chron nr2 2003 - Acta Hort · 2003-06-25 · Thirdly, a num-ber of current agricultural practices...

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Issues

Volume 43 - Number 2 - 2003

ISHS

The Power of Partnerships in Agricultural Research for Development •Recent Progress on Cowpea Improvement

Horticultural Science ForumAdvances in Vegetable Grafting

Symposia and WorkshopsSouth Pacific Soilless Culture Conference

The World of HorticultureHorticulture in Poland

■ News from the Board3 ISHS Communications: A Two Way Street, Jules Janick

■ Issues4 The Power of Partnerships in Agricultural Research for

Development, Olanrewaju Smith8 Recent Progress on Cowpea Improvement, Bir Singh,

Peter Hartmann, Christian Fatokun, Manuele Tamo,Shirley Tarawali and Rodomiro Ortiz

■ Horticultural Science Forum13 Advances in Vegetable Grafting, Jung Myung Lee

■ Horticultural Science News20 EGLS Supports Improvement of Biological Efficiency

Molecular Divide between Rich and PoorFAO Calls for Greater Diversity in Bananas

21 Plant Species ProjectChina Now World Leader in Apple Productiong

■ Symposia and Workshops22 South Pacific Soilless Culture Conference

■ History24 Commission Biotechnology, Richard Zimmerman

■ The World of Horticulture26 Horticulture in Poland, Mikolaj Knaflewski32 Jakob Eriksson Prize in Plant Pathology to Jaacov Katan

New books, websites34 Courses and Meetings

■ News from the ISHS Secretariat34 New Members36 In Memoriam

Calendar of ISHS Events39 List of Acta Horticulturae numbers available40 Acta Horticulturae Reviews

CONTENTS

Photo on cover: Four year old apple orchard with cv.Sampion - Poland (photo by courtesy of M. Ugolik)

ISHS

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

Chronica Horticulturae©, ISBN: 90 6605 876 5 (Volume 43 -Number 2; June 2003); ISSN: 0578-039X

Published quarterly by the International Society forHorticultural Science, Leuven, Belgium. Lay-out and printingby Drukkerij Geers, Gent, Belgium. ISHS© 2003. All rightsreserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced and/orpublished in any form, photocopy, microfilm or any othermeans without written permission from the publisher. Contactthe ISHS Secretariat for details on full color advertisements(1/1, 1/2, 1/4 page) and/or mailing lists options.

Editorial Office and Contact Address:

ISHS Secretariat, PO Box 500, B-3001 Leuven 1, Belgium. Tel:(+32)16229427, fax: (+32)16229450, e-mail: [email protected],web: www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org.

Editorial Staff

Jules Janick, Science Editor [email protected]

Jozef Van Assche, Managing Editor [email protected]

Johanna Mäkilä, Associate Editor [email protected]

Gerard Weststeijn, Associate Editor - [email protected]

Peter Vanderborght, Associate Editor - Production andCirculation [email protected]

Membership and Orders of Chronica Horticulturae

Chronica Horticulturae is provided to the Membership for free:Individual Membership 40 EUR annually (special rate forIndividual Members from selected developing countries: 40EUR for 2 years), Student Membership 12 EUR per year. For alldetails on ISHS membership categories and membershipadvantages, including a membership application form, refer tothe ISHS membership pages at www.ishs.org/members.

Payments

All major Credit Cards accepted. Always quote your name andinvoice or membership number. Make checks payable to ISHSSecretariat. Money transfers: ISHS main bank account numberis 230-0019444-64. Bank details: Fortis Bank, Branch”Heverlee Arenberg”, Naamsesteenweg 173/175, B-3001Leuven 1, Belgium. BIC (SWIFT code): GEBABEBB08A, IBAN:BE29230001944464. Please arrange for all bank costs to betaken from your account assuring that ISHS receives the netamount. Prices listed are in euro (EUR) but ISHS accepts pay-ments in USD as well.

Acta Horticulturae

Acta Horticulturae is the series of proceedings of ISHS Scien-tific Meetings, Symposia or Congresses. (ISSN: 0567-7572).ISHS Members are entitled to a substantial discount on theprice of Acta Horticulturae. For an updated list of availabletitles go to www.ishs.org/acta. A complete and accuraterecord of the entire Acta Horticulturae collection, includingall abstracts and full text articles is available online atwww.actahort.org. ISHS Individual membership includescredits to download 10 full text Acta Horticulturae articles.Acta Horticulturae titles that are no longer available in printformat are available in the ActaHort CD-ROM format.

ISHS • 2

A publication of the International Society for HorticulturalScience, a society of individuals, organizations and agenciesdedicated to advancing all aspects of horticulture,emphasizing research and education

ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS

Chronica Horticulturae, 43(1): page 11, Figure 1, caption of the 2nd and3rd example has been switched (3,3-DMCP and 1-MCP)

From the Science Editor

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 2 •2003 • 3

ISHS Communications:A Two Way Street

NEWS FROM THE BOARDNEWS FROM THE BOARD

Jules Janick

The functions of scientific societies are basically two fold: they provide aforum for scientists to present the results of their research and to interact withthe research community, and they sponsor the publication of research infor-mation in a form that can be archived, historically in libraries but now increa-singly online on the internet. This format has blossomed into meetings, con-gresses, workshops, and an explosion of journals, proceedings, and books.Horticultural science has followed this pattern and the development of nation-al horticultural societies devoted to horticulture and horticultural science hasexpanded to many countries throughout the world. The International Societyfor Horticultural Science (ISHS), emanating from the century-old tradition ofInternational Horticultural Congresses, is now the largest horticultural sciencesociety in the world on the basis of membership. This is remarkable achieve-ment and in the last analysis is based on our means of communication.

ISHS has been involved with a number ofpublications throughout its history. Theseinclude the Proceedings of InternationalHorticultural Congresses, ScientiaHorticulturae (Scientia), a journal devot-ed to original research, HorticultureResearch International (HRI), a directoryof world horticulture, Acta Horticulturae(Acta) , the proceedings of symposia andcongresses, and Chronica Horticulturae(Chronica), the house magazine of ourSociety.These communication vehicles have hadvery different outcomes. The Proceedingsof the International Congress proved tobe unwieldy and too infrequent to have areal impact and has long been discontin-ued. Congress papers are now publishedin volumes of Acta. ISHS once sponsoredScientia in cooperation with Elsevier, butdisagreements with the publisher led tothe Society to discontinue this relation-ship. While ISHS published five volumesof HRI, this directory is now available onlyin electronic format online, a realimprovement that permits continualupdating.The heart of ISHS has been its Acta, theproceedings of stand alone internationalsymposia and workshops or collections ofpapers presented at our Congresses. TheActa format is versatile enough to include

special books. Our Society has found aspecial niche with Acta and it is clear thatthis success is due to a number of causes.First, Acta articles have found a nichebetween anonymous, peer-reviewed jour-nal papers and informal reports. Acta con-tributions are subject to review by an edi-tor assisted by an editorial committee andfinal editing is carried out by experts inthe field. All agree that scientific qualityand relevance have been increasing. Theonly complaints have come from thosewho claim that Acta papers are not count-ed as refereed for academic promotion.This is an institutional problem, not anISHS problem, and I suggest it will beresolved when it is recognized that Actapapers have enormous impact.Furthermore, most symposia attendeesare extremely happy with these intenseinternational meetings devoted to narrowtopics. Thus, Acta has proven to be a suc-cess scientifically, horticulturally, andfinancially. ISHS has now published over600 Acta volumes and they are increasingat the rate of a score per year. Mostimportantly, all are online. The possibilityof ”tailor-made” CDs is now a reality. Forexample we can make available all Actaon strawberry or tomato on a single CD.Eventually it will be possible to pick outby yourself your own choice of individualpapers. Thus, someone might want to

collect all papers by a single author, or allpapers that have the word ethylene in thetitle.Chronica, now in its 43rd year, has a spe-cial place in our Society; it is the onlycommunication that every memberreceives. It is the voice of the Board andthe Secretariat to ISHS members but waslong considered as merely an expandednewsletter, and at best as a means of one-way communication between headquar-ters and members. It languished this wayfor many years but as a result of Boardaction it has been substantially invigorat-ed with expanded content and a newlook based on sharper graphics and theuse of color. Changes in recent issuesinclude a greater emphasis on articles ofbroad horticultural interest, new technol-ogy, articles on agricultural development,reviews, and historical articles, along withnews of Sections and Commissions. Westill have a long way to go. Our goal isnot to make Chronica a scientific journalbut to make Chronica more vital to ourmembers, by broadening its scope toinclude news and views on world horti-culture and horticultural science. Our aimis to make Chronica a magazine that hor-ticulturists not only will want to read butfeel they must read.However, communication must be a twoway street. We are interested in inputfrom the membership. We want to pub-lish thoughtful letters, to consider appro-priate articles from our national societies,and brief articles or mini-reviews of sub-jects that have a wide appeal. For this weneed your help. While we will continue torequest reviews from our members, weneed your input. Please inform us of yourreaction to the revitalizedChronica, offersuggestions for articles or topics youwould like covered, and provide counselon authors, perhaps yourself. Let us striveto communicate with each other.

Jules Janick, James Troop Distinguished Professor ofHorticulture at Purdue University, West Lafayette,

Indiana, USA and a member of the ISHS Board responsi-ble for Publications

ISHS • 4

GFAR ModelThe Power of Partnerships inAgricultural Research for Development

ISSUESISSUES

by Olanrewaju B. Smith

The current sustainable development paradigm that calls for an integration ofeconomic growth, social equity and sound environmental stewardship in orderto guarantee a better quality of life for everyone, now and for gener-ations to come, confronts the agricultural sector with an enormous chal-lenge. This sector has historically contributed, and continues to contribute tothese three components of sustainable development.

Firstly, recent experiences particularly indeveloped countries suggest that increas-es in agricultural productivity and growthlead to important economic growth. Evenin developing countries, the close rela-tionship between agricultural and eco-nomic growth has often been demon-strated. Recent data from India show thatsmall farmer’s real income apparently roseby 90% due to increases in agriculturalproductivity (Dev 1998). Secondly, whenadequately supported by technology andenabling policies, this sector routinelyproduces sufficient food to enable accessto both the affluent and the less privi-leged in society, producing much neededstaple foods for the poor. Thirdly, a num-ber of current agricultural practices andthose being developed for the near futurefocus on proper utilization of naturalresources, and hence on sound environ-mental management practices. The chal-lenge is for the sector to integrate thesethree components, not to focus exclusive-ly on one or two to the detriment of otherequally important components, and to doso in a sustainable manner. During the ”pre-green revolution” era forexample, the agricultural sector respond-ed more or less to the sound environmen-tal management component in manydeveloping countries, through use ofenvironmentally friendly, and less inten-sive cultivation practices with sufficientlylong fallow periods to allow soil regener-ation. While this approach preserved thenatural resources for future use, it did notensure a good quality of life for the cur-

rent generation through sustained eco-nomic growth and social equity. Duringthe ”green revolution” period, the focuswas more on food security and economicgrowth, and it is now generally acceptedthat the sound management of the natu-ral resource patrimony component suf-fered some setback. In the current ”postgreen revolution” and globalisation era,the challenge of responding to socialequity, economic growth and sound envi-ronmental management has becomemuch more acute. In order to respond,

agriculture must become much moreknowledge intensive than hitherto -hence, the increasing importance and rel-evance of agricultural research.The nature, type and complexity of theresearch required cannot, however, becarried out effectively by research institu-tions, groups or individuals working in iso-lation. It calls for collaboration and part-nerships amongst the various players witha stake in the sector in order to takeadvantage of, and benefit from, theeconomies of scale that come from thepooling of resources and knowledge, bothtraditional and modern.

THE GLOBAL FORUM ONAGRICULTURAL RESEARCH(GFAR)

It was this realization of the need forstrategic partnerships amongst stakehold-ers to more effectively respond to the

Close up of bananas (photo by IPGRI)

demands of an increasingly knowledgeintensive sector that led to the foundingof the Global Forum on AgriculturalResearch (GFAR). GFAR was formallyestablished in 1996 on the basis of anagreement between the stakeholders ofAgricultural Research for Development(ARD), a group of donors who supportthis initiative, and a group of facilitatingagencies - FAO, IFAD, ISNAR, and theWorld Bank - who have played and con-tinue to play key roles in the developmentof GFAR.The mission of GFAR is to mobilize the sci-entific community and all stakeholders toaddress the need to alleviate poverty,increase food security and promote thesustainable use of natural resources. Inorder to fulfil this mission, GFAR address-es a set of carefully crafted objectives thatwill not only foster the indispensable part-nerships, but also strengthen constituentstakeholders when needed, and facilitatethe exchange of information and the shar-ing of knowledge. From an organizationalstandpoint, GFAR comprises seven groupsof stakeholders. These include produc-ers/farmers’ and their apex organizations;non-Governmental Organizations en-gaged in activities related to food security,natural resource management and pover-ty alleviation; regional fora composed ofrepresentatives of developing countrynational agricultural research systems(NARS) at continental and sub-continen-tal levels; international agriculturalresearch centres (IARCS) mainly belong-ing to the Consultative Group forInternational Agricultural Research(CGIAR) which address strategic and basic

research issues for the public good;advanced research institutions based inOECD countries which address globaldevelopment challenges; agricultural pri-vate sector companies that use scientificknowledge to develop research basedproducts; and the donor community thatfunds development oriented agriculturalresearch.Working together on the GFAR platform,these stakeholders discuss controversialissues without letting differences of opin-ions stand in the way of co-operation andcollaboration. They communicate and

share information in order to convert itinto useful knowledge for themselves andother end-users, and they strategicallyform partnerships to implement concreteprogrammes (Global PartnershipsProgrammes - GPPs) in four priorityareas: genetic resources management andbiotechnology; natural resources man-agement and agro-ecology; commoditychains; and policy management and insti-tutional development.Examples of such GPPs include: DirectSowing, Mulch-based and ConservationTillage Agriculture (DMC) that endeav-ours to strengthen the capacity of keystakeholders to develop and to promotethe widespread adoption of such systems.It derives its justification from the factthat conservation agricultural practiceshave led to some of the most dramatictransformations of agricultural systems inboth developed and developing countriesin modern times. Moreover, during thecoming decade conservation agriculturetechnologies will be critically important inimproving the productivity and sustain-ability of agro-ecosystems, particularly indeveloping countries. DMC, a form ofconservation agriculture technology, hasthe potential to stimulate equitable andsustainable small holder agriculture inrural areas. This GPP is in its first year ofimplementation during which an invento-ry and documentation of DMC researchand development projects has beenundertaken in several countries, includingBrazil, Ghana, South Africa, Indo-Gangetic plains, Benin, Cameroon,Madagascar and Guinea.

Cabbage leaves for sale - Ethiopia (photo by Jane Toll / IPGRI)

Miscellaneous vegetables for sale (photo by IPGRI)


ISHS • 6

A second example of an on-going GPP isthe one on Under-utilized Species,launched in late 2001. This GPP countersthe common trend of devoting resourcesalmost exclusively to a few popular cropsof global commercial value such as maize,rice and cotton. It will focus on less well-known species that are nevertheless ofgreat importance to the poor in marginalareas. The Under-utilized Species GPP isdesigned to promote and facilitate thesustainable production and use of suchspecies, and to improve access to infor-mation, expertise and financial resourcesrequired to support their utilization.Participating partners will meet in Leipzigin May 2003 to map out a business planfor this initiative.

GFAR SECRETARIAT

GFAR, serviced by a secretariat based atthe FAO in Rome, is charged with main-taining the institutional memory of thegroup’s activities, facilitating the develop-ment of GPPs, stimulating activitiesdesigned to strengthen deserving stake-holders such as farmers’ groups, NGOsand some regional flora, and ensuring thedevelopment of a user-friendly informa-tion communication system that links thestakeholders to one another and to theoutside knowledge pool.

THE HORTICULTURAL SUB-SECTOR WITHIN GFAR

It is evident that the horticulture sub-sec-tor has an important role to play alleviat-

Nice selection tomatoes, onions and potatoes for sale on street -Mombassa - Kenya(photo by Ilona deBoreghyi / IPGRI)

Nice selection of potatoes for sale by street vender - Mombassa - Kenya(photo by Ilona deBoreghyi / IPGRI)

ing poverty, ensuring food security andpromoting good stewardship of naturalresource utilization. Examples abound ofhow the horticultural sciences, and theindustries they support, are contributingto these three components of the missionof GFAR.Firstly, consider that over the last quarterof a century the rate of populationincrease has been the single most impor-tant factor influencing the demand forfood in developing countries. It is also in

these countries that migration from ruralareas to urban centres has been mostrapid. In Africa, for example, city dwellersincreased during the last 25 years at anaverage annual rate of 4.7%. The pro-portion of citizens living in urban centresincreased from 21.4% in 1973 to 33.4%in 1995 and is projected to reach 53% by2025 (UN 1994). This rapid rate ofurbanization has been accompanied byan equally rapid increase in the demandfor food, particularly vegetables, fruitsand other perishable products. The ruralsector has been unable to meet such ademand, and the vacuum is being rapidlyfilled by entrepreneurial producers in andaround cities - urban and peri-urban agri-culture, prominently featuring horticul-ture.These producers, however, face a numberof daunting problems, many of which canbe addressed by horticultural science andindustry providing solutions throughresearch and the development of appro-priate technologies. Areas needing atten-tion include: water supply and efficientutilization, including waste water reuseand the accompanying public health con-cerns; development of high yielding dis-ease- and pest-resistant fruit and veg-etable cultivars; integrated pest manage-ment strategies appropriate for intensivecrop production in urban settings; prod-uct diversity to meet market demandsand conservation goals; post harvesthandling, storage and marketing of fruitsand vegetables; food processing andpreservation; improving the economics of

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Olanrewaju B. Smith is a Veterinary Surgeon, with specialisation inAnimal and Poultry Nutrition, and is a Professor of Animal Productionand Health. He is currently serving as the Executive Secretary of theGlobal Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) whose secretariat isbased at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome. Beforehis current appointment he worked at the International DevelopmentResearch Centre (IDRC) both at the Regional Office for West andCentral Africa, where he once served as the Regional Director, and atIDRC headquarters in Ottawa Canada. While at IDRC he managed alarge number of research projects and programmes focused on envi-ronment and natural resource management; issues including landdegradation and desertification, dryland and water management, bio-

diversity and urban agriculture. As a professor of Animal Production and Health at theObafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria, his research activities covered the development ofnovel feed resources for livestock, and health packages for small ruminants. He served as theChair of the Committee on Science and Technology of the convention to combat desertifica-tion, is a member of several professional associations and an adviser to the InternationalFoundation for Science. Professor Smith has written a number of monographs, books and ref-ereed journal articlesContact: GFAR Secretariat, c/o FAO, SDR, Viale Delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italyphone: (+39)657055047, fax: (+39)657053898, email: [email protected].

production, marketing and distribution;land tenure and access issues; andenabling policies including planning.Secondly, high value horticultural cropsare increasingly being produced in devel-oping countries for local, regional andinternational markets. This is stimulatingeconomic growth and contributingimportantly to the alleviation of poverty.Some relevant issues currently beingaddressed by horticultural science andindustry concern product quality, safetyand certification processes. These need tobe intensified. In addition, the whole areaof under-utilized species including aro-matic herbs and spices and medicinalplants could benefit from demand drivenresearch.Finally, agro-forestry based systems builtaround multi-purpose tree crops such asbanana, date palm, coconuts and theshear butter tree, to mention a few, con-tribute directly and significantly to naturalresources preservation as well as foodsecurity and poverty alleviation.Horticultural science-driven activitieswould fit perfectly under any of the fourpriority areas identified by GFAR stake-holders as being of global importance,and on which its programmes arefocused. It is appropriate to point outhere that the first GPP developed byGFAR, the PROMUSA project, focused onthe genetic improvement of banana andplantains.It is clear that the horticulture sub-sector,given its potential, is not yet adequately

active within GFAR. There is much roomfor improvement. Therefore, let me seizethis opportunity to invite members of theInternational Society for HorticulturalSciences to participate in the forthcomingtriennial GFAR meeting as representativesof any of the seven stakeholder groups ofGFAR. By so doing you can raise the pro-file and improve the contribution of horti-cultural science to sustainable develop-ment. Details of this meeting are on theGFAR website (www.egfar.org).

OlanrewajuSmith

REFERENCES

Dev, S.M. 1998. Regional disparities inagricultural labor productivity and ruralpoverty. Indian Economic Review, 23: 167-205.UN World Population Prospects: the 1994Revision, United Nations, New York, USA.


AA cc tt aa HH oo rr tt CC DD -- rr oo mm

OO rrdd ee rr yy oo uu rr oo ww nn tt aa ii ll oo rr mm aa dd eeAA cc tt aa HH oo rr tt ii cc uu ll tt uu rr aa ee ll ii bb rr aa rr yy ii nnCC DD -- rroo mm ff oo rr mm aa tt aa nn dd ii nn cc ll uu dd eeaa nn yy AA cc tt aa HH oo rr tt ii cc uu ll tt uu rr aa ee ee vv ee rr

pp uu bb ll ii ss hh ee dd

ff oo rr dd ee tt aa ii ll ss ll oo gg oo nn tt oo ::

ww ww ww.. ii ss hh ss .. oo rr gg // aa cc tt aa

ISHS • 8

therefore haulms constitute an importantsource of income. The crude protein incowpea haulms averages about 17%,with high digestibility and low fiber con-tent and thus the nutritive value of cow-pea haulms is very high.Cowpea and soil fertility enhancement.Cowpea is also very important forimproving soil fertility, soil conservationand the sustainability of various croppingsystems, particularly in marginal and lowrainfall areas. Being a fast growing crop,cowpea curbs erosion by covering theground, fixes atmospheric nitrogen, andits decaying residues and deep roots con-tribute to soil fertility. Cowpea is inher-ently a drought tolerant crop and there-fore it is successfully cultivated in the drysavannas and Sahel of West Africa whererainfall is low and soils are sandy andinfertile. Also, with a maturity rangebetween 60 days to 140 days and variedagronomic characteristics, suitable cow-pea cultivars can be selected to fit in anycropping system and rainfall pattern.

WORLD PRODUCTION OFCOWPEA

Cowpea is grown in over 60 countriescovering parts of Asia and Oceania, theMiddle East, southern Europe, Africa,southern USA, and Central and SouthAmerica. Most countries do not keepexact statistics for cowpea, but the esti-mated cultivated area under cowpea inthe world is over 14 million ha and pro-duction is over 4.5 million tons (t) annual-ly. Nigeria is the largest producer and con-sumer of cowpea with about 5 million haand over 2 million t production annually.Niger Republic is the next largest produc-er with 3 million ha and over 560,000 t.

Other countries with significant area andproduction in West Africa are Benin, Togo,Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso and Senegal.Several countries in Central and SouthAmerica cultivate cowpea but Brazil alonegrows about 1.5 million ha of cowpeawith about 500,000 t production. Insouthern USA about 40,000 ha of cowpeais grown with an estimated 45,000 tannual production of dry cowpea seedand a large amount of frozen green cow-pea. India is the largest cowpea producerin Asia and together with Bangladesh,Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, SriLanka, Thailand, and other Far Easterncountries, there may be over 1.5 millionha under cowpea in Asia.Diverse cultivars. Cowpea is a single cropspecies but the cultivar requirements interms of plant type, seed type, maturity,and use pattern are extremely diversefrom region to region, making breedingprograms for cowpea more complex thanfor other crops. The seed color preferenceand use patterns differ from region toregion. In West Africa, the most preferredtypes are larger, white and brown-seededcultivars with a rough seed coat, butcountries in Central America and theCaribbean prefer red, black, or whiteseeds with smooth testa. Consumers inMexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, CostaRica, and Cuba prefer black color seeds. Ared color is given first preference inHonduras, El Salvador, Venezuela, andJamaica. In East Africa and Asia, any colorother than black is acceptable, althoughtan and red colors are preferred in the for-mer and white and cream colors in the lat-ter. The maturity, growth habit, and pho-tosensitivity requirements depend uponthe cropping systems. For example, pho-

Cowpea producing regions worldwide.

Local cowpea cultivars.

With over 25% protein in seeds aswell as in young leaves on dry weightbasis, cowpea is a major source of pro-tein, minerals and vitamins in daily dietsand thus it positively impacts on thehealth of women and children. The bulkof the diet of rural and urban poor, espe-cially in Africa, consists of starchy foodmade from cassava, yam, plantain andbanana, millet, sorghum, and maize. Theaddition of even a small amount of cow-pea ensures nutritional balance in the dietand enhances the protein quality by thesynergistic effect of high protein and highlysine from cowpea and high methionineand high energy from the starchy foods.Cowpea is equally important as nutritiousfodder for livestock. In West Africa, themature cowpea pods are harvested andthe haulms are cut while still green androlled into small bundles containing theleaves and vines. These bundles arestored on roof-tops for use and for sale asfeed supplement in the dry season, mak-ing cowpea haulms as the key factor forcrop-livestock systems. On dry weightbasis the price of cowpea haulms rangesfrom 50 to 80% of the grain price and

IITA, NigeriaRecent Progress on Cowpea Improvement

by Bir B.Singh, Peter Hartmann, Christian Fatokun, Manuele Tamo,Shirley Tarawali and Rodomiro Ortiz

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important source of nutritiousfood and fodder and it is an essential component for sustained soil fertility invarious cropping systems in the drier regions of the tropics and sub-tropicsthroughout the world but particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where is con-sumed in many forms. Young leaves, green pods and green seeds are used asvegetables and dry seeds are used in various food preparations. Trading offresh leaves and immature pods for vegetable and processed cowpea foodsand snacks provides rural and urban women opportunity for earning cashincome.

tosensitive cowpea cultivars are used forrelay cropping in the West Africa whilephoto-insensitive cultivars are preferred inother parts. Cowpea is also grown forgreen fodder, which requires fast growthwith more vegetative mass per unit area.Thus, no single cultivar can be suitable forall conditions and breeders have to devel-op cultivars with different attributes tosuit the specific needs of different regionsand cropping systems.

MAJOR PRODUCTIONCONSTRAINTS

Cowpea yields are generally low due toseveral biotic and abiotic constraints aswell as due to cultivation of cowpea as anintercrop with cereals in marginal environ-ments, where soils are infertile and rainfallis scanty. Under intercropping, the tallgrowing cereals shade cowpea as well ascompete for moisture and nutrients andcause severe reduction in cowpea yields.Also, most of the cowpea is grown with-out use of fertilizers and plant protectionmeasures which causes poor growth andsevere yield reduction due to pest dam-age.Biotic constraints. Cowpea is attacked byseveral diseases, insect pests and parasiticplants. The major diseases are anthrac-nose, web blight, brown blotch,Cercospora leaf spot, Septoria, scab andMacrophomina caused by fungi; bacterialpustule and bacterial blight caused bybacteria; and cowpea yellow mosaic, cow-pea aphid borne mosaic, blackeye cowpeamosaic, cowpea servere mosaic andsouthern bean mosaic caused by viruses.Nematodes are important in some areasand parasitic weeds such as Striga gesner-ioides and Alectra vogelii are important inAfrica. Striga causes severe damage tocowpeas in the Sudan savanna and Sahelof West Africa whereas Alectra is moreprevalent in the Guinea and Sudan savan-nas of West and Central Africa. Alectra isalso widespread in Eastern and SouthernAfrica but Striga is not a problem there.Striga infection in cowpea is more devas-tating in areas with sandy soils, low fertil-

ity, and low rainfall. Both parasites are dif-ficult to control because they producelarge number of seeds and up to 75% ofthe crop damage is done before theyemerge from the ground. The majorinsect pests of cowpea are aphid (Aphiscraccivora) thrips (Megalurothrips sjost-edti) Maruca pod borer (Maruca vitrata),a complex of pod sucking bugs(Clavigralla spp., Acanthomia spp.,Riptortus spp.)and the storage weevilCallosobruchus maculatus. Of these,thrips and Maruca cause major damage insub-saharan Africa. There are some loca-tion specific insect pest such as Lygus inAmericas, bean fly in Asia and East Africaand ootheca beetles in wetter regions ofthe tropics.Abiotic constraints. Cowpea may sufferfrom erratic rainfall in the beginning andtowards the end of the rainy season,which cause substantial reduction in grainyield as well as biomass production. Early-maturing cultivars escape terminaldrought but if exposed to intermittentmoisture stress during the vegetative orreproductive stages, they perform verypoorly. Cowpea is inherently moredrought tolerant than other crops but itstill suffers considerable damage due tofrequent drought in the Sahelian regionwhere rainfall is scanty and irregular.

RESEARCH-FOR-DEVELOP-MENT IN COWPEA

Even though cowpea is an importantlegume crop, only a few countries haveinitiated planned cowpea improvementprograms. Some of these are Brazil,Burkina Faso, India, Niger, Nigeria,Senegal and the USA. Under theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research (CGIAR) umbrella,the International Institute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA) has the global mandatefor improving cowpea cultivars and most

of the countries depend solely upon IITAfor improved cowpea materials. IITAworks very closely and in partnershipwith many national and regional pro-grams and networks like the InternationalFund for Agricultural Development(IFAD)-funded PRONAF (Project Niebepour l’Afrique), the United States Agencyfor International Development (USAID)-funded Bean / Cowpea CRSP (Colla-borative Research Support Program), theDanida (Danish International Devel-opment Agency)-funded project on crop-livestock systems and special projects oncrop-livestock integration funded by theGatsby Charitable Foundation and theStrategic Seeds Project in NorthernNigeria by funded by USAID. IITA alsoworks closely with international non-gov-ernmental organizations (NGOs) such asSasakawa Global 2000, World VisionInternational and AQUADEV for on-farmtesting and dissemination of researchresults.Breeding for Improved Cowpea CultivarsCowpea gene pool and sources of desir-able traits. IITA holds in trust a collectionof in excess of 16,000 germplasm acces-sions in its gene bank at Ibadan. Between1970 and 1975, IITA researchers collect-ed cowpea germplasm worldwide andscreened it to identify sources of disease

Yield kg/haCultivar Grain Fodder Days to maturity Type cultivar

IT97K-568-19 2582 5998 85 DualIT90K-277-2 2544 3415 80 DualIT97K-568-18 2510 2166 75 GrainIT98K-205-9 2143 2332 75 GrainIT95K-627-34 2143 2083 70 GrainIT86D-719 1788 1208 70 GrainDan lla (local cowpea) 1753 2249 85 DualBambara groundnut 334 1000 100 GrainGroundnut 421 5165 100 DualSED 315 420 2

Table 1. Performance of improved grain type and dual-purpose cowpeavarieties

Improved grain type.

Improved vegetable type cultivar.


ISHS • 10

and insect resistance, and other desirabletraits, e.g. accessions with deep root sys-tems, tolerance to drought and heat andability to grow well in low phosphorus.These accessions were used in the breed-ing program to develop a range of highyielding cultivars for different use pat-terns and cropping systems.Early maturing grain type cultivars.Initially the major focus was to develophigh-yielding, grain type cowpea cultivarswith determinate growth habit, erectplant type, early maturity and varied seedtypes for sole cropping, which wouldrespond to added inputs like fertilizer andinsecticides. These were collectively called‘60-day cowpea’ cultivars that yieldedover 2 t ha-1 in 60 to 70 days, and couldbe planted in short rainy seasons and invarious locations in cereal-dominatedcropping systems. The most promising‘60-day’ cultivars released in about 40countries are IT 82D-889, IT82E-16,IT82E-18, IT82E32, IT82E-60, IT84E124,IT84S-2246-4, IT86D-719, IT89KD-374,IT93K-452-1 and IT99K-449-35.Bush-type vegetable cowpea cultivars.Several countries grow cowpea as a veg-etable crop. The most preferred types arethe yardlong cowpeas with fleshy tenderpods, but these cultivars need staking tokeep pods from touching the ground androtting, which involves extra cost andthus restricts the area under cultivation.Bush-type vegetable cultivars with 30-cmlong succulent pods have been devel-oped, such as IT81D-1228-10, IT81D-1228-14, IT81D-1225-15, and IT86D-880, which yield up to 18 t ha-1 greenpods with 3 to 4 pickings starting at 45days after planting. These cultivars havesemi-erect growth habit with extra-longpeduncles (40-50 cm long), protrudingwell over the canopy and holding thepods above the ground. Picking greenpods periodically reduces the weight onpeduncles and they remain upright all thetime. Frequent picking also stimulatesfurther flowering and podding on thesame peduncles, which ensures a contin-uous supply of green pods for a 6 to 7week period after the start of picking,provided soil moisture is not limiting.These cultivars were distributed to sever-al national programs and were foundpromising in China, Nepal, Sri Lanka,Philippines, the West Indies and Nigeria.Dual-purpose cowpea cultivars. In viewof the importance of cowpea grain aswell as fodder and its place in intercrop-ping systems particularly in West Africa,IITA diversified its cowpea breedingobjectives from 1989 on to include devel-opment of dual purpose cowpea cultivarswith high yield potential for grain as well

as fodder, combined with resistance tomajor biotic and abiotic stresses and withadaptation to both sole and intercrop sys-tems. Also, in order to be effective, rele-vant and well focused, IITA shifted thecowpea breeding program from its head-quarters at Ibadan to Kano in northernNigeria which is in the heart of cowpeagrowing region and which represents theagro-climatic zone of West Africa wherecowpea is an important crop. In 1996,IITA further broadened the objectives byincluding improvement of cowpea-cerealssystems on a holistic crop-livestock inte-gration rather than cultivar improvementalone and in partnerships with theInternational Livestock Research Institute(ILRI) and the International CropsResearch Institute for the Semi-AridTropics. It is envisaged that through thedissemination of improved cultivars,improved cropping systems, and integrat-ed crop-livestock systems, farmers in themarginal lands of the dry savannas andthe Sahel will improve their food security,livestock feed security, income generationopportunities, and the sustainability ofenhanced food production and their crop-ping systems, without requiring substan-tial inputs of labor, pesticides and inor-ganic fertilizers.A recent ILRI-IITA study of the potentialof dual purpose cowpea (food and feed)indicated that for the joint research todevelop these cultivars, over the next 20years, ”...the internal rate of return wouldbe between 50-103%, and thebenefit:cost ratio anywhere from 32-127,depending on which baseline assump-tions are chosen...” (Kristjanson et al.2002). The early maturing grain type cul-tivars develop heavy pod load and shedmost of their leaves at maturity resultingin high grain yield, low fodder yield andhigher harvest index. Farmers often growlong-duration cultivars (110-130 days)for fodder, which crawl and cover theground fast but the total biomass per unitarea is low due to the low canopy height.Also, the terminal drought badly affectsthe grain and fodder yields of these late-maturing cultivars. Therefore, a set of cul-

tivars with intermediate maturity (75-80days) and semi spreading growth, with acanopy height of 30 cm or more weredeveloped for dual-purpose use. Thesecultivars have long enough crop durationfor higher biomass accumulation andshort enough maturity to escape the ter-minal drought. The higher grain and fod-der yields with increased maturity andsemi-spreading growth habit is evidentfrom the performance of closely relatedlines differing in maturity (Table 1).IT90K-277-2 has already become a popu-lar cultivar in northern Nigeria andCameroon while several new cultivars arebeing developed and tested across loca-tions.Fodder quality. The results of on-stationfeeding trials with rams have shown thatthe improved cowpea cultivar IT90K-277-2 has as good fodder quality as that of thelocal cowpea cultivar ‘Dan lla’ eventhough its grain yields was 70% higher.The results further indicate that with sup-plemental feeding of only about 200 gcowpea haulms per ram per day, theweight gain of rams was 100% higherthan those fed on sorghum stover alone.Many farmers feed a much larger quanti-ty of cowpea haulms and spend moremoney while fattening the rams for salebecause cowpea haulms are expensive.Apparently, there is no need for this. Thecowpea haulms should be fed in smalldoses as supplement to cereal fodder andfed over a longer period of time. Thehigher grain and fodder yields of theimproved intercrop system permits live-stock to be kept and fed at the compoundwhich in turn permits conversion of cropresidue into valuable manure and otheradvantages of crop-livestock integration.Transgenic cowpea. Until now breedersare unable, using conventional methods,to breed cowpea cultivars with resistanceto the pod borer and the sucking bugs.There is also an important storage pest ofcowpea which is capable of causing losesof up to 30% in grain weight within sixmonths of storage. It has been estimatedthat this pest causes losses of over 30 mil-

Improved dual-purpose cultivar

Local intercropping in Nigeria.

lion USD annually in Nigeria alone. Effortsare being made in some laboratoriesaround the world especially in the USA(Univ. of California- Davis, Michigan StateUniv., Purdue Univ.), Australia (CSIRO),Univ. of Zimbabwe and IITA to transformcowpea with alien genes that have insec-ticidal properties. An example of suchgenes is the Bt, which could be effectiveagainst the lepidopteran pod borer. Oncea robust transformation system becomesavailable for cowpea it should be possibleto obtain transgenics with desirable traits.Over the last two decades, sporadicefforts have been made to develop regen-eration and transformation systems incowpea using tissue culture dependentand de novo approaches. Among the tar-get tissues investigated to date, cotyle-dons and their nodes appear to be themost promising tissues for Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-mediated transformation.Initial studies suggest that hygromycinand possibly geneticin may be the pre-ferred agents for selection of transformedtissues. Biosafety research started recentlyat IITA and in a USAID-funded projectthrough IITA but under the leadership ofPurdue Univ. to determine gene flowbetween cowpea, an indigenous Africancrop, and its wild Vigna species, which willassist to determine the likelihood anddegree of risk involved when bringingtransgenic resistance genes to cowpeacropping systems.DNA markers and gene mapping. Genesfor resistance to many diseases (bacteria,fungi and viruses) and parasitic weedshave been identified among cowpea landraces and efforts have been made toincorporate the genes into improved culti-vars. Many of the resistance are simplyinherited and tagging them with DNAmarkers will facilitate pyramiding of thesegenes into good genetic backgrounds. Tothis end, at IITA, DNA markers are beingidentified that are associated with loci thathave effects on these traits. Sequencecharacterized amplified regions (SCAR)will be developed from these to enabletheir use in marker assisted selection fol-lowing PCR. In collaboration with theUniversity of Virginia (USA) a SCAR hasbeen developed which identifies the locuswith effect on susceptibility to a Strigagesnerioides race.Technology transfer and cowpea cultivarsreleased by national programs. The topperforming breeding lines are multipliedand distributed to national programs.Based on their results, the scientists innational programs select the best linesfrom the cowpea international trials andformulate their own multi-locationnational trials in the following years. The

most promising cultivars are then multi-plied by them and either released to farm-ers or used as breeding stock. The collab-orative interactions between the IITAcowpea breeding program and thenational program scientists have beenvery effective. Over 60 countries haveidentified and released improved cowpeacultivars from IITA for general cultivation.Several countries in Asia and Oceania,East and Southern Africa, West andCentral Africa, and Central and SouthAmerica have identified superior cultivarsfrom IITA materials and released them forgeneral cultivation. The availability ofhigh-yielding, disease, and insect-resist-ant cultivars with desired seed andgrowth types is quietly catalyzing rapidincrease in cowpea cultivation includingits extension in nontraditional areas.Many countries where new cowpea culti-vars are making a difference, have specif-ic names for the new cultivars and, insome areas, farmers themselves havegiven names and facilitated farmer-to-farmer diffusion of seeds. As a result, thecowpea production in major cowpeagrowing countries has increased from1,360,239 tons in 1981 to 3,960,144 tonsin 2002. In West Africa alone, the totalproduction of cowpea increased from914,900 tons in 1981 to 2,954,591 tonsin 2002, i.e. above 300%.Integrated Pest Management (IPM)The use of modified plants (resistant culti-vars), beneficial organisms (biologicalcontrol), and a modified environment(cultural practices) or bio-intensive IPM,continues to be the thrust of IITA work inthe management of pests and diseases oncowpeas. In an ecosystem such as that ofcowpea, where the pest spectrum is com-plex and not likely to be kept under con-trol (except with the use of sometimesunaffordable pesticides) this approach iswithout doubt the most appropriate.After wide range consultations withstakeholders, it appeared that a concertedeffort focusing on a participatoryapproach to assemble the technologiesfor farmer testing, validation and adapta-

Improved intercropping system.

tion in a location specific manner wouldbe required to improve the adoptionchances for cowpea IPM technologies.Through participatory processes andtechnologies IITA promotes collaborativecowpea IPM research, and learningbetween IITA and the partners fromnational programs, attracts NGOs for par-ticipatory research and training, reorientstraining and extension methods towardsthe farmer field school model, andenhances technology dissemination andadoption. While implementing this workIITA and its partners follow a multi-disci-plinary approach and encourage jointactivities by scientists and extensionagents to diagnose cowpea pests and dis-eases, test, validate and implement tech-nology options to overcome these con-straints, and evaluate the technologyitself and its impact.Improved Cowpea-Cereals IntercroppingSystemIITA researchers are integrating improvedcultivars and improved cropping systemsfor higher productivity and profitabilitywith a minimum use of insecticides andfertilizers. After evaluating several inter-cropping row arrangements on-stationand in farmers’ fields they found that the2 cereal: 4 cowpea intercrop system gave100% to 300% gross economic superior-ity over the traditional intercropping sys-tems. Small farmers prefer the improvedintercropping system over sole cropsbecause it provides them sufficientsorghum and cowpea for home use andadditional cowpea for cash income.Participatory on-farm evaluation ofimproved cowpea cultivars and improvedcowpea-sorghum and cowpea-maizeintercrop system has led to rapid farmer-to-farmer diffusion and adoption of thenew technology. From less than 50 farm-ers in 1998 more than 8000 farmersplanted the improved cultivars and sys-tems in 2002 in northern Nigeria.

FUTURE THRUSTS

The primary breeding objectives in thepast have been to develop a range ofcowpea cultivars with combined resist-ance to major biotic and abiotic stressesto ensure yield stability in sole crop as wellas intercrop. Efforts are now being madeto breed for higher yield potential, higherprotein content and other and nutritionaltraits. Recent biotechnology tools will alsobe used to complement the conventionalbreeding program especially for insectresistance, quality traits and marker-assisted selection for drought tolerance,low P tolerance and Striga resistance.Research on cropping system will be par-


ISHS • 12

Drs. Bir B. Singh, Peter Hartmann, ChristianFatokun, Manuele Tamo and Shirley Tarawaliwork at the International Institute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA) in Africa. Dr. Singh (alsoknown as ”Mr. Cowpea”) is plant breeder,Officer-in-Charge of IITA Station for the dry-savanna of West Africa in Kano (northernNigeria), and coordinator of IITA-center proj-ect on ”Improving and intensifying cereal-legume systems in the moist and dry savan-nas of West Africa”. His cowpea bred-culti-vars are grown in Africa, Asia and LatinAmerica. Dr. Fatokun is a legume biotechnol-ogist dealing with both genomics andbiosafety issues on cowpea research-for-development while Dr. Tamo is an insectentomologist focusing on cowpea integratedpest management, and Dr. Tarawali, whoholds a joint appointment with theInternational Livestock Research Institute(ILRI), is an agronomist doing her research incrop-livestock systems in African dry savan-nas. Hartmann (as he prefers to be called),economist, and Rodomiro Ortiz, geneticist,are Director General, and (Acting) Deputy-Director General/Director, Research-for-Development at IITA. Both IITA and ILRI arecenters of the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR).Contact: International Institute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria.International mailing address: IITA c/oLambourn Ltd. (UK), Carolyn House, 26Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, England,UK. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected];[email protected], web: http://www.iita.org

Bir B. Singh PeterHartmann

ChristianFatokun

ManueleTamo

ShirleyTarawali

RodomiroOrtiz

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

REFERENCE

Kristjanson, P, S, Tarawali, I. Okike, B.B.Singh, P.K. Thornton, V.M. Manyong, R.Kruska and G. Hoogenbom. 2002.Genetically improved dual-purpose cow-pea: Assessment of adoption and impact inthe dry savanna region of West Africa.

by lowering the overall population fitnessthrough appropriate releases of beneficialorganisms. On the other hand, in areaswhere cowpea pests invade the fields inhigh numbers like migratory insects,which require an immediate reaction, it isparticularly important that all other pestmanagement interventions remain com-patible with biological control. Forinstance, plant extracts with insecticidaland/or repellent properties and the appli-cation of entomopathogens have negligi-ble activity on most predators and para-sitoids, and should consequently be usedas a substitute for synthetic insecticides. Insummary, our long term strategy is toenable the African farmer to sustainablymanage cowpea pests through thedeployment of improved host plant resist-ance (including transgenic plants) andbiological control as preventive measures,together with applications of ento-mopathogens or botanical insecticides ascurative measures.

ticipatory and primarily focus onincreased food and fodder production forrapid crop-livestock integration.IITA strategic research in cowpea IPM willcontinue to tackle the hitherto recalcitrantpests with new approaches in biologicalcontrol and habitat management, tocomplement the efforts in both conven-

tional and biotechnological host plantresistance presented above. In caseswhere it might not be possible to perma-nently establish efficient natural enemiesin a short-living, man-made habitat suchas cowpea fields, our strategy would beto try to regulate the pest population inthe surrounding natural vegetation, e.g.

Distribution of improved materials.

CURRENT STATUS OFGRAFTED VEGETABLECULTIVATION

Vegetable production using graftedseedlings has become a common practicein many parts of the world. This is espe-cially true in Asian countries with smallfarms where successive cultivation isinevitable. Use of grafted seedlings incommercial production of vegetables didnot become popular until the 1960s, even

Vegetable GraftingAdvances in Vegetable Graftingin Korea and Japan, though the benefitsof using grafted seedlings in commercialproduction were first published in the late1920s. The introduction and active use ofplastic films in horticulture triggeredexplosive increases in protected cultiva-tion in temperate Asian countries (Korea,Japan, and China) and let to the expan-sion of grafting technology for vegetableproduction.

Grafted vegetables increased in plastic

greenhouses and high tunnels because ofthe stressful conditions from late fall toearly spring such as low light intensity,high humidity, and low temperature.These conditions cause various physiolog-ical as well as pathological disorders lead-ing to severe crop loss. Other factorsinvolved included successive croppingand the extended growing period of pro-tected culture as compared to field plant-ing.

Japan Korea

Field + Tunnel Greenhouse Field + Tunnel Greenhouse

Total Grafted (%) Total Grafted (%) Total Grafted (%) Total Grafted (%)area (ha) area (ha) area (ha) area (ha)

Cucumber 10,160 55 5,440 96 1,728 42 5,964 95

Eggplant 11,815 43 1,785 94 650 0 413 2

Melons (1) 6,142 0 8,258 42 1,047 83 9,365 95

Pepper (2) 2,684 - (3) 1,468 - 75,574 0 5,085 5

Tomato 6,459 8 7,141 48 258 0 4,752 5

Watermelon 14,017 92 3,683 98 13,200 90 21,299 98

Table 1. Cultivation area of some vegetables in 2000 and percentage of grafted plants in Japan and Korea. (Statistical datafrom Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2000, Japan and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2000, Korea)

(1) Include field and greenhouse melons in Japan and melons and oriental melons in Korea.(2) Mostly sweet peppers in Japan and green hot peppers in Korea.(3) Data not available.

Figure 1. Hand grafting (A) and machine grafting (B) in Korea.

A B

Crop


HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE FORUMHORTICULTURAL SCIENCE FORUM

ISHS • 14

Percentages of grafted vegetables inKorea and Japan are presented in Table 1.About 50% of the cucumbers is graftedfor field cultivation as compared to 95%under protected structures. In Japan only8% of grafted tomato is field-grown ascompared to 48% in greenhouses; a sim-ilar difference occurs with eggplant. InKorea, oriental melon is commonly graft-ed regardless of the growing conditions.Use of grafted pepper in Korea is rapidly

increasing under greenhouse conditionsto avoid severe crop loss due to soil-bornediseases such as Phytophthora. About10% of the green peppers is grafted inKorea (about 12 million plants), but thecultivation area of grafted peppers underprotected houses will rapidly increase.The microenvironments in most wintergreenhouses are humid and cool withshort day and low light intensity condi-tions prevailing from December to

February thus providing favorable envi-ronments for disease infection and rapidspread. Furthermore, the period of fruitharvesting is usually from September toJune (9 months) as compared to 3months (August to November) in fieldcultivation.

Using grafted seedlings in nutrient solu-tion culture is a basic technology for suc-cessful growing since an extended har-vesting period is regarded as the major

Rootstock Fusarium Nematode Low temp High salt Graft compatibility

or scion I (1) II III IV M. incognita M. halpa tolerance tolerance Watermelon Cucumber Orientalmelon

Rootstock (2)

Shintozwa HR (3) HR HR HR S S HR HR HC HC (4) HC

Hongtozwa HR HR HR SR S S MR MR SC HC HC

Figleaf gourd MR SR MR S S S HR HR IC HC IC

Bottle gourd MR HR HR S S S SR MR HC HC IC

Wax gourd HR MR HR HR S SR SR SR HC HC -

Star cucumber HR HR HR HR S HR SR SR HC MC HC

AH cucumber (5) HR HR HR HR S MR SR HR HC HC

Scion

Watermelon S SR HR HR HR SR S SR - - -

Cucumber HR SR HR HR S S HR SR - - -

Oriental melon HR HR S HR S S S S - - -

(1) I: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, II: F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, III: F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, and IV: F. oxysporum f. sp. lagenariae.(2) Shintozwa (Cucurbita maxima _ C. moschata), Hongtozwa (C. moshchta), figleaf gourd (C. ficifolia), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), wax

gourd (Benincasa hispida), star cucumber (Sicyos angulatus), and AH cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus), respectively.(3) HR: highly resistant, MR: moderately resistant, SR: slightly resistant, and S: susceptible, respectively.(4) HC: highly compatible, MC: moderately compatible, SC: slightly compatible, and IC: incompatible, respectively.(5) AH: African horned cucumber.

Table 2. Response of cucurbits to biological and environmental stresses (Ko 1999).

Figure 2. Various grafting methods for cucurbits (top) and solanaceous plants (bottom). From top left: Hole insertion grafting, modifiedhole insertion grafting, tongue approach grafting, splice grafting, and double splice grafting for cucurbits. From bottom left: Epicotyl inser-tion grafting, cleft grafting, 2 pin graftings, and splice grafting for solanaceous vegetables.

advantage for hydroponic culture. Even inthe Netherlands, growers use graftedtomato if they wish to harvest for anextended period, i.e., more than 5 clustersper plants. Furthermore, the spread ofnoxious disease such as fusarium wiltfrom external or from seed-borne sources,may be catastrophic depending upon thetypes of nutrient solution culture.

Fusarium wiltAnthracnose Gummy stem blight Fusarium oxysporum

Genotype Colletotrichum Diplodia bryoniae f. sp. niveumorbiculare

Race 0 Race 1

Citrullus lanatus

Calhoun Gray S1 S HR HRCharleston Gray HR S HR SDixilee HR S MR HRFairfax HR S - HRGrif 12335 MR S S SRGrif 12336-3 MR S MR MRMudeungsan M1 S S HR MRMudeungsan M13 S S HR HRPI 185636 MR S SR MRPI 203551-2 MR S MR MRPI 518611-1 MR S SR SRPI 560006 HR S S SPI 560901 S S HR HR

C. citroides

PI 189225 S HR SR SPI 271769 S S HR -PI 271775-1 S Segregate2 MR HRPI 271779 SR S MR MRPI 296341 S S HR MRPI 299379 S MR SR MRPI 326515-2 S MR - SPI 492261 HR Segregate - MRPI 482299-1 - MR HR MRPI 482299-2 - S HR SRPI 482299-3 HR Segregate MR MRPI 482322 S HR SR -PI 482342 S HR - S

C. citroides _ C. lanatus hybrids

PI 271769 _ Calhoun Grey S S HR HRPI 271769 _ Charleston Gray HR S HR HRPI 296341 _ Calhoun Gray S S HR HRPI 296341 _ Charleston Gray HR S HR MR

C. citroides hybrid

PI 271769 _ PI 296341 S S HR HR

Table 3. Disease reaction of major Citrullus germplasm and their hybrids (Heo 2000).

(1) HR: Highly resistant, MR: Moderately resistant, SR: Slightly resistant, and S: Susceptible, respectively.(2) Segregation of resistant and susceptible plants.

The technique of using grafted vegetablesdeveloped in Asian countries is spreadingrapidly worldwide. Seeds of rootstocks forvegetables have been introduced in theRijk Zwaan Seed Catalog (2000-2001):Ferro RZ® for melon and watermelon, 64-05 RZ® for cucumber, melon, and water-melon, 64-13 RZ® for watermelon, and61-53 RZ® for TMV resistance in tomato.

All are hybrids. Some of the seed compa-nies have distributed a videotape of graft-ing to promote the sales of rootstockseeds and cultivation of grafted vegetableseedlings. In spite of the problems associ-ated with the use of grafted seedlings(Lee 1994; Lee et al. 1998), the use andsales of grafted seedlings can be expect-ed to become as routine practices for


ISHS • 16

Fruit fresh weight Soluble solids Fermented (g/fruit) (%) fruit

Cultivar Rootstock (%)

Keumssaraki Shintozwa 439 a1 8.0 a 42.3 a

Baekkukzwa 387 ab 7.7 a 46.9 a

Hongtozwa 375 ab 8.3 a 21.3 b

Non-grafted 283 b 8.1 a 0.0 c

Chammat Shintozwa 412 a 7.8 a 15.4 a

Baekkukzwa 396 a 7.9 a 9.2 b

Hontozwa 367 ab 8.0 a 5.2 c

Non-grafted 329 b 8.0 a 0.0 d

Table 5. Effects of rootstocks on soluble solids contents and percent fermentedfruits in two cultivars of oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino).

(1) Mean separation within a cultivar within a column by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5%.

Corky Fusarium wilt Verticillum BacterialRootstock TMV (1) gene root R 1 R 2 wilt wilt Nematodes

Long-term, forcing &semi forcing

Vulcan Tm-2a, Tm-2 HR (2) MR S HR S MR

Magnet Tm-2a, Tm-2 HR MR HR HR HR MR

Seogun Tm-2 S MR S S S MR

Shinmate Tm-2a, Tm-2 S MR HR HR HR MR

Tunnels

Joint Tm-2a, Tm-2 HR MR S HR HR MR

BFNT-R Tm-2a, Tm-2 S MR S S HR MR

LS-89 — S MR S S MR S

BF-Okitsu 101 — S MR S S MR S

Table 4. Resistance of tomato rootstocks to various diseases (Sakata 2000).

(1) Tobacco mosaic virus.(2) HR: Highly resistant, MR: Moderately resistant (tolerant), and S: Susceptible, respectively.

some vegetables as they are in temperatefruits.

PURPOSE OF VEGETABLEGRAFTING

Disease Tolerance. One of the majoradvantage of using grafted plants is toutilize the strong tolerance or resistanceof rootstocks to certain soil-borne dis-eases. These include fusarium wilt incucurbits (Table 2 and 3) and tomato(Table 4), Phytophthora disease in pep-

per, and virus in tomato (Table 4). Sincethe spores of many of the soil-bornepathogens penetrate plants via the root, itis natural that selection of resistant root-stocks for the specific kind of soil-bornedisease could easily and efficiently mini-mize the infection as well as the spread ofcertain diseases. Even viral diseases oftomato can be significantly reduced byproper use of rootstocks.The most widely used rootstock for cucur-bits is ‘Shintozwa’, an interspecific hybridbetween Cucurbita maxima andCucurbita moschata. The hybrid exerts

strong resistance to all four races ofFusarium and good graft compatibilitywith watermelon, melon, and cucumber.In addition, it also possesses strong toler-ance to low soil temperature and high saltconditions (Table 2). Bottle gourd(Lagenaria siceraria) is exclusively usedfor watermelons and is susceptible toFusarium race IV (F. oxysporum f. sp.lagenariae) and does not have good com-patibility with melons. Cucurbita ficifolia,possessing excellent tolerance to low soiltemperature, is the preferred rootstockfor greenhouse cucumbers and is used asa rootstock for summer squash produc-tion in winter greenhouses.Other rootstocks such as wax gourd, burcucumber, and African horned cucumberare being tested and used by a limitednumber of growers for nematode resist-ance and other purposes (Table 2).Inferior quality of watermelon has beenreported when grafted to squash orgourd (Lee 1994). Therefore, resistantsources were sought in watermelongenotypes that could minimally influencefruit quality (Table 3). Promising root-stocks have been developed in Taiwan.The wide range of disease resistance intomato (Table 4) indicates that promisingnew rootstock cultivars will soon be avail-able.Yield Increase. Noticeable increases infruit yield have been reported in manycrops regardless of infection with certainsoil-borne diseases. In oriental melon,

Abnormal fruit Normal fruitTotal

Fruit number Fruit weight Fruit number Fruit weight fruit weight Marketable yield (1)Rootstock (no/plant) (g/plant) (no/plant) (g/plant) (g/plant) (t/ha)

Kagemusia 3.4 471 14.9 3,088 206 37.0 a

Helper 3.4 474 14.9 3,020 203 36.2 a

Dr. K 3.9 608 14.6 2,799 191 33.6 b

Shinmate 3.0 500 13.5 2,736 203 32.8 b

BFNT-R 2.9 414 13.0 2,699 208 32.4 bc

Joint 2.6 427 12.1 2,562 209 30.7 c

Seokwang (2) 5.3 760 10.7 2,000 189 24.0 d

Vulcan 5.9 757 10.2 1,947 187 23.4 d

BF Okitsu 4.5 629 10.0 1,836 179 22.0 d

Table 6. Fruit yield of ‘Seokwang’ tomato as affected by rootstock (Chung, 1995).

(1) Mean separation by Duncan’s multiple range test, 5%.

Figure 3. Grafted seedlings ready totransplant. (A) Cucumber on Cucurbitaficifolia grafted by tongue approachgrafting, (B) watermelon on bottlegourd grafted by hole insertion graf-ting, (C) watermelon on bottle gourdby splice grafting, and (D) tomato onvirus-resistant tomato by splice graf-ting, respectively.

resistance itself. Of course virtually noyield is obtained from plants heavilyinfected with Fusarium. Similar resultswere obtained with tomato (Table 6). Upto 54% increase in marketable yield wasobtained with ‘Kagemusia’ and 51% with‘Helper’ rootstocks. There were also sig-nificant decreases in abnormal fruits inplants grafted onto most rootstocks ascompared to the own-rooted ‘Seokwang’tomato.Low Temperature Tolerance. Crop area(Table 1) under protected cultivation issubstantially larger than field cultivationfor watermelon (Korea), cucumber(Korea), and melon (Japan and Korea).The transplanting of seedlings for pro-tected cultivation is usually done in earlyto mid-winter and fruit harvesting is usu-ally finished by spring to early summer.Even though many growers heat theirgreenhouses during the winter, there aremany growers who do not have electricor gas-generated heating systems anddepend solely on preservation of solarenergy captured during the daytime.These growers find it difficult to maintainoptimum temperatures in winter green-houses, especially soil temperatureswhich are far below the optimum causingtransplanted seedlings to suffer duringthe first two months of cultivation. This isespecially true with crops that requirehigh temperatures for optimum perform-ance such as watermelon and orientalmelon. Grafting watermelon, melon,cucumber, and even summer squash ontolow-temperature tolerant rootstocks suchas the interspecific hybrid betweenCucurbita maxima and C. moschata cangreatly reduce the risk of severe growth

A

B

C

D

fresh fruit weight increases of 25-55%have been reported as compared to own-rooted plants (Table 5). These yieldincreases were closely correlated with themaintenance of good plant vigor until latein the growing season rather than disease


ISHS • 18

A B

Figure 5. (A) Simple grafting machine (TAG). (B) Pin grafting robot developed by National Agricultural Mechanization Research Instituteof Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Korea. Up to 1,200 tomato seedlings can be grafted in one hour with the expensive robot.

A B C D

Figure 4. Various grafted plants near harvesting time. (A) Cabbage on radish, (B) Chinese cabbage on radish, (C) tomato on potato,and (D) eggplants on potato. (Photos by courtesy of Chungnam Provincial RDA, Korea).

inhibition caused by low soil temperaturesin winter greenhouses. Cucumber graftedonto figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia),an excellent grower even at low soil tem-perature, grows much faster than own-rooted cucumber because of their abilityto absorb water and nutrients at low tem-peratures (Tachibana 1982). Many physi-ological disorders can be effectively mini-mized by using grafted seedlings.

REDUCED FERTILIZER ANDAGROCHEMICALAPPLICATION

Most rootstocks for cucurbits have largerand stronger root systems as compared tothe scion varieties. Thus, to avoid exces-sive leaf and stem growth and poor fruitgrowth with inferior quality, it is routinely

recommended that fertilizers for graftedplants of cucurbits be reduced to aboutone-half to two-thirds of the recommend-ed rate for own-rooted plants. The fre-quency of agrochemical application alsocan be significantly reduced by using vig-orous rootstocks. Expression of deficiencysymptoms may be minimized with properrootstocks. In recent years, there has beena marked increase in the use of appropri-ate rootstocks in response to the demandfor environment-friendly produce. Wiseselection of rootstocks can also effectivelyreplace methylbromide. Potential benefitsof grafted plants are presented in Table 7.

GRAFTING METHODS

There are two kinds of grafting methods,manual and machine. In manual grafting,

the grafting and post-grafting operationsare labor intensive. Three to four peopleusually work together as a team, eachtaking care of a specific step in the entiregrafting operation (Figure 1A). Severalgrafting methods (Figure 2) can be useddepending upon the crop, size ofseedlings at the time of grafting, andpreference of the grafters and nurseryowners. Figure 3 shows grafted seedlingsready to transplant in the field (about 3weeks after grafting). Fully-grown graft-ed plants are shown in Figure 4.

Grafting can be performed with a simpleTAG machine (Figure 1B, 5A) or anexpensive grafting robot (Figure 5B). Ascompared to about 1,000 grafts per per-son per day (overall mean) with manualgrafting, a simple grafting machine canproduce 600 grafts per hour per 2-person

Jung Myung Lee, member of the ISHS Board asPresident of the ISHS XXVII International Horticultural

Congress, Seoul, Korea, 2006

REFERENCES

Chung, H.D. 1995. Prevention of injury bysuccessive cropping through developmentof the grafting methods in tomato,Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. plants.Prog. Rep., Special Research Project,Ministry of Agri., Korea.Heo, Y.C. 2000. Disease resistance ofCitrullus germplasm and utilization aswatermelon rootstocks (in Korean withEnglish summary). Ph.D. Diss., Kyung HeeUniv., Korea.Kim, D.H. and J.M. Lee. 2000. Seed treat-ment for cucumber green mottle mosaicvirus in gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) seedsand its detection. J. Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci.41:1-6.Ko, K.D. 1999. Response of cucurbitaceousrootstock species to biological and environ-mental stresses (in Korean with Englishsummary). Ph. D. Diss., Seoul Natl. Univ.,Suwon, Korea.Lee, J.M. 1994. Cultivation of grafted veg-etables. I. Current status, grafting methods,and benefits. HortScience 29:235-239.Lee, J.M., H.J. Bang, and H.S. Ham. 1998.Grafting of vegetables. J. Japan. Soc. Hort.Sci. 67(6):1098-1114.Lee, J. M. and M. Oda. 2003. Grafting ofherbaceous vegetable and ornamentalcrops. Hort. Rev. 28:61-124.Oda, M., M. Nagaoka, and K. Tsuji. 1992.Intergeneric, interspecific, and inter-varietalgrafting in Cruciferae. Acta Hort. 319:425-430.Rijk Zwaan Export B.V. 2000-2001.Descriptive list of vegetable seeds. TheNetherlands.Sakata. 2000. Vegetable Seed Catalog.Japan.Tachibana, S. 1982. Comparison of roottemperature on the growth and mineralnutrition of cucumber cultivars and figleafgourd. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 51:299-308.

CONTACT

Prof. Dr. Jung Myung Lee, Department ofHorticulture, Kyung Hee University, Suwon449-701, Korea.Phone: (+82)3312012618,fax: (+82)3312021740,email: [email protected]

team (Lee and Oda 2003). Grafting robotscan complete 600-1,200 grafts per hour,but highly uniform seedlings are needed inorder to increase grafting efficiency.

CONCLUSION ANDPROSPECTS

Cultivation of grafted vegetables has beensuccessfully practiced in many Asian coun-tries for several decades and is increasingin Europe. Watermelon and tomato arethe two major vegetables where graftingis important worldwide. Grafting is rou-tinely used with other vegetables such ascucumber, melon, oriental melon, green-house squash, eggplant, and capsicumpepper. Introduction of excellent root-stocks possessing multiple disease resist-ance and efficient grafting machinesincluding grafting robots will greatlyencourage the extended use of graftedvegetables worldwide.There are many problems commonly asso-ciated with grafting such as the additionalcost for rootstock seeds, labor required forthe grafting and raising grafted seedlings,lack of experience and technique for graft-ing and cultivation of grafted plants, andincidence of possible physiological disor-ders associated with grafting. However,there also are enormous benefits fromusing grafted seedlings. Partial or full uti-lization of these benefits will depend uponvarious factors such as farm size anddegree of mechanization, cultivation prac-tices such as crop rotation and transplant-

ing, technology level, understanding thefull benefits and risks of grafted seedlings,and the uses of protected cultivation andhydroponics. Use of grafted seedlings isstrongly recommended for hydroponicculture of tomato, pepper, eggplant, andcucumber.Growers can now purchase graftedseedlings of any specific combinationfrom many commercial plug seedlinggrowers rather than doing the tediousgrafting themselves. In this case, thegrower should make an order for theirseedlings in advance. This is especiallytrue in Japan, Korea, and TheNetherlands. With the invention of moreefficient grafting robots and acclimatiza-tion facilities, the price of graftedseedlings could be considerably reducedin the future.

Direct response Indirect response

Disease tolerance Shoot growth promotion

Low temperature tolerance Juvenile and adult phase changes

High temperature tolerance Translocation studies of stimuli

Enhanced mineral uptake Sex expression

Salt tolerance Hormonal regulation

Increasing fertilizer efficiency Physiological changes or disorders

Wet soil tolerance Organic substances translocation & composition

Enhanced water uptake Propagation & transformation

Root nodulation Fruit yield & quality

Winter hardiness Heritable changes or agent

Xylem sap composition Ornamental value

Nematode resistance Earliness

Size control

Extended harvest period

Table 7. Purpose of grafting in vegetables (Lee 1994, Lee et al. 1998, Lee andOda 2003).


HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE NEWSHORTICULTURAL SCIENCE NEWS

EGLS Supports Improvement ofBiological Efficiency

The European Group on Life Sciences(EGLS), one of the organizers of theJanuary 2003 conference in Brussels,Belgium entitled ”Towards SustainableAgriculture for Developing Countries:Options for Life Sciences andBiotechnologies,” issued a statement onthe continual improvement of biologicalefficiency as one of the important solu-tions in meeting the future challenges inthe developing countries.According to the EGLS statement, ”Thediscovery, spread and use of improved,

sustainable, affordable and environmen-tally friendly technologies are an essentialpart of building the future. Europe has aduty to contribute to these developmentsby sharing its wealth of experience,resources and knowledge. And to ensurethat benefits from the life sciences spreadto populations in greatest need, all stake-holders should help clarify controversialareas and meet legitimate concerns.”The EGLS statement also highlighted thefact that evidence shows that GM foodis not ”more injurious” to health as

compared to conventional food, andthat the risks associated with GMOs areless extensive than that assumed by othergroups. The EGLS recommends thata thorough review of these evidencesbe done in developing countries. Thestatement can be downloaded athttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/conferences/2003/sadc/ pdf/egls_state-ment_en.pdf.

Molecular Divide between Rich and PoorBiotech developments have not focusedon crops that could tackle hunger, saidLouise Fresco, of the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) and a panelist at aconference on sustainable agriculture fordeveloping countries in Brussels. She saidthere was a growing gap between thepromise and the reality of the use ofbiotechnology and life sciences in sustain-able agriculture.The assistant director general in the agri-culture department at FAO spoke of how85% of transgenic crops such as corn,canola and cotton, are designed to reducelabor and input costs. However, cropssuch as chickpea and cassava that wouldhelp tackle poverty and hunger are notbeing cultivated as extensively.”There is a molecular divide between therich and the poor,” claimed Fresco. Thisdivide is generated by major differencesbetween countries in terms of the applica-tions and the progress of life sciences aswell as a lack of funding from the publicsector.

The current situation is also a result of alack of confidence among the public inscientific endeavor. ”Science is currentlyviewed as a source of danger rather thana partner to social progress,” said Fresco.In order to re-establish confidence in sci-entific research, Fresco suggested a socialcontract that would establish open dia-logue in society, address the real needs ofdeveloping countries and ensure the poorbenefit from the progress made inbiotechnology and life sciences. ProfessorFresco remarked that such a contractwould generate a democratic evaluationof biotechnology and life sciences and inparticular research into genetically modi-fied crops. However, she noted that thesocial contract should not focus only ongenetically modified crops, as it could bedetrimental to other scientific research.She concluded by making several con-crete recommendations to advancebiotechnology and life science work in thedevelopment of sustainable farming:- Establish a database to trace genetically

modified organisms in the food chainsso that scientists and the public can staybetter informed

- Assist developing countries to developtheir own biotechnology policies

- Help developing countries to establishcapacities to manage risk assessment

- Establish a global research network tomatch the needs and demands of devel-oping countries with the resourcesavailable

- Generate more research funding fromthe public sector

- Call upon the private sector to dissemi-nate biotech information to developingcountries in a voluntary system

More on FAO at http://www.fao.org/.

FAO Calls for Greater Diversity in BananasThe Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) is urging producers to promotegreater genetic diversity in commercial

bananas. Contrary to media reports thatbananas may be extinct within 10 years,FAO says that new breeding methods and

tools, including biotechnology, will behelpful to develop resistant bananas forcultivation. This does not necessarily

ISHS • 20

mean the use of transgenics, FAO clari-fied.In addition, it would be necessary to pro-mote awareness of the inevitable conse-quences of a narrow genetic base in cropsand the need for a broader genetic basefor commercial bananas. Plant breedingprograms in developing countries forbanana and other basic staple crops alsoneed to be strengthened.FAO explained that the Cavendishbanana, which is being hit by Fusariumwilt, accounts for only 10% of totalbanana production. ”What is happening

is the inevitable consequence of growingone genotype on a large scale,” said EricKueneman, Chief of FAO’s Crop andGrassland Service. The Cavendish bananais cultivated mostly by large-scale bananacompanies for export.Small-scale farmers, however, are grow-ing a wide range of bananas that are notbeing attacked by Fusarium wilt. Instead,a broad genetic pool has been maintainedwhich can be used for future banana cropimprovement. Banana is essentially aclonal crop with many sterile species,which makes progress through conven-

tional breeding slow and difficult.Because of this, new breeding methodsand tools, including biotechnology, willbe helpful to develop resistant bananasfor cultivation. This does not necessarilymean the use of transgenics, FAO said.Since more than 50 percent of the bananagermplasm (land races) are sterile,biotechnology and mutation breeding areimportant tools that can improve bananavarieties without the threat of geneticdrift, said FAO. For more details, contactJohn Riddle, Information Officer, FAO [email protected].

Plant Species Project

China Now World Leader in AppleProduction

The Missouri Botanical Garden haslaunched a 4100 million, decade-longeffort to build a database that will includeevery tree, grass, flower, fen, and mossknown to humanity. Its creators hope thatthe ”World Plant Checklist” will offer acomprehensive source of informationabout the name, range and conservationstatus of every plant species.Peter Raven, the garden’s director, envi-sions the database as a tool for docu-menting and protecting the approximate-ly 400,000 plant species in the world. TheMissouri garden has enlisted the help ofKew Botanic Gardens near London andthe New York Botanical Garden. Othergardens around the world will he invitedto participate, according to Bob Magill,

research director at the Missouri BotanicalGarden.The gardens are in the process of writinggrant applications to the National ScienceFoundation and the San Francisco-basedGordon and Betty Moore Foundation.The three gardens joined forces becausethey have expertise in different areas. TheMissouri garden specializes in plants ofVietnam, China and the Americas, espe-cially in the tropics. Kew focuses on OldWorld plants of Europe, Africa and Asia.The New York garden has done extensivework in Brazil and the Caribbean, Magillsaid.The project will combine the gardens”existing databases” including theMissouri Botanical Garden’s TROPICOS,

with new information to create thebiggest information source about plantsin the world.Just determining what a plant is properlycalled can be a matter of controversy.Although the number of plant species inthe world has been estimated at 310,000to 422,000, there are more than 1012

plant names. Sometimes plants are ”dis-covered” more than once, and some-times botanists disagree as to whatgenetic family a plant belongs. The data-base would have to be continuouslyupdated, because about 2,000 new plantspecies are discovered every year.

Since the late 1980s China has becomethe world’s largest apple producer withlarge plantings in the central and north-eastern parts of the country, particularlyShaanxi and Shandong Provinces. In2002, China had 2.5 million hectaresunder cultivation with production of 20.5million tons of apples, about half of theworld’s production (FAO data), nearly fivetimes US production (4.0 million t) and30% larger than all of Europe (15.8 mil-lion t). Average yield per hectare is 8.2t/ha as compared to 22.8 t/ha for theUSA and 10.8 t/ha for Europe. Apples are

stored in caves, cellars and long ventilatedtunnels. Although most production is fordomestic market, much of the surplus isbeing put on the world market, especiallyjuice concentrate which ends up in theUS, Russia, Germany, The Netherlands,Sweden, Australia and elsewhere. TheChinese share of the American apple juiceconcentrate market jumped from about1% in 1994 to 16% in 2001. The largeincrease in apple production has negative-ly affected world juice prices. The loss toAmerican growers has led to a compensa-tion of 94 million USD this year for losses

incurred in 2000. This has led to tradeproblems within the World TradeOrganization; China is opposed to tradeprotectionism under the name antidump-ing. Although prices had been high, pricesreceived by China are now tumbling andthe increase in planting may level off.However, production will likely increase asnew orchards come into production andbecause Chinese horticulturists are work-ing to improve productivity.


ISHS • 22

SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPSSYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS

Commission Plant SubratesSouth Pacific Soilless CultureConference

Massey University, New Zealandwas the venue the South PacificSoilless Culture Conference whichattracted speakers and delegatesfrom all over the world between 10-13 February 2003.

Warm (but not hot) weather ensuredthat the delegates from the northernhemisphere were not shocked too rapidlyfrom their winter dormancy. An optionalfour day pre-tour organized by LynetteMorgan and Simon Lennard (of SuntecNZ) started in Auckland and progresseddown the North Island to finish atPalmerston North in time for the welcomebarbecue on the Sunday evening in thegrounds of Wharerata-(the originalhomestead at Massey University).

The pre-tour provided a range of differ-ent experiences. The first day involvedtechnical visits to greenhouse operationsin the Auckland area including the hydro-ponic lettuce operation of Maurice Scownnear Warkworth, Tony Ivicevich’s deepflow greenhouse tomatoes, David Farley’saeroponic egg plants, and Ian Knight’schrysanthemums.The following day the group visited NZHothouse (one of the largest greenhouseoperations in the Southern hemisphere,with 20 ha of state of the art glasshous-es), and then progressed to Rotorua for anumber of cultural and tourist activities,including a visit to the Agrodome, aMaori cultural event, followed by a”hangi”. Not a public execution but ameal cooked in a specialised under-ground pit heated by hot stones.Tourist activities completed the pre-tour,with visits to a geothermal site, a trouthatchery, and the Huka Falls.

Mid tour excursion - Calla lily bulb nursery

Paul Austin (HortResearch) presents M. Delshad (Iran) with the award for thebest student paper

The delegates from all over the world

Gene Giacomelli explains

Mike Nichols, Chair of the Organising Committee

CONTACT

Mike Nichols, INR, Massey University,Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North,New Zealand, email: [email protected]

Numerically attendance at the meetingwas a little disappointing although dele-gates came from 18 different countriesand from every continent (except for SAmerica). Possibly the unsettled nature ofthe world, or the distance proved toomuch for some people. In view of theinternational situation it was very pleasingto see delegates from Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Iran.The conference was based at MasseyUniversity, at Palmerston North, andinvolved not only two mid-conferencetechnical visit, but also throughout themeeting an exhibition by seven NewZealand greenhouse servicing organisa-tions. The first mid conference tourinvolved a visit to the NZ ControlledEnvironment Laboratory (NZCEL) belong-ing to HortResearch. The second tourincluded visits to a greenhouse tomatogrower, a lavender farm, and a calla(Zantadeschia) nursery. It ended with thesymposium dinner at the SouthwardsAntique Car Museum near Paraparaumuwhere the gull winged Mercedes proved agreat attraction. At the dinner MojtabaDelshad (a graduate student from Iran)was presented with the HortResearchprize for the best student paper.Key note papers were presented by IanWarrington (Vice-President ISHS), whointroduced us to horticulture in NewZealand while Tony Ivicevich (PresidentNZ Tomato Growers) spoke on the NZgreenhouse industry. Gene Giacomelli and

Bruce Bugby (both from USA), Lim Ho(UK), and Wilfried Schitzler (Germany)also presented invited papers.The paper by Professor Ho emphasisedthe huge yield increases that haveoccurred over the past 40 years due to

improvements in the greenhouse environ-ment while Professor Bugby questionedthe value of using high concentrations ofnutrients in hydroponics.Probably the most outstanding facet ofthe conference was that all the presenta-tions (except for one) were done usingPowerPoint. Slides and overheads arereally now with the dinosaurs! In all some30 papers were presented, and there wasalso a number of excellent posters. A business meeting of the Commission forPlant Substrates was held, and it wasagreed to hold the next hydroponicsworking group symposia meeting in Spainin October 2004, to be followed by one inSingapore in September 2005. It isplanned that the Proceedings from ourmeeting will be published towards theend of the year as an Acta Horticulturae.


ISHS • 24

HISTORYHISTORY

Commission Biotechnology

The Executive Committee and Council recognized the increasing importanceof biotechnology in horticultural research and formally approved the forma-tion of the Commission Biotechnology at their meetings in Leuven in June,1992. The organization of this Commission was the culmination of a longseries of ISHS activities in plant tissue culture and biotechnology.

The first symposium on plant tissue cul-ture for horticultural crops was organizedby Prof. G. Boesman at Gent, Belgium, inSeptember, 1977 (Acta Hort. 78).Although papers on tissue culture of var-ious horticultural crops appeared in anumber of Acta following that, it was notuntil five years later that most of the tis-sue culture papers and posters presentedat the XXI International HorticulturalCongress in Hamburg, Germany, werecollected and published in Acta Hort. 131following the initiative of W. Preil. Threeyears later, Ir. P. Boxus organized a well-attended symposium on in vitro problemsrelated to mass propagation of horticul-tural plants at Gembloux, Belgium, inSeptember, 1985 (Acta Hort. 212). Twoyears later, in September, 1987, Prof. A.C.Cassells convened an important and morespecialized symposium in Cork, Ireland,on Bacterial and Bacteria-likeContaminants of Plant Tissue Cultures(Acta Hort. 225).The increasing interest in this area ledProf. S. Sansavini to organize the firstsymposium on In Vitro Culture andHorticultural Breeding in late May - earlyJune, 1989, in Cesena, Italy (Acta Hort.280). At this meeting, the participantsagreed to form a working group on invitro culture and elected RichardZimmerman to chair it. This workinggroup was placed in the Fruit Section andwas formally approved by the ExecutiveCommittee and Council at their meetingsat the XXIII IHC in Florence, Italy, 1990.This working group proceeded to organ-ize further meetings as described below.In 1991, ISHS and Expoflore co-organizedunder the leadership of Dr. J.M.Mascherpa and Prof. Ch. Moncousin asymposium on Plant Biotechnology andits Contribution to Plant Development,Multiplication and Improvement (Acta

Hort. 289). This meeting was held in con-nection with an exhibition of breeders andproducers of floricultural crops in Geneva,Switzerland. At this symposium, severalISHS members under the leadership of Dr.Carmine Damiano drafted and signed apetition to ISHS to create a CommissionBiotechnology.The following scientist hadsupported the request: Claude Bigot,France; Paul Read, USA; Walther Preil,Germany; Rudolf Pierik, The Netherlands;Philippe Boxus, Belgium; AntonioBallester, Spain; Toshio Kosai, Japan;agreement was done also from AbbayaDandekar and Gale McGranahan. Thiswas acted upon positively the followingyear in Leuven as indicated above. Whenthis was done, the Executive Committeemoved the In Vitro Culture WorkingGroup to the new commission andappointed Richard Zimmerman as the firstCommission Chair.In June, 1992, just prior to the Counciland Executive Committee meetings inLeuven, the In Vitro Culture WorkingGroup held the 2nd InternationalSymposium on In Vitro Culture andHorticultural Breeding at Baltimore,Maryland, USA, with Dr. FreddiHammerschlag serving as convener (ActaHort. 336). At the WG meeting duringthe symposium, it was decided to hold thethird symposium in the series in Israel in1996.Upon formation of the new Commission,the In Vitro Culture Working Group wastransferred to it from the Fruit Section andDr. Freddi Hammerschlag became Chairof the WG, succeeding Dr. Zimmerman.Dr. Carmine Damiano was appointedVice-Chair of the Commission and abroadly based Commission consisting of48 members from 28 countries was estab-lished. The Commission members workedtogether to outline the areas of research

to be covered and identified eight majorareas: regeneration; in vitro propagation;breeding and molecular genetics; germ-plasm and genetic resources; plant-pestinteractions; environmental stress; regula-tion and legal aspects; and education andtraining.In 1994, the Commission held an infor-mational meeting at the InternationalAssociation of Plant Tissue CultureCongress to establish a working relation-ship with IAPTC members and meet withinterested ISHS members who would beunable to attend the XXIV IHC in Kyotolater that summer. Several new memberswere added to the Commission as a resultof this meeting. Later that summer, theCommission organized a workshop andco-sponsored two symposia at the IHC inKyoto. At the Congress, Dr. Zimmermanwas elected as Commission Chair and Dr.Carmine Damiano (Italy) and Prof. PierreDebergh (Belgium) were elected as Vice-Chairs.As part of the effort to cooperate withother Sections and Commissions, theCommission co-sponsored with theSection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plantsa symposium on medicinal plants inAmherst, Massachusetts, USA in 1995(Acta Hort. 426). A second very success-ful cooperative effort (with theCommission Tropical and SubtropicalHorticulture and the CommissionEducation and Training) was theInternational Symposium on Biotech-nology of Tropical and Subtropical Crops(Acta Hort. 460 and 461) held inBrisbane, Australia, September-October,1997 under the leadership of Dr. RodDrew. This symposium was followed byfour well-attended 2-day workshopsimmediately after the symposium. TheBiotechnology of Tropical and SubtropicalSpecies Working Group developed as aresult of the 1997 symposium in Brisbane(described above) with Dr. Rod Drew asthe Chair. This Working Group organizeda 2nd symposium on this topic in Taiwanin 2001 with Dr. Wei-Chin Chang as con-vener.Another joint effort between the Com-mission Biotechnology, the Commission

Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture andthe Commission Education and Trainingculminated in the Symposium on Tropicaland Subtropical Fruits (Acta Hort. 575),organized by Dr. Rod Drew and held inNovember-December 2000 in Cairns,Australia. Another symposium on Tropicaland Subtropical Fruits, organized by Dr.Osvaldo Kiyoshi Yamanishi is scheduledfor September 2004 in Fortaleza, Brazil.New Working Groups have been devel-oped as a result of symposia organizedwithin the Commission and by relatedgroups. The In Vitro Culture WorkingGroup, under the leadership of Dr. ArieAltman, organized the very successful 3rdSymposium on In Vitro Culture andHorticultural Breeding in Jerusalem, Israel,in June, 1996 (Acta Hort. 447). At thissymposium, a group of participants held aspecial meeting from which came a pro-posal to organize a new Working Groupon Non-Conventional Conservation ofGenetic Resources of Horticultural Crops.Dr. Florent Engelmann was the first chair-man of this WG, which held a successfulworkshop on Cryopreservation of PlantGenetic Resources at Rome, Italy in May,1998.The Quality Management in Micropro-pagation Working Group was establishedin Cork, Ireland, in 1996 at a non-ISHSsymposium on Bacteria and Bacteria-likeContaminants of Plant Tissue Culture.Prof. Alan Cassells organized the sympo-sium and was Chair of this WG until 2000.This WG cooperated with several COSTActions to organize a joint meeting on theEstablishment of the Beneficial Rhizo-sphere in Edinburgh, Scotland, inSeptember, 1998. It also organized a sym-posium on Methods and Markers forQuality Assurance in Micropropagation

(Acta Hort. 530) in Cork in August, 1999,with Prof. Cassells as the convener. InSeptember, 2001, this WG sponsored asymposium in Halkidiki, Greece onAcclimatization and Establishment ofMicropropagated Plants that was chairedby Drs. A. Economou and P.E. Read andco-organized by the Section Ornamentals.At the Commission Biotechnology busi-ness meeting held during the XXVI IHC inToronto, Canada, in 2002, Dr. P.E. Readwas elected as the new Chair of this WG.A 2nd Symposium on Acclimatization andEstablishment of Micropropagated Plantsis tentatively scheduled for 2005 inCancun, Mexico that will be organized byDr. Jorge Santamaria.Prior to the XXV IHC in Brussels, Belgium,in 1998, Dr. Freddi Hammerschlag (USA)was elected as new Chair of theCommission. The Vice-Chairs were Dr.Rod Drew (Australia) and Dr. Claire Doré(France). A symposium on MolecularMarkers for Identifying and Charac-terizing Horticultural Cultivars (Acta Hort.546) was organized in Montpellier, Francein 2000 by Dr. Doré. Shortly after thissymposium, a new WG on MolecularMarkers was established with Mrs. ClaireBaril elected as the Chair.The In Vitro Culture Working Grouporganized the 4th symposium on In VitroCulture and Horticultural Breeding (ActaHort. 560) in Tampere, Finland, in July2000 with Dr. Seppo Sorvari serving asWG Chair and meeting convener. In2001, Dr. Carmine Damiano was electedChair of this WG. A 5th Symposium, to beorganized by Dr. Miklós Farí, is scheduledfor September 2004 in Debrecen,Hungary.The Commission Biotechnology and theSection Fruit will co-sponsor, and Dr.

CONTACT

Dr. R.H. Zimmerman, 507 Leighton Ave.,Silver Spring, MD 20901-4825, USA.Tel:+(1)3015878907, fax:+(1)3015878907, e-mail: [email protected]

Ralph Scorza will organize, the 1stSymposium on Transgenic Fruit Crops tobe held at Kearneysville, WV, USA in2005.Last, the Commission Biotechnology,together with the ASHS Plant Bio-technology Working Group, the ISHSCommission Plant Genetic Resources, theISHS Section Fruit, the ISHS SectionOrnamentals, the US Chapter of theInternational Association for Plant TissueCulture & Biotechnology, and the USDA-ARS, Beltsville Area, co-sponsored, andDrs. F. Hammerschlag and P. Saxena co-organized, a 4-day Symposium onBiotechnology of Horticultural PlantImprovement: Achievements, Opportu-nities and Limitations at the XXVI IHC inToronto. A total of 138 participants from24 countries presented four keynoteaddresses, eight invited papers, 20 con-tributed oral papers and 106 posters,which will be printed in a volume of ActaHort. resulting from the Congress.At the close of the Congress in Toronto,the newly elected leaders of theCommission Biotechnology, Chair Dr.Carmine Damiano and Vice-Chair Dr. RodDrew, took office.

Richard Zimmerman


www.actahort.org30,500 articles on-line

ISHS • 26

Horticulture in Poland

by Mikolaj Knaflewski

Poland, with an area of over 300, 000 km2 and population of almost 40 mil-lion inhabitants (comparable to Spain) is one of the larger European countries.Poland is to become a member of the EU on May 1st, 2004.

GEOGRAPHY ANDENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS

Poland is located in the central part ofEurope between the CarpathianMountains in the south and the Baltic Seain the north, stretching north from lati-tude 50° to 54°. The altitude of the coun-try goes up from the seaside in the northto the mountain ranges in the south, withculminating point of about 2500 m. Thecentral part of the country is covered bylowlands. The total arable area in Polandamounts to slightly over 14 millionhectares equivalent to 0.35 ha per capita.Unfortunately, the soil is rather poor, con-sisting of mainly sand and loamy sandswith a tendency to low pH, low organicmatter, low Ca, K, and Mg contents, andvery often too dry to grow many horti-cultural crops without irrigation.In Poland there is a mixture of maritimeand continental climate. In the westernpart of the country climate is milderwhereas in the eastern, especially in theeast-northern part, more severe. In gen-

eral, climatic conditions vary greatly fromyear to year and within the year. Theyearly mean temperature ranges from6.0° to 8.5°C depending on the region. InJanuary, the mean temperature rangesfrom -1° to -6°C and in July from +16° to+19°C. The temperature is too low togrow grapes and peaches. Late frostsoccur in mid May and early frosts fromthe beginning of October. In Polandextremely cold winters with temperaturesapproaching -40°C occur every 10-15years. In the winter of 1986/87, over30% of fruit trees (38% of pears) weredestroyed by very low temperature inJanuary and February. In most of thecountry, the total precipitation amountsto 500-600 mm yearly. There is a short-age of water for horticultural crops insome periods in almost every year. Theshortage of water is one of the mostimportant reasons of big yield fluctua-tions, particularly, vegetable crops. Theannual insolation ranges between 1600and 2000 hours.The environment of horticulture produc-tion area is not contaminated. Fertiliser

use is lower than 100 kg of major ele-ments and pesticides are less than 1 kg ofactive substance per hectare.

GENERAL DATA ANDECONOMIC CONDITIONS

More than 20% of the Polish populationis involved in agriculture. There are a hugenumber of farms (2 million); 25% ofwhich have an area below 2 ha and only20% over 10 ha. The average size of afarm is about 9 ha ranging from 3 ha inthe south-eastern zone to 17 ha in thenorth-western one. Major agriculturalcrops are wheat, rye, potatoes, sugarbeets and rapeseed.Poland is one of the largest producers ofhorticultural products in Europe, and is in6th place in total horticulture production.Horticultural farms occupy almost700,000 ha, e.g. approximately 5% ofarable land but the value of horticultureproduction amounts to 25% of total agri-cultural plant production. About 500,000people are permanently involved in thisindustry and 600,000 employed seasonal-ly. Vegetables and fruit are produced in1.5 million farms but on very small areaunits. The total horticultural production isestimated as about 8 million tons. Out ofthis amount 2.2 million tons is processedand only 400,000 tons of fresh andprocessed products exported. Processingis developing well. Deep- frozen fruit,berries and vegetables are our mainexport products.Revenues from horticultural crops inPoland amounted to 1.9 billion (109) USDcalculated on the basis of domestic pricesin 2000. From among different sectors ofhorticulture, vegetables account for thehighest percentage - 42 % of the totalvalue; fruit makes up 35% and floriculture14% (Figure 1).There are several advantages of furtherdevelopment of Polish horticulture withthe perspective of becoming a member ofEU. Relatively low, much lower than in EUcountries, labour costs and a surplus of itbecause of very high rate of unemploy-ment, as well as short distances to bigexport markets are the most important ofall. The distance from the Polish-Germanborder to Berlin is only about 70 km! SinceMay 1, 2004 there will be no customoffices at the border, which will makeexport of horticultural products easier andfaster. Enough grounds at low prices and

Asparagus planting in western part of Poland

with suitable soil and climatic conditionsfor production of many temperate-zonefruit and vegetables can be easily found inPoland. Good taste and flavour of Polishfruit and vegetables also favour them inthe markets of our importers. There arenumerous well-educated and experiencedgrowers, and a low environmental pollu-tion rate provides a good base for horti-culture development. The use of fertilisersand pesticides per area unit is severaltimes lower than in the EU countries.Therefore, a great part of fruit and veg-etables can be counted as ecologicallyproduced.The main constraints of further horticul-tural development are as follow: small sizeand economic weakness of farms, short-age of money for investment and mod-ernisation, no uniform production andpreparation for marketing which causestrouble when bigger lots of products areneeded, especially for export and chainsof supermarkets. Farmers are not wellorganised. The system of marketing andpromotion of our products in importers’markets are not well developed. A short-

age of storage and cool storage as well assorting and packing facilities also limit fur-ther development of production. Otherconstraints include low labour efficiency,low level of specialisation and mechanisa-tion, simply technologies, weak extensionservice, and lack of irrigation. Only about2% of the area covered by horticultureproduction is equipped with irrigationfacilities. Generally, yields are low andgreat variations of yields between yearsoccur.

VEGETABLE AND MUSH-ROOM PRODUCTION

Poland is in 5th place in vegetable pro-duction in Europe after Italy, Spain Franceand Ukraine. Yearly 5-6.5 millions tons ofvegetables are harvested providing about150 kg per capita. Production is 12% ofthe total vegetable yield in the EU.There are about 40 vegetable speciesgrown commercially in Poland of which11 are considered major including cab-bage, carrot, onions, beetroots, earlypotatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, cauli-flower, parsley, celeriac, and leek as wellas snap beans and green peas for pro-cessing industry. In recent years there hasbeen an increasing area and yield ofChinese cabbage, broccoli, zucchinisquash and sweet corn whereas iceberglettuce or asparagus are at present ofminor importance but have a greatchance to increase production in thefuture.In the last decade vegetables were grownon a total area of about 300,000 ha inopen fields and of about 3000 ha undercover. At present, area of field vegetableshas been reduced to 250,000 ha. Under

Figure 1. Sectors of horticultureproduction

Vegetables42%

Fruit35%

Floriculture14%

Ornamentalnursery

3%

Mushrooms3%

Seed2%

Fruitnursery

1%

Structure of vegetable production

Cabbage32%

Carrot17%

Cucumbers6%Tomatoes

5%

Cauliflower5%

Others15%

Onion12%

Beetroots8%

Structure of fruit production

Apples74%

Pears1%

Raspberries1%

Sweetcherries

1%

Others1%

Goose-berries

2% Plums4%

Currants6%

Sourcherries

5%Straw-berries

5%

Gerberas in a small family greenhouse farm (photo by courtesy of A. Lisiecka)

Onions drying in the field


ISHS • 28

cover vegetables are grown either in heat-ed greenhouses (40% of the total area) orin mostly unheated plastic tunnels (60%).Cabbage is grown on about 50,000 haand the next five major crops on 25-35,000 ha. Poland is the leading Europeanproducer of cabbage with about 47% ofthe total production in the EU countries.White cabbage is processed as sauerkrautand consumed throughout the year.Sauerkraut with mushrooms is one of thetraditional Polish dishes. Poland is the topcarrot-producing country in Europe, thesecond biggest producer of onion andranks third of pickling cucumbers. A greatincrease in carrot production has beencaused by the enormous development ofproduction and consumption of carrotjuice and carrot-fruit juices. Beetroots canbe called a Polish speciality because itstotal yield is several times larger than thatin the whole EU. Tomatoes and picklingcucumbers are used in great amounts forprocessing.Over 380,000 tons of vegetables, mostlytomatoes (59%) and cucumbers (29%)are produced under cover. Other impor-tant crops grown under cover include let-tuce and sweet peppers. Recently, greatamounts of greenhouse vegetables havebeen imported because of high-energycosts in Poland. Mean area of vegetablegreenhouse amounts to 500m2. In largemodern greenhouses, vegetables aregrown usually on rockwool and in smallerones as well as in plastic tunnels, either inorganic substrates mostly made of high-moor peat or in natural soil. Morethan120 thousands tons of mushrooms

are produced in Poland, 50% of whichare exported as fresh or blanched. Apartfrom champignon small amounts of oys-ter mushrooms are also produced. Anincrease in the production and the size ofmushroom holdings is observed. At pres-ent, 90% of champignon is produced onpressed blocks.Despite of large total yield of vegetablesthe share in international trading is rathersmall and in the case of fresh vegetables itamounts to about 2-3% of international-ly marketed vegetables in the EU. Ininternational markets processed vegeta-bles, particularly deep-frozen ones, aremore important. About 10% of total veg-etable yield is processed. In two recentyears more than 300,000 tons of deepfrozen vegetables have been produced,80% being exported. Altogether 8-10%of the harvested vegetables are exported.The major export products are as follows:deep-frozen vegetables, peeled and notpeeled onions, and mushrooms.Germany, Holland and Italy are amongthe greatest importers of our fresh andprocessed vegetables.There is a surplus of vegetables in thesummer and the early autumn and a

shortage of them in the winter and theearly spring. In the latter seasons the veg-etables imported mainly from Hollandsupplement vegetable supply in Poland.

FRUIT PRODUCTION

In fruit production Poland is 6th inEurope. We are the world largest produc-er of sour cherry and the 3rd largest pro-ducer of currants, raspberries, and goose-berries. In strawberry Poland is 5th in theworld and the 3rd in Europe; in apple pro-duction 4th in Europe and 8th in theworld. Fruit production is located mainlyin the south-eastern part of Poland, whichprovide the most favourable environmen-tal conditions.In Poland fruit is grown on about 370,000ha; 260,000 ha of fruit trees and over100,000 ha of berries. There are 160,000ha of apple orchards, about 60,000 ha ofstrawberry plantings, and over 30,000 haeach of sour cherry, currant and plum.Pears, cherries, raspberries and gooseber-ries are also important fruit crops.In 1996-2000 the total fruit and berriesproduction amounted to over 2.4 milliontons annually, e.g. about 60 kg per capi-

Distribution of fruit production in Poland

Folk robe made of different applecultivars

ta. The most common fruit in Poland isapple, which represents 73% of total and84% of fruit tree production followed bystrawberry - 7% of total and 47% ofberry production. Sour cherries and plumseach comprise 6% of Polish fruit produc-tion.About 50% of total fruit yield is used forprocessing, about 50% of apples, 77% ofplums and 75% of strawberries. Deep-frozen fruit, concentrate of apple juice(20% of the world production) as well asblack currant juice are the main exportfruit products.Despite large total production there is ashortage of high quality fruit for freshconsumption. For example from among 2million tons of apples only 1.2 million tonsare suitable only for processing. Althoughproduction has increased profitability hasdecreased. High profit is obtained only in30% of fruit holdings. The main reasonfor this is low yield and low quality. Farmsare too small to invest in new plantings,machines, and storage and irrigation facil-ities. About 90% of farmers grow fruit onan area smaller than 1 ha. Among 160,000 ha of apple orchards only 15,000 haare run intensively. In such apple orchardswith 2000-3000 trees per hectare yield of30-40 tons per hectare is usually obtainedcompared to about 10 tons on average.Two percent of such orchards share 20%of total apple yields. Another example:the acreage of strawberries in the EUcountries and Poland is the same but theproduction in Poland is only one fourth.Low production costs in Poland and high-er prices in EU are good prospects for the

Strawberry planting fowering

Four year old apple orchard with cv. Sampion (photo by courtesy of M. Ugolik)

development of Polish fruit production. Inorder to keep production and high qualitystandards infrastructure must be devel-oped, especially cold storage capacity andirrigation facilities. The efforts are made toimprove the quality of the products and toinvest in advanced storage. It is expectedthat until 2010 a number of bigger fruitholdings will increase. For apple orchardsas optimum 15 ha is required, for plum,cherry, and sour cherry ones 2-5 ha, forcurrant and gooseberry harvestedmechanically 20 ha, and for strawberryand raspberry for hand-picking 0.5-2hectares. Integrated pest management is

becoming more and more common. Inthe modern apple orchards sub-tree irri-gation or fertigation is used.Apple. A single row growing system and2000-3000 trees per hectare is a standardin modern and newly planted appleorchards. Spacing is usually 3 to 4 mbetween rows and 1-2 m within rowsdepending on rootstock, cultivar andtraining method. Clean cultivation is thecommon practice mainly by application ofherbicides in the rows and grass sowedbetween rows.Idared, McIntosh, Cortland, Jonathan,Lobo, Spartan, and Bancroft are the maincultivars in older orchards and Jonagold,Elstar, Sampion, Gala, Golden Delicious,Ligol, and Gloster in younger orchards.M26 and M9 are by far the most popularrootstock followed by P2, P22, P16, andP60. In older orchards, the tree trainingsystem is similar to a natural crown, whilemost of the younger ones resemble a”spindle bush”.Nursery. The number of fruit nurserieshave recently decreased from 1770 toabout 1000 while the area has decreasedfrom 1620 to 700 ha. Apple comprisesover 60% of fruit trees followed by sourcherry, plum, pear, and cherry. Recentlycherry as well as black currant and goose-berry have increased while plum hasdecreased. Fruit nursery did not developwell in last years because of overproduc-tion and import. Low profitability iscaused by a very small area of holdings.Over 65% of fruit nurseries have an areasmaller than 0.5 ha, and only 3% largerthan 4 ha. The percentage of virus-freetrees has been increased significantly.


ISHS • 30

About 30 million strawberry plants areproduced in Poland annually.

FLORICULTURE

Before changing our economic systemfrom the socialist to capitalist in 1989floriculture was the most profitable andhad the best prospect among all horticul-ture sectors. The main reason was due tothe export of flowers. For example, in1988 more than 250 million of cut flow-ers were exported, of which 70% to theformer Soviet Union. Almost no flowerswere imported in those times becauseprices in Poland were much lower than inthe western countries. In recent years thecosts of heating have increased dramati-cally which made the cut flower produc-tion much less profitable. At present thenumber of imported cut flowers is severaltimes larger than exported. It is estimatedthat, especially in the autumn and wintermonths 80 (million stems) of roses, 40 ofchrysanthemums, 20 of carnations, and 3of orchids are imported. About 90% ofimported flowers come from Holland. Potplants are also imported.Nowadays, ornamental plants occupyabout 700 ha under cover of which 2/3are heated greenhouses and 1/3 mostlyunheated plastic tunnels. Fifteen yearsago this area was almost twice as large.About 70% of this area is used for cutflowers and 30% for pot plants. Someyears ago carnations and gerberas fol-lowed by roses were major cut flowers. Atpresent the order is different; roses are infirst place followed by gerberas, chrysan-themums, carnations, Anthurium lilies,

and Alstroemeria. Recently, production ofroses has increased significantly whereasthat of carnations has decreased. There isa tendency for increasing production ofpot and bedding plants.The mean area of greenhouse farmsgrowing ornamental plants amounts toabout 600 m2. About 70% of greenhous-es have an area smaller than 250 m2. Theyare old and very high energy consuming,therefore the cost of production is rela-tively high.Flowers are sold in Poland mainly forname days, All Saints’ Day and for specialoccasions such as Mother’s Day or the

end of the school year which causesunequal demands in the year. Micro-propagation of ornamental plants, espe-cially gerberas, chrysanthemums, carna-tions and lilies is very important. Poland isthe second largest producer of gerberaplantlets in Europe. Plantlets in glass andin pottrays are exported mainly toHolland and Germany. High breedingprogress of ornamental annual flowerssuch as Begonia or Impatiens has beenachieved.Few ornamentals are produced in openfield. Flower bulb production decreaseddramatically in the last decade. Tulipbulbs are produced on an area of slightlyover 200 ha. On the similar area cut flow-ers are grown mainly for dry arrange-ments. About 3,000 ha is used for shruband tree production, 50% of it is forroses. Nursery industry is a developingsector of horticulture. Single nursery hold-ings range from 0.5 to 300 ha. In recentyears there has been specialisation insome narrow fields such as Ericaceae, andclimbing or grafted plants. Nurseries spe-cialised in Magnolia and Clematis export60-70% of their production to the USA.Production of evergreens is twice as largecompared with deciduous plants. At pres-ent, 60% of ornamental trees and shrubsexcept roses are produced in containers.Almost 20 million shrubs of roses are pro-duced and this number was much largerrecently. For example about 30 millionrose bushes were exported from Poland in1999 but only 16 million in 2001 due toproblems with breeders’ rights andlicences for propagation. Roses areexported to the EU countries mainly toGermany, the Netherlands and to

Roses in a nursery (photo by courtesy of St. Wieczorek)

Early potato field

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author thanks Dr. R. Holubowicz, Dr. S.Korszun and especially Professor E. Pacholakfor their help in preparation of this article.

ABOUT THEAUTHOR

Professor Dr. Mikolaj Knaflewski has been aresearcher and academic teacher at the

August CieszkowskiAgricultural Univer-sity in Poznan forover 35 years. Since1994 he has beenthe head of theDepartment ofVegetable Crops. In1991-1993 he wasVice-Dean and in1996-2002 Dean ofthe HorticultureFaculty. Professor

Knaflewski has been a member of the PolishSociety for Horticultural Science from itsfounding in 1987 and he is a member of itsboard. His research comprises all aspects ofasparagus biology and modelling of veg-etable production.Contact: Porazinskiej 12, 60-195 Poznan,Poland. Phone: (+48)618487968, fax:(+48)618487999, email: [email protected]

Scandinavian countries. Trees and shrubsproduced in Poland are of high qualityand they are better adapted to the envi-ronmental conditions in northern andeastern countries than those importedfrom the EU. These advantages alongwith lower labour and transport costs givegood prospects for development of nurs-ery industry in Poland. In recent yearsexport of trees and shrubs to the formerSoviet Union countries such as Ukraine orLithuania are increasing and some newnurseries in these countries have beenestablished jointly with Polish growers.

BREEDING AND SEEDPRODUCTION

Ten breeding and seed companies areinvolved in vegetables and ornamentalplants. It is expected that only 3-4 of themost powerful ones will survive. Besidesseed and breeding companies vegetablesare bred at the Institute of VegetableCrops and fruit at the Institute ofPomology and Ornamental Plants. Somebreeding works on horticultural crops arealso carried out at agricultural universities.Polish breeders have the greatest achieve-ments in pickling cucumbers, tomatoes,red beets green peas, French beans, andonions as well as in some bedding flow-ers. There are more and more cultivars offoreign origin registered in Poland everyyear. Seed production has been decreas-ing steadily since 1989. On the otherhand, seed quality has been improved.This is a result of seed production in thecountries with more favourable climatic

conditions such as Italy, France, Croatia,the USA, and China.

RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

There are two research institutes involvedin research on horticultural crops. Both arelocated in Skierniewice in the central partof Poland: Institute of Vegetable Cropsand Institute of Pomology andOrnamental Plants. Some others such asthe Institute of Plant Protection orInstitute of Genetics and Plant Breedingare also engaged in research on horticul-ture. Testing is the main task of theCultivar Testing Centre.There are nine agricultural universitiesincluding five horticultural faculties andfour horticultural departments. A total of114 professors and associated professorsare involved in research and academicteaching of horticultural crops of which 89belong to universities and 25 to researchinstitutes. Over 4000 students study horti-culture. The regular study program lastfive years and extramural studies fouryears. The educational system also com-prises the following horticultural schools:high - five years, post secondary -twoyears and vocational two years.

CONCLUSIONS

Poland is one of the largest producers ofvegetables, fruit, and nursery material inEurope. There is a great potential for thedevelopment of horticulture after joiningthe EU. The lower labour costs, good tasteand flavour, well-educated and experi-

Collection of evergreens

enced growers and uncontaminated envi-ronment are the greatest advantages.Despite great production of horticulturalfresh and processed products the positionof Poland in international markets is notof great importance. The constraintscome from very small growing units andshortage of sorting, packing as well asstorage facilities. Also, there is an insuffi-cient promotion of Polish horticulturalproducts in international markets. Thus,further development of Polish horticulturedepends on resources for investment andmodernisation of horticultural enterprises.Membership of the EU will provide asplendid opportunity to meet this goal.

MikolajKnaflewski


ISHS • 32

Jakob Eriksson Prize in PlantPathology to Jaacov Katan

The 2003 winner of the Jakob Erikssonprize Dr. Jaacov Katan was born in 1936in Baghdad, Iraq, and emigrated to Israelin 1951, where he received his M. Sc.degree in agriculture, and was awarded aPh. D. in plant pathology in 1967. He hasa broad interest in plant pathology, buthas made outstanding contributions espe-cially in the fields of soil-borne pathogensand soil biology. He made an original andinnovative contribution through the dis-covery and implementation of soil solari-

The Jakob Eriksson Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences inStockholm was awarded to Dr. Jaacov Katan in recognition of original andinnovative research in the fields of soil solarization and soil-borne pathogens,his outstanding and board international cooperation, and his dedication in theeducation of the younger generations of plant pathologists. It was presentedat the International Congress of Plant Pathology, New Zealand.

zation in 1976: the control of soil-bornepests by solar heating, using plasticmulching. Through this and other out-standing contributions Dr. Jaacov Katan’slaboratory has become a centre for solar-ization research. He has hosted manygraduate students and scientists fromother countries and also cooperates withgroups the world over.Dr. Katan has authored or co-authoredabout 200 major publications and over300 other publications including the edi-

torship of a number of books. He has alsobeen responsible for organizing manyinternational conferences, seminars andworkshops in many countries. He is activein several learned and professionalsocieties and has been recognised by anumber of awards. He is a Fellow of theAmerican Phytopathological Society, theAmerican Association for the Advan-cement of Science who awarded him theRothschild Prize, and is incumbent of theBuck Family Chair in Plant Pathology.Dr. Katan is an enthusiastic teacher, lovedby his students. He has raised many gen-erations of students that are still indebtedto his vivid teaching at the university.Thanks to his excellent teaching at alllevels of university courses he has con-tinuously been elected as a distinguishedteacher.

THE DUCHESS OF MALFI’SAPRICOTS, AND OTHERLITERARY FRUITSRobert Palter, 2002, University of South CarolinaPress, Columbia, South Carolina, USA, illustrated872 p., 69.95 USD, ISBN 1-57003-417.

The fruits of horticulture are wondrousthing. They can be viewed in variousways. To the botanist fruits are ripenedovaries with or without accessory floralparts and seeds; to the chef and epicurethey represent the basis of drink, dinner,and dessert; to the dietician and nutrition-ist they are the source of health; to thehorticulturist and especially the pomolo-gist they are often the rationale for theirexistence. Fruits also have dimension inthe humanities: to the artist they representbeautiful objects often with symbolicovertones; to the poet and writer theyrepresent a metaphor for life and love.Robert Palter in a stunning book offers

The books listed here are non-ISHS-publications. For ISHS publications cover-ing these or other subjects, see the ISHS website www.ishs.org or the ActaHorticulturae website www.actahort.org.

New books, websites

”many hundreds of literary fruitepisodes, illustrated with images fromthe visual arts and drawn from a substan-tial fragment of the history of culturetwo-and-a half millennia in duration andstretching westward from Palestine andEgypt to the Americas.” A true scholarand historian of science, the author coversworks in 25 languages (all in Englishtranslation) that include horticulture, gas-tronomy, and human culture. This is a bigbook, beautifully written, with awesomeerudition. Although the literary workscover prose and popular culture, Palter isespecially strong on poetry. I have writtenon the cultural history of pear and findthat Palter has not missed a beat... includ-ing an obscure reference in Dickens’David Copperfield (it turns out we bothheard it on episode of MasterpieceTheatre). I have discovered some arcanereferences on Sumerian fruits and findthat Palter has cultivated the same vine-yard. If there is any nitpicking it is that the

organization of the book does not makehorticultural sense. We horticulturists donot like our pome fruits or stone fruitsmixed up and are unhappy with melonsand papayas discussed together, but this issmall potatoes. Palter is a bit confused onthe distinction between botanical variety,cultivated variety, variety, and cultivar butso is everyone else and this may be ourfault rather than his. I truly recommendthis book to pomologists for a broaderview of their particular specialty. Palter hasdone his best to include a lot of the sci-ence of fruits in his literary excursions (seechapter 2 on figs) and pomologists shouldbe aware of the literary dimension of fruitscience. (Reviewed by Jules Janick, PurdueUniversity, USA).

GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL:THE FATE OF HUMANSOCIETY

Jared Diamond, 1999, W.W. Norton & Co., NewYork, 480p., paperback 27.50 USD, ISBN-393-31755.

Jared Diamond’s enormously popular work,first issued in 1997 and winner of the 1998Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction, is nowavailable in paperback. Amazon.com offersa sale price of 19.25 USD with used copiesas low as 14.00 USD. It is truly wonderful

that a book on plant domestication wouldmake the best-seller list, and now thou-sands of readers have a better idea of thecontribution of agriculture and horticultureto world civilization. Diamond succeeds inunderscoring the pivotal role of plantdomestication and the importance of envi-ronment and ecological differences to thedevelopment of agriculture and world cul-ture. Diamond, Professor of Physiology atthe UCLA School of Medicine, is anauthority on New Guinea and neighboringislands and has done research on bird evo-lution. He offers some new perspectives onthis part of the world and makes the casethat New Guinea needs to be added as oneof the independent centers for the origin ofagriculture. This is a book with a broadsweep of history and the style is graceful.Recently his views on crop domesticationcan be found in a 2002 review article(Evolution, consequences and future ofplant and animal domestication. Nature418:700-707) and subscribers to Naturecan download it from the web:nature.com/DynaSearch/All/DynaSearch.taf. Despite Diamond’s certification as agenius by virtue of his winning aMacarthur Foundation Fellowship, thereare a few bloopers. On p. 124 he claimsthat the Department of Pomology,University of California, Davis, is devotedto apples (he needs to take a visit there; Isuspect he thinks pomology refers to pomefruits rather than fruits). He is undoubted-ly wrong that the origin of grafting (p.124)is China (see Trends in Genetics 18:426-43), and his supposition that the lack ofapple cultivation in North America was dueto a lack of grafting technology (p.155) iserroneous. The problem is that the nativeAmerican apples, although aromatic, areastringent and inedible, while natural pop-ulations of Malus sieversii in Central Asiathe source of domestic apples, includelarge-fruited and good-tasting types.(Barrie Juniper has made the interestingsuggestion that their large size is due tomillions of years of selection by bears.)(Reviewed by Jules Janick, PurdueUniversity, USA).

APPLES: BOTANY,PRODUCTION AND USESEdited by D. C. Ferree, Ohio State University,USA and Ian Warrington, HortResearch, NewZealand, published by CABI Publishing(www.cabi-publishing.org), 2003, 672 pp., hard99.50 GBP (175.00 USD), ISBN: 0851995926.

This book provides a comprehensive refer-ence work, summarising our knowledgeof apples and their production worldwide.It includes 24 chapters written by interna-tional authorities from the USA, Canada,

Europe and New Zealand. The main sub-jects addressed include taxonomy andproduction statistics, plant materials,apple physiology, orchard and tree man-agement, crop protection (includingorganic production), harvesting and han-dling and utilization. The book will be ofsignificant interest to those working inhorticulture and botany.

BREEDING RESEARCH ONAROMATIC AND MEDICINALPLANTS

Edited by Dr. Christopher B. Johnson,Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania,Greece and Chlodwig Franz, University ofVeterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, 2002, 435pp. with index, hard 69.95 USD, ISBN 0-7890-1972-8, soft 49.95 USD, ISBN 0-7890-1973-6.(A monograph published simultaneously as theJournal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, Vol.9, Nos. 2/3 and 4).

In this book researchers from large andsmall laboratories and institutionsthroughout Europe and the Mediter-ranean region explore recent develop-ments in the selection and breeding ofaromatic and medicinal plants. They takevaried approaches-from traditional breed-ing to the use of molecular markers-andcomplement them with up-to-date infor-mation on biodiversity and resource con-servation. This book examines breedingfor resistance and abiotic factors, manipu-lating natural product accumulationthrough genetic engineering, biochemicaland molecular regulation of essential oilaccumulation, economic and legal consid-erations that breeders will encounter andthe ethical aspects of breeding theseplants. Recommended not only to thoseinvolved with research on aromatic andmedicinal plant breeding, but also to nat-ural product chemists, pharmacognisists,and the users of these economicallyincreasingly important plants. For a com-plete list of contents, visit the websitewww.haworthpress.com.

THE FERTILE TRIANGLE: THEINTERRELATIONSHIP OF AIR,WATER, AND NUTRIENTS INMAXIMIZING SOILPRODUCTIVITYEdited by Benjamin Wolf, Wolf’s AgriculturalLaboratories, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, now inpaperback, 464 pp. with index, features 118tables and figures and suggested reading, hard149.95 USD ISBN 1-56022-878-4, soft 49.95USD, ISBN 1-56022-879-2.

Many farm practices and other media(such as soil preparation, use of machin-ery, and correction of pH and salt levels)

that affect these three growing compo-nents are explained. Specifically, it givesvital information about how to modifysoils to maximize growing potential, soil-less approaches that still provide maxi-mum air, water, and nutrients, how air,water, and soil affect crop production,balances necessary for maximum growth,and various farm practices and how theyaffect crop growth. Soil fertility and cropproduction students, farmers, farm man-agers, consultants, extension personnel,and those who sell various agriculturalchemicals used in soil supplements canprofit from this book. For a complete listof contents, visit the websitewww.haworthpress.com.

SHUGART’S A THEORY OFFOREST DYNAMICSRETURNS TO PRINT”A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The EcologicalImplications of Forest Succession Models” byHerman H. Shugart, 278 p., paperback 59.95USD, ISBN 1-930665-75-x, http://www.black-burnpress.com/forestry.html.

Originally published in 1984, this book isintended for scientists and students ofecology, forestry and climatology. Thebook includes a review of ecological suc-cession, coverage of forest dynamicsmodels and detailed analysis of severalmodels of forest succession. The modelsare applied to ecological problems onscales ranging from small forest gaps toentire landscapes and over years to mil-lennia. The Blackburn Press recentlyreturned this book to print, making itagain available to scholars, students,libraries and researchers who would liketo own or replace a copy of this classicbook.

WEBSITESwww.geneconserve.pro.br. Gene Con-serve is an electronic journal devoted toconservation of crop genetic resourceswith emphasis on cassava. Edited byNagib M. A. Nassar. Issue no 08,April/June 2003 include e.g. followingarticles: Cassava productivity worldwide:An overview (section Reprints), Commonground,common future: How Eco-agronomy can help feed the world andsave biodiversity (section Excerpts) andNutritive value of a cassava hybrid (sec-tion Articles).www.potatoreporter.com. Editors ofPotatoWorld Magazine, in cooperationwith Agricultural Promotion Projects(APP), have decided to initiate an English-language Internet magazine entitledPotatoReporter.


ISHS • 34

FROM THE SECRETARIATFROM THE SECRETARIAT

Courses and Meetings

The following are non-ISHS events. Make sure to checkout the Calendar of ISHS Events for an extensive listingof all ISHS meetings. For updated information log on towww.ishs.org/calendar.

49th Annual Conference of the Interamerican Society forTropical Horticulture, September 1-5, 2003, Fortaleza Ceara,Brazil. Info: Richard Campbell, Secretary-Treasurer, FairchildTropical Tropical Gardens Research Center, 11935 Old CutlerRoad, Miami, FL 33156 USA. Phone: (+1)3056671651x3420,fax: (+1)3056658032, email: [email protected] Postharvest Horticulture Conference, October 1-3,2003, Carlton Crest Hotel, Brisbane Australia. Info:http://www.aphc2003.org, email: [email protected] Annual Conference of the American Society forHorticultural Science, October 2-6, 2003, Providence, RhodeIsland (USA). Info: Tracy Shawn, ASHS, 113 South West Street,Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314-2851 USA. Phone:(+1)7038364606x330, fax: (+1)7038362024, email:[email protected] Conference on Greenhouse Technologies,Horticulture and Floriculture, 5-6 November, 2003, AmsterdamRAI concurrently with international HortiFair 2003. Info: Mrs.Ineke van Wieringen, email: [email protected],www.europoint-bv.com

Congreso Iberoamericano de Nutrición Vegetal, 20-21November, 2003, Barcelona, Spain. Info: Secretaría Técnica,phone: (+ 34)936350850, email: [email protected] International Citrus Congress (ICC 2004), Agadir, Morocco,15-20 February, 2004. Info: M. El-Otmani, Institut Agronomiqueet Vétérinaire Hassan II, PO Box 728, Agadir 80.000, Morocco.Phone: (+212)48248892, fax: (+212)48248892/242243, email:[email protected], web: http://www.lal.ifas.ufl.edu/isc_cit-rus_homepage.htm4th International Workshop on Functional-Structural PlantModels (4th FSPM), Montpellier, France, 7-11 June, 2004. Aworkshop, organised by AMAP unit (botany and bioinformaticsof plant architecture). Info: http://amap-e-learning.cirad.fr/workshop/fspm04.htmlTraining Course CEN-Standards for Chemical and PhysicalAnalysis of Growing Media, 23–25 September, 2003, Freising,Germany. Registration until 18 July. Info: Andreas Baumgarten,fax (+43)1732164201, email: andreas.baumgarten@lwvie .ages.atThe First National Congress of the Polish Society for HorticulturalScience (PSHS), 9-11 September, 2003, Kraków, Poland. Info:www.ptno.org.ar.krakow.plVI Congreso Internacional en Ciencias Agrícolas, 6-7 November,2003, Mexicali, Mexico. Info: http://ica.mxl/uabc.mx

We are pleased to welcome the fol-lowing new members:

NEW ORGANISATIONMEMBERS:

Benelux Society for Horticultural Science,p/a Hector Willocx, WTC -3 , 20ste verd.,Simon Bolivarlaan 3, 1000 Brussels,Belgium. Phone: (32)22084761, fax:(32)22084751TNO Building & Construction Research,Egon Janssen, Building Structures, PO Box49, 2600 AA Delft, Netherlands. Phone:(31)152763473, fax: (31)152763016,email: [email protected] Agricolas MACASA, S.L., Att:Mr. Ferran Boladeras, c/ Alemania 10,08700 Igualada, Barcelona, Spain. Phone:

New ISHS Members

(34)938041504, fax: (34)938046750,email: [email protected]

NEW INDIVIDUALMEMBERS:

Albania: Bardhosh Ferraj, DhimiterPanajoti; Argentina: Leandro Ravetti,Esteban Santipolio; Australia: Peter J.Batt, Mr. James Blackburn, Tim Bryant,Allan Geoffrey Bugg, Ms. Mary-LouCann, Mr. Peter Clark, Mr. Nathan Craze,Mr. Lucas Dougherty, Paul Drysdale, Mr.David Gillespie, Jack Graham, Dr. LindsayHutley, Ms. Holly Jones, Stanley G. Kailis,Mr. John Karl, Darren Lipton, Mr. StephenLudvig, Mr. Erich Mayer, Mr. DamianMcNally, Mr. Todd Miller, Dr. KevinPowell, Amanda Riches, Tony Riggall,Brendan Rodoni, Ms. Asma Rouhana, Ms.

Philippa Sadler, Ms. Jeanette Smith, Dr.Valerio C.Tanguilig, Robert Tassone,Annemieke Van der Meulen, Mr. JanWestra van Holthe, David Young; Austria:Kerstin Kainz; Belgium: Mr. Ian Fairlie, Dr.Robert Gabriels, Mr. Michel EdmondGhanem, Mr. Jonathan Gilson, Mr.György Horvath; Brazil: André Bueno, Mr.Joao Carlos Giampietro, Nagib Nassar,Claudio Salles, Ms. Elisabeth Scheichl,Marcos Schmitz, Robert Wilson; Canada:Marcelle Abou Rjeily, Mr. MohammadAfunian, Prof. Angélique Busic, Mr. JamesChan, Rene Desjardins, Mr. Jim Fares, Mr.Marco Girouard, Mr. Pierre Montminy,Mr. Edwin Pensaert, Ms. Lauren Pether,James Douglas Portree, Mr. Ivar Rage, Mr.Owen Roberts, Helen Thompson, RichardWalker, Mr. Derek Wong, Mr. ToddZatwarnitski; Chile: Dr. Gilda Carrasco,

Ms. María Inés González, Prof. Dr.Manuel Pinto; China: Mr. DannyDecombel; Colombia: Prof. Dr. AguilarCerveleon, Gustavo A Cruz; Croatia:Bogdan Cvjetkovic-Monti, Dr. SmiljanaGoreta; Cyprus: Mr. Christos Djamas, Mr.Nicolaos Evripidou, Mr. NikosPettemerides; Denmark: Anders KayGormsen, Mr. Jorgen H. Selchau;Ecuador: Christian Hiller, Mr. RodrigoOlmedo; Egypt: Mr. Hussein Elaguizy;Finland: Mr. Erkki Helanto; France: Mr.Jean Paul Devey, Mr. ValdemarFernandes, Ernest Grand, Dr. LucHarvengt, Dr. Carole Isbérie, ErikLowenmark; Gambia: Mr. AdedotunOduyemi, Mr. Saheed Ogunjobi;Germany: Mr. Jorge Sanchez, Prof. Dr.Dieter Treutter; Ghana: Mr. EricCornelius; Greece: Ioannis Androulakis,Mr. Ioannis Frantjeskakis, Mr. AlexandrosGavriel, Antonio Koutsaftakis,Magdalene Petridou, Nikolaos Psyllachis,Mr. Nikolaos Rigakis; Honduras: MarshaKrigsvold; Hungary: Vilmos Guttmann,Zoltan Ilovai, Szilvia Márkné Deák,Annamaria Mészaros, Orsolya Mile,Zoltánné Németh, Márta Nótári, GyorgyPernesz, Miklos Szabó, Nora Szabo, ZsoltSzani, Ágnes Vály; India: Mr. LaxmanAurangabadkar, Mr. Hiraji Dhanwatay,Ms. Yashodini Kulkarni, Mr. SanjayLunkad, Mr. Kaushik B Patel, Dr. VishawBandhu Patel, Dr. Villoo M Patell, Mr.Preetham Philip, Mr. Hemant Sharma,Mr. Chandrasekhar Thimmappaiah;Indonesia: Dr. Sumarno; Iran: Mr.Mohammad Mahdi Jowkar; Israel:Amiram Ben Dror, Amir Drori, Ms. RonnieEngel - Kirshner, Joseph Livne, OdedSalmon, Mr. Zvi Shimoni; Italy: GiovanniE. Agosteo, Barbara Alfei, Dr. CesareAngeli, Giovanni Bandino, FrancescoBartolozzi, Rodolfo Bernardi, ClaudioBertora, Vincenzo Castoro, Dr. AntonioCecchi, Francesco Ciccarese, Alberto DeBono, Mauro Durante, Dr. FrancescoFaggioli, Enrico Ferrara, Ana H. DiasFrancesconi, Salvatore Frisullo, MarcoGaimari, Pasquale Giorio, Gregorio Gullo,Nino Iannotta, Franco Lamberti, P.Lavermicocca, Nicola Lombardo,Gaetano Magnano Di San Lio, Ms. ElettraMarone, Vincenzo Marsilio, MassimoMencuccini, Antonio Minnocci,Gianfrancesco Montedoro, AntonioMoretti, Dr. Franco Nigro, Claudio Pucci,Dr. Salvatore Raccuia, FrancescaRapparini, Paulo Resta, Paola Rocchi,Annalisa Rotondi, Guiseppina Scarito,Prof. Dr. Luca Sebastiani, GiuseppeSicuro, Giovanni Sindona, AntonioFranco Spanedda, Nicola A. Uccella, Dr.Giuseppe Vignali, Giovanna Vlahov,Nicola Vovlas; Japan: Johny Gomez, Mr.Michikazu Hiramatsu, Mr. Shoichi Nishio,

Prof. Dr. Shigeto Tominaga; Jordan: Mr.Suhail Shatara; Korea - South: Mr. B.Y.Ahn, Kwang Hyun Cho, Dr. Chong WoonHong, Prof. Gab-Cheon Koh, Dr. Jong-Sug Park, Dr. Surinder Tikoo; Macedonia:Dr. Robert Smith; Mexico: Dr. EduardoAlvarez-Luna, Neal Benner, JavierCalderon, Dr. Anne Damon, Mr. Jose Diaz,Dr. Rodolfo Orozco-Gálvez, Dr. Jose EdithPoot-Matu, Manuel Portillo; Morocco:Hammadi Chimi, Mustapha Ismaili Alaoui,Noureddine Ouazzani; Netherlands: Mr.G. Coutts, Peter de Groot, Ms. Marinkede Haas-van Dijk, Siebolt Doorn, Mr.Lucas Gerrits, John van Gemert, Mr. Ir. J.J.Vermeulen, Prof. Dr. P.A.Th.J. Werrij; NewCaledonia: Mr. Laurent Desvals, Mr.Gildas Gateblé; New Zealand: Mr. JeffBrown, Mr. Keith Hitchings, Mr. ToddNewman, Mike Ponder, Mr. DeanRainham, Brian Reed, Ms. Lynne Roberts,Christopher Scollay, Mr. Matthew Sloan,Mr. Duncan Storrier; Nigeria: Ms. BusayoOlapade, Mr. Clement Olapade, Mr.Ebenezer Olapade Jnr., Mr. John Olapade;Norway: Ms. Siv Fagertun Remberg; Peru:Prof. Lucia Bejarano, Ms. Alicia Polo y laBorda; Philippines: Dr. Emma RuthBayogan, Mr. Jose Castro; Poland: JózefBabik, Tadeusz Kusibab, AdamOpatowicz; Portugal: Albino Bento,Antonio Fernando Bento Dias, LuisCatulo, M.I.E. Clara, Sandra Diniz DaSilvia, Maria Felix, Mr. Nicolau Félix,Maria Cristina Fernandes Serrano, LuisHenriques, Fausto Leitao, Joao IlideoLopes, Maria Isabel Maia, AntonioMarcelo Fernandes, Helena B.D. Matias,Bento Mestre Rogado, J. O. Peça, JoséAlberto Pereira, Fatima Peres, Maria DoCèu Pinheiro Alves, Prior Pinto Oliveira,Prof. Dr. Pedro Rocha; Romania: Mr. AlexAposteanu; Serbia and Montenegro:Biljana Lazovic, Zora Vucinic; Singapore:Mr. David Tai, Mr. Jasper Tang; SouthAfrica: Philip Raphael Costa, Ms. B.D. DeWet; Spain: Juan de Dios Alché, SimòAlegre, Teodoro Cabello, Pablo Castillo,José Maria Faci Gonzalez, Ramon Geli,Riadh Ghorbel, Juan Girona Gomis, R. M.Jimenez-Diaz, Ana Fe Marin Martinez, Dr.Julio Melida, Salvador Moreno, Dr.Alfonso Moriana, Maria José MotilvaCasado, Dr. Salvador Muñoz, Juli PascualLluís, Andres Porras, Maria Carmen Ms.Rodrigo Hernández, M. Paz RomeroFabregat, Mr. David Ruiz, Maria L.Soriano, A. Touzani, Antonio Troncoso,José Viruega; Sweden: Claes Anderson,Ms. Cilluf Svensson; Switzerland: Mr. RolfMarugg, Mr. Daniel Tanner; Taiwan: Mr.Ruei-Lung Kao, Mr. Yi-jen Tseng;Thailand: Dr. Thierry Jaunet; Tunisia:Moncef Cossentini, Taieb Jardak, WahidKhabou; Turkey: M.Taner Atlagan, ErolYalcinkaya; Ukraine: Mr. Valeriy Smirnov;

United Kingdom: Ms. Sujana Datta, Mr.Alan Delooze, Mr. Chris Evans, Mr.Ashley Hyde, Ms. Hannah Johnson, Ms.Maria Joy, Robert Macdougall, Ms.Aleksandra Maljkovic, Mr. Adam Ritchie,Dr. Daniel Sheard, Mr. Mark Vandervliet,Mr. Barrie Ward, Mr. David Whalley;United States of America: Ms. NourahAbusharbain, Hamed Alaqeel, Mr. IanAlexander, Barb Anderson, Mr. PatrickBehr, James Bell, Mr. Douglas Bertelsen,Dr. Darrell Boatright, Mr. Charles Boning,Raymond Bowdish, Dr. David Bryla, EricBusby, Ken Callaway, Mr. Joel Canestrino,Mr. Chris Caratan, Mr. Peter Carlson, Mr.Dan Carmi, Mr. William Chalupa, PolinaChiromeridou, Melissa Cloutier, Prof.Michael David Coffey, Frank Costa, Ms.Leah Crews, Mr. James Daly, StephaniDemille, Zhanao Deng, Mr. Mike DuBose,Brian Duncan, Mr. Carl Elliott, Dr. JamesFaust, Sara Ficken, Chris Fischer, Prof.Dean Gabriel, Dr. Ksenija Gasic, Mr.Daniel Graiff, Christopher Grallert, Mr.Timothy Grant, Mr. George Hack, Ms.Stephanie Hake, David Hall, Mr. WilliamHendricks, Mike Hoffmann, Pete Hraber,Tom Ikesaki, Ms. Claudia Israel, KenJohnson, Dr. Benito Juarez, Mark Kelley,Daniel Kelly, Dr. Paul Kelly, Ms. Hye-JiKim, Mr. Nathan Koxlien, GretchenKubal, Jack Lane, Mr. Chad Long,Roberto G. Lopez, Ass. Prof. KathrynLowrey, James Lucas, Charles Lyall, JamesMarshall, Dr. Tracie Matsumoto, KimberlyMaxson, Mr. Brian C. McCormick, MiltonE. McGiffin Jr., Mr. Ken Moore, Mr.Jonathan Naugle, Geoffrey Needham,Mr. Clay Noegel, Maxwell Norton, Mr.Andreas Pefanis, Mr. Gary Richard Pellett,Mr. Mark Pieper, Joseph Postman,Michael Prey, David Ramming, Dr. ParmRandhawa, Mr. Jason Reed, Mr. KevinRiggott, Dr. Nancy Roe, William Schuler,Scott Shadle, Mr. Mark Shannon, Mr.William Sharp, Dr. B. Merle Shepard, JohnSlaughter, Mr. William Slaughter, Dr.Michael Stanghellini, Robert J.Steinkamp, Mr. Shaun Strickland, Ms.Suzzanne Tate, Amy Thornton, HollyTubbs, Marie Turner, Patricia Turner, Ms.Elizabeth Vallot, Prof. Dr. RodrigoValverde, Ms. Denise Veyna, Mr. PaulVossen, Danny Vuong, Ms. KrystalWeilage, David Wells, Mr. Dorian West,Charles Williams, Dr. Mel Winestock,Mike Wood; Vietnam: Mr. BernhardSchenke, Ms. Nhan Dung Tran


ISHS • 36

In Memoriam

STANISA PAUNOVIC

Stanisa A. Paunovic,Professor of SpecialPomology at theFaculty of Agrono-my Cacak, Univer-sity of Kragujevac.passed away onMarch 28, 2003 atthe age of 77.Stanisa was born onMay 10, 1925 inthe village of Ores-kovica, the Republic

of Serbia (Yugoslavia). He graduated fromthe Agricultural Faculty in Belgrade in1949 and found employment with theFruit Research Institute Cacak where hehad worked continuously on scientificresearch issues at the Department ofPomology and Selection of Fruit Speciesfor 30 years. From 1977 to 1979 he wasDirector of the Fruit Research InstituteCacak.Dr. Paunovic made important scientificcontribution to genetics and breeding ofnew fruit crops especially plums, apricots,peaches, and walnuts where he devel-oped over 23 cultivars, and selected eco-types if of Belosljiva and Myrobalan

clones for rootstocks and interstocks forapricot and peach. Since 1983 he hadbeen coordinator of the investigation, col-lection and conservation of fruit treegenotypes of Yugoslavia done with theaim of creating the Yugoslav Fruit TreePlant Gene Bank. During his scientificcareer, he published 184 scientific papers,41 professional papers, 19 scientific pro-fessional papers, 10 monographs and 18books.Dr. Paunovic invested his energy andexpertise in the International Society forHorticultural Science over the period1955-1996. He served as President of theInternational Apricot and ApricotApoplexy Committee, convener andorganizer of the III InternationalSymposium on Plum and Prune Genetics,Breeding and Pomology in Cacak, afounding member of the European Panelon Apricot, various committees involvedwith breeding and growth regulation. Hewas the Yugoslav representative to theExecutive Council of ISHS from 1968 to1996. He was a member of the EditorialBoard of Scientia Horticulturae. He repre-sented Yugoslavia in the CoordinatingBody on Fruit Genetics and Breeding inthe Eastern Europe region and was amember of the Prunus FAO Working

Prof. Dr. StanisaA. Paunovic

Group (IBPGR). He had been chairman ofthe FAO working group on all plum. Dr.Paunovic organized numerous scientificand professional meetings in Yugoslaviaand abroad including 10 internationalsymposia and 8 Yugoslav symposia.Scientific communications presented inthese symposia were published in 15 vol-umes of Acta Horticulturae, a significantcontribution to the world stone fruitindustryDr. Pauovic was the recipient of manynational and international awards in hiscareer. In 1995, he received an HonoraryDoctorate of Sciences of the MendelUniversity of Agriculture and Foresty,Brno, Cxech Republic in recognition of hisscientific achievements.Dr. Stanisa A. Paunovic will be sorelymissed by his family and friends, and hiscolleagues will long remember his spiritand devotion to horticultural science. Hismany contributions in the field of fruitbreeding will be his legacy to the world.

Aleksandar S. Paunvic, Faculty of Agronomy, Cacak,Serbia and Monte Negro

For updates and more events logon to www.ishs.org/calen-dar. Make sure to mention your ISHS membership numberor join copy of your ISHS membership card whenregistering. A reduced ISHS members registration fee applies.

Year 2003■ July 21-25, 2003, Valencia (Spain): XIX Iinternational Symposium on

Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops and XInternational Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases. Info: Dr.Gerardo Llácer, IVIA, Carretera Moncade a Náquera, Km. 5.5,Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Phone:(34)961391000, Fax: (34)961390240, email: [email protected] web:www.ivia.es/fv2003/fv2003.htm

■ August 10-14, 2003 Wageningen (Netherlands): QualiFlor2003, 8thInternational Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of

Ornamentals. Info: Dr. U. van Meeteren, QualiFlor2003,Horticultural Production Chains, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Phone:(31)317482403, Fax: (31)317484709, email: [email protected]: www.dpw.wageningen-ur.nl/hpc/qualiflor2003.htm

■ August 25-28, 2003 Potsdam (Germany): International Workshopon Models for Plant Growth and Control of Product Quality inHorticultural Production. (ISHS Working Group HE5: ModelingPlant Growth, Environmental Control and GreenhouseEnvironment) Info: Dr. Matthias Fink, Institute of Vegetable &Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt, Theodor EchtermeyerWeg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany. Phone: (49)3370178355, Fax:(49)3370155391, email: [email protected] web: www.igzev.de/pots-dam2003/

■ August 25-28, 2003, Chiang Mai (Thailand): II InternationalSymposium on Litchi, Longan and Related Sapindaceae. Info: Dr.Suranant Subhadrabandhu, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of

NEW

CALENDAR OF ISHS EVENTSCALENDAR OF ISHS EVENTS

Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Phone:(66)25790308 or 25614891, Fax: (66)25791951, email:[email protected]

■ August 25-29, 2003, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany): EUCARPIAXXI International Symposium Classical vs. Molecular Breeding ofOrnamentals. Info: Prof. Dr. Gert Forkmann, TU München,Zierpflanzenbau, Am Hochanger 4, 85350 Freising, Germany. Phone:(49)8161713416, Fax: (49)8161713886, email:[email protected]

■ August 26-30, 2003, Iguazu Falls, Paraná (Brazil): V InternationalSymposium on New Floricultural Crops. Info: Dr. FernandoTombolato, Ist. Agronomico, Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo, CaixaPostal 28, 13001-970 Campinas SP, Brazil, Phone: (55)1932419091,Fax: (55)1932439690, email: [email protected] web:center.barao.iac.br/cec/njb/newflowers.htm

■ September 1-5, 2003, Davis, California (USA): IV InternationalSymposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Info: Dr. RichardSnyder, UC Davis, 1709 Palm Place, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Phone:(1)5307524628, Fax: (1)5307521552, email: [email protected],web: www.cevs.ucdavis.edu/cofred/public/

■ September 1-5, 2003, Angers (France): EUCARPIA Symposium onFruit Breeding and Genetics. Info: Dr. François Laurens, INRA Centred’Angers, BP 57, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France. Phone:(33)241225760, Fax: (33)241225755, email: [email protected] [email protected] web:http://www.angers.inra.fr/eucarpia/index.html

■ September 2-4, 2003, Cameron Highlands (Malaysia): ControlledEnvironment Technology for Sustainable Agricultural Production.Info: Dr. Rezuwan Kamaruddin, MARDI (Malasian AgriculturalResearch and Development Institute), Serdang, PO Box 12301, GPO50774 Kuala Lumpu, Malaysia. Phone: (60)389437072, Fax:(60)389482961, email: [email protected], web:http://www.mardi.my/ver2/sem_conf/ishs/index.html

■ October 14-18, 2003 Nauni (India): VII International Symposium onTemperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Info: Dr. K.K.Jindal, Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni,Solan (HP) 173230 India. Phone: (91)179252315, Fax:(91)179252030, email: [email protected]

■ October 20-23, 2003, Chaves (Portugal): III International ChestnutSymposium. Info: Dr. Carlos Abreu, Universidade de Tras-Os-Montese Alto Douro, Apartado 202, 5000-911 Vila Real . Phone(351)259350508 Fax: (351)259350480, email: [email protected]: www.utad.pt/eventos/chestnutcongress

■ October 22-25, 2003, Albacete (Spain): I International Symposiumon Saffron Biology and Biotechnology. Info: Prof. Dr. Jose A.Fernandez, Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Instituto de DesarrolloRegional, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitarios/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain. Phone: (34)967599309, Fax:(34)967599233, email: [email protected] web:www.uclm.es/cursos/azafran

■ 2003, Davis, California (USA): International Symposium onVegetable Quality. Info: Dr. Marita I. Cantwell, Mann Laboratory,Department of Vegetable Crops, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA95616-8746, USA. Phone: (1)9167527305, Fax: (1)9167524554,email: [email protected]

Year 2004■ February 1-6, 2004, Stellenbosch (South Africa): IX International

Symposium on Pear Growing. Info: Retha Venter, PO Box 5600,Helderberg, Somerset West, 7135, South Africa. Phone:(27)218554472, Fax: (27)218552722, email:[email protected], web: www.pearsymposium.co.za

■ February 9-12, 2004, Palmerston North (New Zealand): IInternational Root and Tuber Crops Symposium: ”Food Down

Under”. Info: Dr. M. Nichols, INR, Massey University, Private Bag11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: (64)63505799 ext.2614, Fax: (64)63505679, email: [email protected] web:www.crop.cri.nz/conferences/roottuber2004/

■ March 9-13, 2004, Taichung (Taiwan): XI International Symposiumon Virus Diseases of Ornamental Plants. Info: Dr. Chin-An Chang,Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), 189 Chung-ChengRoad, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan. Phone: (886)423302803,Fax: (886)423331089, email: [email protected] or Dr.Anne Marie van Zaaijen, Duinroos 35, 2202 DB Noordwijk,Netherlands. Phone: (31)71-3618182, Fax: (31)71-3617591, email:[email protected] web: http://www.tari.gov.tw/isvdop-11/index.html

■ March 23-27, 2004, Orlando, FL (USA): International Symposiumon Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climates. Info: Prof. Dr.Daniel J. Cantliffe, University of Florida, IFAS, Horticultural SciencesDept., 1251 Fifield Hall, Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690,USA. Phone: (1)3523921928x203, Fax: (1)3523926479, email:[email protected] web: conference.ifas.ufl.edu/ishs/

■ April 3-7, 2004, Melbourne (Australia): International Symposium onProtea. Info: Dr. Russel T. Dawe, PO Box 6168, Hawthorn West, VIC3122, Australia. email: [email protected]

■ April 19-22, 2004, Niigata (Japan): IX International Symposium onFlowerbulbs. Info: Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Okubo, Lab. of HorticulturalScience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. Phone: (81)926422827, Fax: (81)926422827, email:[email protected] web: http://jshs.ac.affrc.go.jp/sympo-sium/bulb2004/index.html

■ April 21-26, 2004, Beijing (China): IV International Symposium onEdible Alliaceae. Info: Convener Prof. Zhu Dewei, Chinese Societyfor Horticultural Science, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing100081, China. Phone: (86)1068919531, Fax: (86)1062174123,email: [email protected] or [email protected] web:www.ivfcaas.net.cn

■ May 3-8, 2004, Nova Oeiras and Alalá del Rio, Sevilla (Portugal andSpain): VIII International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture. Info:Dr. Luis Lopes da Fonseca, Estação Agronomica Nacional, Av.daRepublica s/n, 2784-505 Nova Oeiras, Portugal. Phone:(351)214403500, Fax: (351)214411797, email: [email protected] Dr. Fernando Romero Muñoz, Centro Las Torres Tomejil, 41200Alcala del Rio, Sevilla, Spain. Phone: (34)955045500, Fax:(34)955045625

■ May-June 2004, Bonn (Germany): X International Symposium onTiming of Field Production in Vegetable Crops. Info: Dr. FelixLippert, Institut für Obstbau und Gemüsebau, Universität Bonn, Aufdem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany. Phone: (49)228735139, Fax:(49)228735764, email: [email protected]

■ June 6-11, 2004, Verona (Italy): V International PostharvestSymposium. Info: Prof. Dr. Pietro Tonutti, University of Padova,Department of Agronomy and Crop Sciences, Agripolis, Via Romea16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy. Phone: (39)0498272845, Fax:(39)0498272850, email: [email protected] or [email protected] web: www.soihs.it/postharvest2004

■ June 7-10, 2004, Perugia (Italy): International Symposium onNutrition and Fertilization - Toward ecologically sound fertilisationstrategies in field vegetable production. Info: Prof. Francesco Tei,Dept.Agroenvir. & Crop Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XXGiugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. Phone: (39)0755856320, Fax:(39)0755856344, email: [email protected] web: www.unipg.it/ishs2004

■ June 13-18, 2004, Budapest (Hungary): VIII InternationalSymposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and EnvironmentalPhysiology in Orchard Systems. Info: Prof. Dr. Károly Hrotkó, St.Stephen University, Buda Campus, Department of Fruit Science,1518 Budapest, Pf. 53, Hungary. Phone: (36)13726284, Fax:(36)13726337, email: [email protected]

NEW

NEW

NEW

NEW


■ June 14-18, 2004, Reus-Tarragona (Spain): VI InternationalCongress on Hazelnut. Info: Dr. Joan Tous or Dr. Mercè Rovira,Apartat 415, 43280 Reus (Tarragona), Spain. Phone:(34)977343252, Fax: (34)977344055, email: [email protected] [email protected] web: www.hazelnut2004.com

■ June 20-24, 2004, Copenhagen (Denmark): VII InternationalSymposium on Modelling in Fruit Research and OrchardManagement. Info: Dr. Peter Braun, Royal Veterinary & AgriculturalUniversity, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Section Horticulture,Højbakegårds Alle 21, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark. Phone:(45)35283534, Fax: (45)35283478, email: [email protected]

■ June 21-24, 2004, Orlando, FL (USA): I International Symposium onTomato Diseases. Info: Dr. Timur Momol, Plant PathologyDepartment, NFREC, IFAS, University of Florida, 155 Research Road,Quincy, FL 32351, USA. Phone: (1)8508757154, Fax:(1)8508757148, email: [email protected] web:http://plantdoctor.ifas.ufl.edu/istd.html

■ June 2004, Davis, CA (USA): VII International Symposium onGrapevine Physiology. Info: Prof. Dr. Larry Williams

■ July 5-8 2004, Campinas-São Paulo (Brazil): III InternationalSymposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Breeding Researchand II Latin American Symposium on the Production of Medicinal,Aromatic and Condiments Plants. Info: Prof. Dr. Lin Chau Ming,Dept. Plant Production, Sector Horticulture, Agronomical SciencesCollege, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP 18.603-970, Brazil.email: [email protected]

■ July 5-9, 2004, Bologna (Italy): X International Workshop on FireBlight. Info: Prof. Carlo Bazzi, University of Bologna, Via Filoppo Re8, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Phone: (39)0512091446, Fax:(39)0512091446, email: [email protected] web:www.agrsci.unibo.it/fireblight

■ August 29-September 3, 2004, Berlin (Germany): InternationalSymposium on Horticultural Economics and Management. CreatingValue in a Changing Society. Info: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Bokelmann,Humboldt University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Inst. ofEconomics and Social Science in Agriculture, Luisenstrasse 56, 10099Berlin, Germany. Phone: (49)3020936136, Fax: (49)3020936236,email: [email protected] web: www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/wisola/ishs

■ September 6-9, 2004, Lofthus (Norway): VIII InternationalSymposium on Plum and Prune Genetics, Breeding and Technology.Info: Dr. Lars Sekse, Plante Forsk - Norwegian Crops ResearchInstitute, Ullensvang Research Centre, 5781 Lofthus, Norway.Phone: (47)53671200, Fax: (47)53671201, email: [email protected] web: http://www.planteforsk.no/

■ September 5-10, 2004, Brisbane (Australia): V InternationalStrawberry Symposium. Info: Dr. Neil Greer, QLD Dept PrimaryIndustries, PO Box 5083, Sunshine Coast Mail Centre, Nambour,QLD 4560, Australia. Phone: (61)754449605, Fax: (61)754412235,email: [email protected]

■ September 12-16, 2004, Leuven (Belgium): InternationalSymposium GREENSYS 2004 - Sustainable Greenhouse Systems:Co-operation of Engineering and Crop Science . Info: Prof. G.P.A.Bot, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 43, NL-6700 AA Wageningen,Netherlands. Phone: (31)317476442, Fax: (31)317425670, email:[email protected], and Dr. Leo F. M. Marcelis, Plant ResearchInternational, Bornsesteeg 65, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen,Netherlands. Phone: (31)317475802, Fax: (31)317423110, email:[email protected] web: www.greensys2004.nl

■ September 12-17, 2004, Debrecen (Hungary): V InternationalSymposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding. Info: Dr.Miklós Fári, Szent - Gyorgyi A u. 4, PO Box 411, 2101 Godollo,Hungary. Phone: (36)28330600, Fax: (36)28330482, email: [email protected] or [email protected], web:www.ivchb2004.org

■ September 27 - October 2, 2004, (Turkey): V InternationalSymposium on Olive Growing. Info: Dr. Mucahit Taha Ozkaya,University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Department ofHorticulture, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. Phone: (90)5355264860, Fax:(90)3123179119, email: [email protected] web:www.agri.ankara.edu.tr

■ September, 2004, Fortaleza (Brazil): III International Symposium onTropical and Subtropical Fruit. Info: Dr. Osvaldo K. Yamanishi,University of Brasilia Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, FruitSEction,Caixa Postal 04508 - Asa Norte, 70910-970 Brasilia, DFBrazil. Phone: (55)613072997, Fax: (55)613073247, email:[email protected]

■ October 4-8, 2004, Corfu (Greece): VI International Symposium onChemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Desinfestation.Info: Prof. Dr. Eris Tjamos, Agricultural University of Athens,Department of Plant Pathology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Votanikos-Athens, Greece. Phone: (30)2105294505, Fax: (30)2105294513,email: [email protected]

■ October 5-9, 2004, Jinju (Korea): III International Symposium onPersimmon. Info: Dr. Seong-Mo Kang, Department of Horticulture,Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea. Phone:(82)557515486, Fax: (82)557515483, email:[email protected]

■ October 24-28, 2004, Daejon (Korea): IV ISHS Symposium onBrassica and XIV Crucifer Genetics Workshop. Info: Prof. Dr. YongPyo Lim, Dept. of Horticulture, Chungnam National University,Kung-Dong 220, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 305-764, South Korea. Phone:(82)428215739, Fax: (82)428231382, email: [email protected]

■ November 7-14, 2004, Sorrento, Naples (Italy): V InternationalWalnut Symposium. Info: Dr. Damiano Avanzato, MiPAF, IstitutoSperimentale per la Frutticoltura di Roma, Via di Fioranello 52,00134 Roma, Italy. Phone: (39)0679348186, Fax: (39)0679340158 ,email: [email protected] or Dr. Maria-Emilia Malvolti, CNR,Istituto per la Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi, 205010 Porano (Terni), Italy. Phone: (39)0763374688, fax:(39)0763374330, email: [email protected]

■ November 2004, Almería (Spain): IX International Symposium onGrowing Media and Hydroponics. Info: Dr. Miguel UrrestarazuGavilán, Dpto. Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Almería, LanCañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain. Phone:(34)950015929, Fax: (34)950015939, email: [email protected]

■ November 2004, Melbourne (Australia): International Symposiumon Processing Tomatoes

■ 2004, Bursa (Turkey): III Balkan Symposium on Vegetables andPotatoes. Info: Dr. H. Özkan Sivritepe, Uludag Üniversity,Department of Horticulture, 16059 Bursa, Turkey. Phone:(90)2244428970, Fax: (90)2244429098, email:[email protected]

■ 2004, (Brazil): IV International Congress on Cactus Pear andCochenille

ISHS • 38

NEW

NEW

NEW

NEW

NEW

NEW

Acta Acta Title ActaNumber Price (EUR)

609 International Symposium on Managing Greenhouse Crops inSaline Environment 102

605 II International Symposium on Fig 74

603 VIII International Conference on Grape Genetics andBreeding 150

602 VI International Protea Research Symposium 54

601 II International Persimmon Symposium 62

600 VIII International Controlled Atmosphere ResearchConference 160

599 International Conference: Postharvest Unlimited 146

598 International Symposium on Sustainable Use of PlantBiodiversity to Promote New Opportunities for Horticultural Production Development 71

597 International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,Part II 76

596 VIII International Symposium on Pear 154

595 International Symposium on Apple Breeding for ScabResistance 52

594 International Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of PerennialFruit Plants 124

593 IV International Symposium on Models for Plant Growth andControl in Greenhouses: Modeling for the 21st Century -Agronomic and Greenhouse Crop Models 60

592 V International Peach Symposium 130

591 III International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds 107

590 IX International Workshop on Fire Blight 95

589 X International Asparagus Symposium 79

588 II International Symposium on Cucurbits 77

587 International Symposium on Asian Pears Commemoratingthe 100th Anniversary of Nijisseiki Pear 122

586 IV International Symposium on Olive Growing 160

585 VIII International Rubus and Ribes Symposium 125

584 VI International Symposium on Computer Modelling in FruitResearch and Orchard Management 62

583 I International Conference on Sweetpotato. Food and Healthfor the Future 59

582 International Symposium on Mediterranean Horticulture:Issues and Prospects 55

581 IV International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochineal 73

ACTA HORTICULTURAEACTA HORTICULTURAE

List of Acta Horticulturae numbers available

Below is the list of currently available numbers of ActaHorticulturae (print format). Should the title you are look-ing for no longer be available in print format we also offera tailor made CD-rom solution called ActaHort CD-rom. For more details on this service, or to download ourActa Horticulturae order form, please check out the ‘pub-lications’ page at www.ishs.org or go directly towww.ishs.org/acta

580 IV International ISHS Symposium on Artificial Lighting 63

579 II Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes 120

578 International Symposium on Design and EnvironmentaControl of Tropical and Subtropical Greenhouses 80

577 VII International Symposium on Plum and Prune Genetics,Breeding and Pomology 80

576 International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Possibilities and Limitations of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantProduction in the 21st Century 76

575 International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits 150

574 VII International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 82

573 International Symposium on Techniques to Control Salinationfor Horticultural Productivity 92

572 XX International Eucarpia Symposium Section Ornamentals -Strategies for New Ornamentals II 55

571 Workshop Towards Ecologically Sound Fertilisation in FieldVegetable Production 61

570 VIII International Symposium on Flowerbulbs 87

569 I Latin-American Symposium on the Production of Medicinal,Aromatic and Condiments Plants 72

568 X International Symposium on Virus Diseases of OrnamentalPlants 62

567 IV International Strawberry Symposium 142

566 International Symposium on Applications of Modelling as anInnovative Technology in the Agri-Food-Chain - Model-IT 93

565 VI International Symposium on Temperate Fruit Growing inthe Tropics and Subtropics 46

564 IV International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of DeciduousFruit Crops 82

563 International Conference on Environmental ProblemsAssociated with Nitrogen Fertilisation of Field Grown VegetableCrops 59

562 III International Symposium on Sensors in Horticulture 77

561 VIII International Pollination Symposium - Pollination:Integrator of Crops and Native Plant Systems 69

560 IV International Symposium on In Vitro Culture andHorticultural Breeding 96

559 V International Symposium on Protected Cultivation in MildWinter Climates: Current Trends for Suistainable

Technologies 123

558 I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan 79

557 VI International Symposium on Orchard and PlantationSystems 84

556 V International Congress on Hazelnut 96

555 II International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae 62

554 World Congress on Soilless Culture: Agriculture in theComing Millenium 68

553 IV International Conference on Postharvest Science 123

552 XX International EUCARPIA Symposium, SectionOrnamentals, Strategies for New Ornamentals 53

For more titles logon to www.actahort.org


ISHS • 40

■ ACTA 599: International Conference Postharvest Unlimited,Leuven, Belgium, 11-14 June, 2002. Fruits and vegetables areessential components of our daily diet and yet far too many lossesoccur in the chain from ”pddock to the plate”. Postharvest special-ists need to ensure the full range of skills and expertise that we haveat our collective disposal are used wisely for the benefits of our pro-ducers, our countries and perhaps more particularly for those devel-oping countries less fortunate than ours. Famine and starvation arestill major problems in too many countries; too many children dieeach day because they do not have access to necessary food andprovisions.Over the years, postharvest technology has evolved towards a mul-tidisciplinary field which involves various aspects such as genomics,biochemistry, physiology, engineering, and mathematical modelling.The communication between experts in these areas is complicatedbecause of the difference in scientific background, research cultureand scientific lingo. The aim was to build a bridge between the dif-ferent disciplines and to provide a forum for open discussion on allsubjects related to postharvest technology.In this Acta 98 articles cover diverse topics such as packaging, qual-ity kinetics and modelling, measurements of quality attributes, alter-native postharvest treatments, postharvest physiology, heat andmass transfer, storage of pome fruit and other commodities, and theethylene blocking agent 1-MPC. ISSN 0567-7572, ISBN 90 6605906 0; Price for non-members of ISHS for Volume 1 and 2: 146EUR.

■ ACTA 600: Eight International Controlled Atmosphere ResearchConference, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 8-13 July, 2001. It was thefirst time that the conference was organised under the flag of ISHSand the proceedings published in the Acta Horticulturae series. Thisenables a good distribution of and access to the scientific progressin controlled atmosphere research. This CA conference-series is theonly conference that deals with CA-technology, in all its aspects.This Acta consisting 132 articles in two volumes deals in manyimportant controlled atmosphere topics. Volume I gathers papers oflogistics and economics, pre- and postharvest relations, postharvesttreatments, disinfestation and insect control, controlled atmospheretechnology, CA-related disorders, modified atmosphere packaging,physiology of CA-treated produce and ethylene. Volume II consistarticles about sensor technology and quality measurements, tex-ture, nutritional value and flavour, microbiology and minimal pro-cessing, modelling as well optimal conditions. ISSN 0567-7572,ISBN 90 6605 916 8. Price for non-members of ISHS for Volume 1and 2: 160 EUR.

■ ACTA 601:Second International Persimmon Symposium,Queensland, Australia, 10-13 September, 2000. This Symposiumprovided a chance to share the latest findings in persimmonresearch across many countries under the theme ”Science Meetsthe Market”. The 34 papers of this Acta issue gives a good view ofsubjects as advances in breeding, biotechnology and physiology,innovations in product improvement and production systems,postharvest science and technology and from farm to consumer.Also several posters are presented in this issue of Acta. ISSN 0567-7572, ISBN 90 6605 926 5. Price for non-members of ISHS: 62EUR.

■ ACTA 602:Sixth International Protea Research Symposium, Wailea,Maui, Hawaii, USA, 11-14 March, 2002. Symposiums purpose -the advancement of protea in the international floriculture market -was well achieved. The stunning diversity among the Proteaceaeemerged as an informal theme. The 24 papers of this Acta explorevarious aspects of the propagation, cultivation, and post-harvesthandling of protea, the development of new cultivars and criteria

for evaluating them. ISSN 0567-7572, ISBN 90 6605 946 X. Pricefor non-members of ISHS: 54 EUR.

■ ACTA 603:Eight International Conference on Grape Genetics andBreeding, Kecskemét, Hungary, 26-31 August, 2002. From a verygeneral point of view, a continuous and prosperous existence ofviticulture can only be assured when we succeed in raising andmaintaining a high product quality of wine, table grapes, raisins orrootstocks. Furthermore, efforts have to be focused on realising asustainable grape growing in accordance with the highest possiblestandard of environmental protection. Breeding is certainly the mostprominent one, by developing cultivars which are highly resistant ortolerant to pests and diseases, which possess a high potential towithstand abiotic stress and also fulfil all demands of quality.The main topics are genome analysis, germplasm management bygenetic mapping, the development of genetic markers and so on.The fundamental challenge of present breeding programs is withoutany doubt the production of transgenic grapes, possessing new andmost valuable genes. The tremendous progress in these differentfields of research is exceptional. The danger of an increasing com-petition between breeders can only be prevented by cooperation,by a free access and beneficial sharing of e.g. germplasm, includingmolecular germplasm as well as open discussions. More or less darkclouds rise on the grape breeding horizon caused by a very differ-ent attitude towards transgenic plants by many consumers andpoliticians. The consumers’ aversion towards gene transfer was notforeseen. Reliable information is a possible key to a better under-standing of gene transfer by the consumers.A development, discussed at this conference was the proposal toform an International Grape-Vine Genome Working Group tosequence the entire genome of Vitis vinifera together with interest-ing sequences from other Vitis species. The 111 articles of this Actaissue presents topics such as clone selection, cross breeding, resist-ance breeding and interactions with environment problems as wellas DNS, microsatellites markers and iso-enzyme tests and their rolein heritability. ISSN 0567-7572, ISBN 90 6605 956 7. Price for non-members of ISHS for Volume 1 and 2: 150 EUR.

■ ACTA 605:Second International Symposium on Fig, Caceres, Spain,7-11 May, 2001. Fig is one of the oldest known fruit trees in theworld. It probably originated in the Middle East and naturalized inmany places in nowadays an important crop worldwide. This sym-posium contributed to increase the knowledge about this specie,underutilized for years, in order to be a real fruit alternative in cer-tain regions. The 46 scientific papers of this Acta cover differentaspects of fig research on plant material, culture techniques, eco-nomics and marketing and postharvest treatments and derivedproducts. ISSN 0567-7572, ISBN 90 6605 915 X.Price for non-members of ISHS: 74 EUR.

■ ACTA 606: International Workshop on Characterization of GeneticResources of Temperate Zone Fruits for the Tropics and Subtropics(TZFTS), Valencia, Spain, 2002. Efforts to promote temperate fruitproduction in tropical and subtropical environments have beenbased mainly on the introduction of adapted cultivars and the useof budbreaking chemicals. Though this approach has made animportant contribution to incrase yields, the importance of othersources of germplasm in breeding has been underestimated. TheInternational Network on Genetic Resources of TZFTS has proposeda team work among researchers, technicians and private sector toexplore a wider range of genetic resources. Ten papers including adescriptor guide for temperate zone species (apples, peaches pears,apricots and cherries) with medium to low chilling requirement arepresented in this Acta volume. ISSN 0567-7572, ISBN 90 6605 9664.Price for non-members of ISHS: 30 EUR.

Acta Horticulturae: New Volumes

chron nr2 2003 - Acta Hort · 2003-06-25 · Thirdly, a num-ber of current agricultural practices...

Documents

Transcript of chron nr2 2003 - Acta Hort · 2003-06-25 · Thirdly, a num-ber of current agricultural practices...