerbräukeller, the, scene of the Mu­nich Putsch 80

Centre Party 127-9; in Imperial Reichs­tag 2; in inter-party committee 3n., 4; and parliamentary reform, 1918 5; and other Weimar parties 20, 23, 29, 53, 60, 97, 123; attitude towards Republic 21, 22, 55; and soci­alism 23; in Prussia 25; and Civil Service 33; and Roman Catholic Church 36; and Versailles Treaty 45; and Rapallo 60; and Bavaria 63; and 1925 presidential elections 90-1; leadership of 99; and 1930 Reichstag elections 108; and 1932 presidential elections 114; and Papen I 17; and 1932 Reichstag elections I 18; and Hitler 121

Chamberlain, Austen, British Foreign Secretary 89

Chicherin, G. V., Russian Foreign Min­ister 58-9, 86

145

146 INDEX

Civil Service, character and recruitment of 32-3

Colonies, German, loss of 43 Comintern, Third (Communist) Inter­

national 30-1, 78,90 Communist Party, see KPD Conservatives (DKP): in Imperial Reichs­

tag 2; electoral strength In East Germany 22, 37n.

Cuno, Wilhe1m (1876-1933), Chancel­lor 61, 72, 74-6, 77

Curtius, Julius (1877-1948), German Foreign Minister 112

Czechoslovakia, and Locarno 86-7

Danzig 42 Darre, Walther, Nazi agrarian expert

107 Dawes, Charles 84-5 Dawes Commission, the 84-5 Dawes Plan 83,85,92,95 Ir., 128 Democratic Party (DDP) 22, 29, 97,

127~; formulation of 20-1; and Pro­gressives 20; and DVP 21, 61; atti­tudes and policies 21,60-1; and Civil Service 33; and Versailles Treaty 45; electoral losses 53, 89""""90; and 1925 presidential elections 90; and 1932 presidential elections I 14

Denmark 43, 60 Depression, the (1929-), 10 I ff., 109ff. Dittmann, Wilhe1m (1874-1954), in rev-

olutionary government 13 DNVP (German Nationalist Party)

102-3, 107, 123; character of 22, 28; opposition to the Republic 45, 78, 89; and Kapp 52,53; Ministers in Repub­lican governments 85, 94; and Dawes Plan 85; and Locarno 86 If.; and 1928 Reichstag elections 94; divisions in 99 If.; and Young Plan 100; 1930 electoral defeat 108; and Brüning 109 If.; and Hindenburg I 15; and Papen 118; and Hitler 121

Drexler, Anton 67, 71 Duesterberg, Theodor I 14 DVP (German People's Party) 78, 109;

foundation of 21; attitude towards Re­public 21, 22, 56, 60, 61; and Kapp 52; not in Wirth's cabinet 55; in Stresemann's cabinet 71; and 1924 Reichstag elections 90; and unem­ployment relief policy 102 If.

Ebert, Fridrich (1871-1925) 25,34,51, 52, 64, 126-8; patriotic attitude, Oct­ober 1918 5; appointed Chancel­lor 11 ; fears of disorder I I, 13; heads USPD/SPD coalition 12, 13; person­ality 12; and socialisation 13; and civil servants 13; and Army 14-15; breaks with USPD 15; and Spar­takist rising 16-17; and elections to National Assembly 20; becomes Presi­dem 26n., 50; and foreign policy 40-1, 58; and Peace Treaty 48-9; dies 90

Eichhorn, Emil, Police President in Berlin 16

Eisner, Kurt (1867-1919): seizes power in Munich 10; and foreign policy 39; murdered 30

Emergency powers, use of 73 ff.; by Brüning 103, 109

Entente, see Western Allies Erzberger, Matthias (1875-1921): and ar­

mistice I I, 126; F inance Minister 25, 50, 63; retires from politics 50; murdered 56, 127

Esser, Hermann 106

Feder, Gottfried, Nazi economist (1883-1941) 6g

Fehrenbach, Konstantin (1852-1926), Centre Party politician and Chan­cellor 54-5, 64

First World War, see World War I Foch, Marshai Ferdinand 4,42,48, 126 France 41-2, 43, 54, 57, 88; fears for

future security of 41-2; and Rhine­land 42; and Ruhr occupation 61; and Locarno 87 If.; and end of reparations 112-13

Freikorps: foundation of 17; suppression ofSpartakist rising 17; atrocltles com­mitted by 17,30,35; in Bavaria 30, 63; and Reichswehr 31, 78; and Kapp 51

Genoa Conference, 1922 58~ German Empire, the 24,65, 123; politi­

cal structure before 1914 12; fall of 8, 9, 10, 11; legacy of 28-9, 35, 39, 97, 123; and war guilt 40, 46, 67

German Farmers' Association, anti­semitic trends in 65

German Social Democrats, see SPD

Germany, see German Empire; Weimar Republic

Gessler, OUo Kar! (1875-1955), member of Democratic Party: Defence Minis­ter 52,77, g6, 12 7--8

Goebbels, Paul Josef 106, 11 5 Göring, Hermann, Prussian Minister of

the Interior i~. Hitler's regime 121 Groener, Lieut.-General Wilhe1m (1887-

1939): advises Wilhe1m II to leave Ger­many I I, 14; relations with Ebert 15; and signature of Peace Treaty 47; as Defence Minister 96, 102, 115, 128--g

Haase, leader

Hugo (1863-1919): USPD 9; in revolutionary govern-

ment 3,39 Habsburg Empire, the 41 Haussmann, Conrad (1857-1922), Pro­

gressive Party member: supports Prince Max 4; asked by Ebert to stay in government 20

Hellferich, Dr Karl (1872-1924), attacks Erz ber~er 50

Herriot, Edouard 84 Heye, Wilhe1m, General g6, 128 Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von Ben-

eckendorlf und (1847-1934): has to admit Germany's defeat I, 3; and revolution 15; President (1925-34) 26,91-2,94, 102, 128; and 'stab-in-the­back' 47n.; and Peace Treaty 48; elected President 90; and Brüning's Ministry 109, I 10, I 13 ff.; and 1932 presidential election 114-15; and Hitler 120

Hirsing, Ouo, Reichsbanner founder 91 Hitler, Adolf(I889-1945) 26,34,59,74,

81,83,87,89, 102-3, 118, 127--g; and Versailles 4 I; ear!y career 64 If.; joins DAP 67 If.; Mein Kampf 68, 105 If.; aims and character of 70-1; becomes undisputed Party leader 7 I; his meth­ods 72; and Ruhr occupation 76; and Munich Putsch 79--81; and Young Plan 100-1; rebuilds Party after Munich Putsch 106; trial in Munich 105 and Schleicher I 14; and 1932 presidential elections 114-15; Chancellor 120 If.

Holfman, Adolf, Education Minister in Prussia after November Revolution 22

INDEX 147

de Hondte's electoral system 27 Hoover, Herbert, President of the USA

I I In., ] 12, 129

Hugenberg, Alfred (1865-1951), National­ist leader and newspaper proprietor 99, 100, 103, 107--8, 109, 120- I

Imperial Army: attitude of public to­wards 2; increase in power of, 1917 2; morale lowered in 1918 3; and volution 9, 14-15; relations with Ebert 15; repatriation of 14; in ruins 14; and victor powers 40; re­duced by Peace Treaty 43

Inflation 56, 74-6 'Iron Front' in defence of Republic I 15,

II7 Italy 41; and Locarno 87-8

J udiciary, character of 34-5

Kaas, Ludwig, Centre Party Leader 99, 121

Kahr, Gustav Ritter von (1862-1934), heads Bavarian government 63 If.; State Commissioner in Bavaria 77, 79; and Hitler 80, 105

Kaiser, see Wilhe1m II Kampfhund, and Munich Putsch 80 Kapp, Dr Wolf gang (1858-1922) 51-3 Kapp Putsch, March 1920 36,50-3,63,

105, 127 Kautsky, Karl (1854-1938), and rev-

olution 9 Keynes,J. M., British economist 44, 49n. Kolbis, and Naval Mutiny 1917 18n. KPD (German Communist Party) 107,

123; founded December 1918 16; in­volved in Ber!in rising January 1919 16-17; and Bavarian 30; and fighting in 1919 31; long-term advan­tages of, in 19 I 9 3 I; opposition to Re­public 45; and Kapp Putsch 52-3; and Ruhr occupation 76; planned rising in 1923 78--g; electoral success 1924 90; and Hindenburg 1925 election go-l; and Reichstag elections throughout Republican period 127--g

Kreu:c:ctitung, Conservative newspaper 91 Kun, Bela, heads Soviet Republic in

Budapest 30

Landsberg, Otto, in revolutionary government 12

Lausanne Conference I 13 League of Nations: enthusiasm for 40-- I;

and Danzig 42; and German col­onies 43; German exclusion from 43; German membership of 86 ff., 128

Lenin, Vladimir lIyitch Ulyanov 57; and foundation of KPD 16; and Bav­arian Soviet 30

Levine, Eugen, Communist leader in Munich Soviet 30, 31; revolutionary martyr 31

Liebknecht, Karl (1871-1919): in prison 2; and proclamation of Re­public I I; co-founder of German Communist Party 16; and Spartakist rising, January 1919 16; mur­dered 17; revolutionary martyr 31

Lithuania 42 L10yd George, David, British Prime Minis­

ter 42, 58~ Lobe, Paul 97 Locarno, Treaty of 83, 86 ff., 94, 128;

conference at 86; spirit of 89 Lossow, General OUo von (1868-1938):

insubordination of 79; and von Kahr 79 ff.; and Hitler 80--1, 105

Ludendorf, General Erich (1865-1937): has to admit defeat I, 3, 4; and 'stab­in-the-back' 4, 47n.; and parliamen­tary government 4; and Kapp Putsch 5 I; and Munich Putsch 80

Ludwig III, King of Bavaria (1845-1921) 10,66

Luther, Dr Hans 61,83, 85-{) Lütwitz, General Walther Freiherr von

(1859-1942) 51- 2 Luxemburg, Rosa (1871-1919): in

prison 2; founds German Communist Party 16; attitude towards Rev­olution 16; and Spartakist nsmg, January 1919 16-17; murdered 17; revolutionary martyr 3 I

MacDonald, J. Ramsay, British Prime Minister 11 In.

Malcolm, Major-General Neill, and 'stab-in-the-back' 47n.

Maltzan, Freiherr Ago von 57, 59 Mark, stabilisation of 83-4 Marx, Dr Wilhe1m (1863-1946): Chancel­

lor 81; presidential candidate 90; re-

signs leadership of Centre Party 99 Maurice, Lieut.-General 47n. Max of Baden, Prince (1867-1929): as

Chancellor 4-5; 21; fear ofprecipitate peace talks 4; starts to negotiate for armlstlce 6, 39; hands over to Ebert 10; authority handed on to Ebert from 34

Mayr, Captain, Hiuer's commander 67 Mein Kampf 68, 105-{) Memel 42 Muller, Hermann: SPD Foreign Minis­

ter 48; Chancellor 52-3, 94-5, gB, I 02; resigns I 02

Munich, Soviet republic in 30,63,66-7, 105, 126

Munich, 1938 agreement at 87 Munich Putsch, November 1923 80--1

Napoleon III 26 National Assembly 29, 41; and SPD

12; and USPD 13; e1ections for 17, 20, 22, 23, 27, 126; meets at Wei­mar 23; and Versailles 40, 48; does not dissolve itself 50; flees Kapp Putsch 51

National Liberals: in Imperial Reichs­tag 2, 41; and interparty commit­tee 3; and DDP 20--1

Naval Mutiny, Octoher 1918 6, 8~ Noske, Gustav (1868-1946): Defence

Minister 17, 32, 53; sends troops to Bavaria 30, 66; and Kapp Putsch 51; resigns 52

NSDAP (Nazis) 28,33,46,91,102,127-9; as DAP 67; origins 67 ff. pro­gramme 68~; nature of its appeal 6g--71, 107...g; Voung Plan 100 ff., 107; 1930 e1ection victory 103, 108; re­covery after Munich Putsch 105 ff.; struggles within 105 ff.; and Brüning's Ministry 109, 124-5n.; and Army 114; and 1932 e1ections 118-19; and 1933 e1ections 12 I

Ouoman Empire, the 41

Pan-German League, the 65, 88, 100 Papen, Franz von, Chancellor 113,116-

19; resigns 119; and Hitler 121-1, 129

Patriotic Leagues, see Vaterlandische Verbande

Peace Treaty, see Versailles Treaty Pöhner, Ernst (1870-1925) 64 Poincare, Raymond 61,74,84 Poland: loss ofterritory to 41,42,44,60,

86--7; and Polish Corridor 42,44; Ger­man pressures on 60, 88

Preuss, Hugo 24-5 Progressives: pre-war views I; in inter­

party committee 3, 4-5; and re­form 5; and other Weimar parties 20-1; and Democratic Party 20

Protocols oj IM Eldrrs oj Zion, the 6, 5 Prussia: desire to reform electoral sys­

tem I; Government suppressed 117; constitutional position of 24, 25n.; Civil Service in 34; Social Democrats inpowerin 46,157;JulYI932 117

Prussian War Ministry 15; and Frei­korps 17; as Headquarters of Reichs­wehr 31

Radek, Karl, at foundation of KPD 16 Rapallo Treaty, 1922, the 59, 127 Rathenau, Walther (1867-1922): Foreign

Minister 1922 59-60; murdered 60, 127

Reichspeitsch, and Naval Mutiny 1917 18n.

Reichsbank 83-5, 95 Reichsbanner, Republican organis-

ation 91, 109, 115, 122; and sup­pression of Prussian government 117

Reichsrat, the 26 Reichstag 11,22,33,60-1,85,94,99,

102, 103, 113; in 1914 I, 2, 41; in­terparty committee of, 1917 3,4-5; in Weimar Constitution 26--7; propor­tional representation 27-41; 1920 elec­tions for 53-4, 127; 1924 elections for 89---90, 128; and Reichswehr 95-6; inadequate support given to min­istry 97; 1928 elections for 94, gB, 128; 1932 elections for 118, I 19, 129; 1933 elections for 12 I , 129; fire in 121, 129

Reichswehr: suppresses leftwing re-volts 30, 31, 32; character and for­mation of 31-2; and Freikorps 31, 63; and Kapp Putsch 51-3; and dis­armament 54, 83, 113; and Russia 57-41, 59, 86; in Bavaria 66, 79 ff.; Black Reichswehr 78; in Republican politics g6 ff., 102, 103; and

INDEX 149

Bruning ~og-IO, 116; and Hit­ler 114; and Hindenburg 115

Reinhardt, Walther, Colonel (later Gen­eral): appointed Prussian War Minis­ter 15; opposes Peace Treaty 47; and Kapp Putsch 51; resigns 52, 127

Rentenmark 83-4, 128 Reparations 41, 43-5, 54, 59, 61; and

Dawes Plan 84-5; and Young Plan 99, 112; end of 112-13

Reparations Commission 54, 61; fixes German debt 55

Rhineland: occupation of 43, 89, 94; promise to evacuate 100

Role Fahne, Die (Communist news­paper) 16, 76

Ruhr occupation: threat of 55; carried out 74 ff.; passive resistance to 74 ff.; abandonment of 77, 127

Russia: relations with 39, 57 ff., 62n., 86; civil war in 41; pogroms in 65

SA, the 72,80,107,109,114-17,119, 121

Saar Basin 43 Saxony 24, 25n., 79, 128 Schacht, Hjalmar, banker: and Demo­

cratic Party 23n.; and currency stabil­isation 84

Scheidemann, Philipp (1865-1939): and Kaiser's abdication 6; proclaims Re­public I I; in Republican govern­ment 12; resigns as Premier 47

Schiffer, Eugen, Vice-Chancellor 51-2 Schleicher, Kurt von (1882-1934), Gen­

eral: political views 102, 103, 114-16; Chancellor 119, 120, 122, 129; and Hitler 114, 116, 120; Defence Min­ister 116

Second World War, see World War 11 Seeckt, Hans von (1866--1936), General:

and Kapp Putsch 52, 53; appointed head of Reichswehr 52, 127; pol­icies 53; and evasion of arms restric­tions 54; and Russia 57-41; and Ruhr crisis 76 ff.; and Bavarian insubordi­nation 79 ff.; opposes Stresemann 79; resigns g6, 128

Seisser, Hans von 105 Seldte, Franz 121 Serbia, attack on 39 Skrzynski, Alexander, at Locarno 87

and n.

150 INDEX

Soviets, see Workers' and Soldiers' Councils

Spartakists, during war 2; and Novem­ber Revolution 8; attack Ebert's government [6; Congress to found KPD [6; 'Spartakist Rising', J anuary [9[9 [6-[7;Pressattackson 23;and foreign policy 39

SPD 22,23,29,30,3[,53, [03, 107, [09, [ [7, [2 [, [23, [26-9; pre-war views of [, 2; attitude towards war 2; in interparty committee 3, 4, 5, 6; atti­tude towards Max's government 5; and November Revolution 8, 10, [[; and Workers' Councils 10, [2, [4; coalition with USPD [[, [2, [3, [5; attitude to other Weimar parties 20, 53-4, 60, 97, 102-3; and socialis­ation 23; and constitution 24-5; attitude towards Reichswehr 32, 96; and Civil Service 33-4; and trade unions 36-7; and Versailles Treaty 45; and Kapp Putsch 53; reunion with USPD 6[; and Stresemann 77; and [924 elections 89; and [925 presiden­tial elections 90; and Reichs­banner 9 I -2; and [928 elections 94; and unemployment 10[-3; and Brün­ing 103, 109; and 1930 elections [08; and Iron Front 115

'Stab-in-the-back', the 47 and n. Stalhelm (ex-servicemen's association)

[2 [; hostile attitude towards Repub­lic 29; and Hugenberg [00; and Brüning [09; and Hindenburg 114

Strasser, Gregor, Nazi leader 106, [18 Streicher, Julius 106 Stresemann, Gustav ([878-[929) 54,55,

90, [[ 2, 122; founds DVP 2 [; attitude towards Republic 4 [, 56, 6 [; and Aus­tria 4[; and Kapp 52; Chancel­lor 77, [27; ends passive resis­tance 77; conflict with Bavaria 79; resigns as Chancellor 8 [; appointed Foreign Minister 8[; and Loc­arno 86 ff.; foreign policy 87-9; re­fuses liberal union 90; and Young Plan 100 ff.; and DVP [01; death of IO[

Tat, rightwing journal 97 Thälmann, Ernst, KPD leader [14 Third Reich, the [23

Thuringia 25n. Trade unions, and Workers' Coun­

cils 13; and Civil Service 33-4; de­velopment in Republic 36-7; and Kapp Putsch 51-3; and Rathenau's death 60; and Depression [ I [

Trimborn, Carl, Centre Party politician 2[

U nerr,ployment (1923) 76, 8 In.; (1929-33) 10[, [10 ff.

United States of America, the 40, 46; and war debts 54, 1[2-[3

U pper Silesia 42 USPD 53, 127; formation 2; attacks

SPD participation in Max's govern­ment 5; agitation against war 8; and revolution 8-9; and Workers' Coun­cils 10, [3, [5; in coalition with SPD [2-[5; and Army [5,30; rad­ical tendencies in [5, [6; and socialis­ation 23; confused aims 30; and Comintern 3 [; moves for reunion with SPD 3[, 60-1; and foreign policy 39; and Kapp 53

Vaterländische Verbände 63, 76; in Bav­aria 79 ff.

Versailles Treaty 35-6,50,57,89, [22, [26; German public unprepared for 40; terms of 42-3; resentment over 43-4; criticism of 43-6; impact of 44-6; 'War Guilt Clause' 45; signature of 48; evasion of 54, 78, 96; Article [[ 6 of 58-9

Viilkischer Beobachter 76

War Guilt Question, the 45-6 Weimar Coalition 97, [[4; formed 29,

63; fears elections 19 [9-20 50 Weimar Republic 37, 46, 49, 55; more

liberal than predecessor [8; foun­dation of 20 ff.; makes peace 39 ff.; constitution of 23-8,35,68, [26; pos­ition of president in 26, 90-- I, 98, [02; position of parties in 28, 97-8; civil service in 32-3, 96; judiciary in 34-5, 96; universities in 35, 96; Churches in 36; possible union with Aus­tria 4 [; rejected by Allies 42; econ­omy of 44, 94-5, 10[, 109 ff.; Wirth tries to rally support for 56; Law to Defend 60; improved situation of, in

1924 83, 92; Reichsbanner sup­ports 91; importance of Müller's fall for 102; reasons for collapse of 122-3

Westarp, Count von, DVP leader 99 Western Allies, and armistice 6, 1 1 ;

peace terms presented 29; and Ger­man Army 32, 54, 64; and Peace Treaty 41--9; relations with Ger­many 39; and Reparations 43-5,54, 85; and London ultimatum 55--{i

Wilhe1m, Crown Prince (1882-1951) 10 Wilhe1m II (1859-1941), German Em­

peror 33,39,40, 123; advised to sue for peace I; attitude to Roman Cath­olics 2; possible victory in war 2; attitude to reforms 5; obstac1e to peace 6; abdication 6, 10; and Hin­denburg 91

WilheImine Empire, see German Empire Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), Presi-

INDEX 151

dent, USA 6, 40, 126; his Fourteen points 39-42, 44, 48

Wirth, Dr Josef (1879-1956): Chan­cellor 55--{i; and Russia 57--9; and Law to Defend the Republic 60; res­ignation 61

Workers' and Soldiers' Councils: estab­lished in revolution 9, 10, 12-18, 66, 126; and Repui?lican government 12, 14; and USPD 13; attempts to set up Red Guard 14; trade unions and 13; National Congress convened 14; and Army 15, 31-2; failure to assert their authority 14,32; Press at tacks on 23; and judiciary 34; emasculation of 37

Württemberg 24

Young, Owen D. 84,99 Young Plan 99-101,112,128