CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.
-
Upload
delilah-lucas -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.
![Page 1: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTIONSECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES
Chapter 6
Grade 10 BiologyFall 2010
![Page 2: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bell Ringer
1. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
2. Do all cells divide in the same manner?
![Page 3: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectives
Identify four examples of cell division in eukaryotes and one example in prokaryotes
Differentiate between a gene, a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid
Differentiate between homologous chromosomes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes
Compare haploid and diploid cells Predict how changes in chromosome number
or structure can affect development
![Page 4: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Formation of New Cells
About 2 trillion cells are produced by an adult human body every day
New cells are formed when older cells divide Cell division, aka cell reproduction
![Page 5: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Formation of New Cells
Different types of cell division The type of cell division differs depending on
the organism and why the cell is dividing Prokaryotes: bacteria reproduce asexually Eukaryotes: undergo growth, development, repair, or
asexual reproduction, formation of gametes
![Page 6: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Formation of New Cells
Gametes: are an organism’s reproductive cells Sperm or eggs
![Page 7: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Formation of New Cells
Regardless of the type of cell division occurring, information stored in DNA must be present in each of the resulting cells DNA directs cells activities and
determines its characteristics
When a cell divides, DNA is first copied and then distributed
Each cell ends up with a complete set of the DNA
![Page 8: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Prokaryotic Cell Division
DNA- circular, attached to inner cell membrane
Reproduce by binary fission Binary Fission: form of asexual
reproduction that produces identical offspring Single parent passes exact copies of
all of its DNA to its offspring
![Page 9: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Prokaryotic Cell Division
Binnary Fission Stages:1.DNA is copied 2.Cell divides
Adds new cell membrane to the point on the membrane between the two DNA copies
New cell wall forms around membrane
Pinch in two
![Page 10: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
Genes: segments of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule
Single molecule of DNA has thousands of genes lined up like train cars
![Page 11: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
Chromosomes: consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins, condensed form of DNA DNA and proteins become visible
Chromatids: the 2 exact copies of DNA that make up each of the chromosomes
Centromere: the point where two chromatids of a chromosomes are attached
![Page 12: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Activity Time!
Design a chromosome of your own. Label and colour:
Chromosome Centromere Chromatids 2 Gene regions
![Page 13: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
2 chromatids get separated during cell division and placed into each new cells Ensures that each new
cells will have the same genetic information as the original cell
![Page 14: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Chromosome Number and Structure
Somatic Cell: body cell, any cell other than sperm or egg Has 2 copies of 23 different chromosomes Total of 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes differ in size, shape and set of genes
![Page 15: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sets of Chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes: chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic contents
Each of 23 pairs of chromosomes consists of two homologous chromosomes
Each homologue in a pair of homologous chromosomes comes from one of the two parents
![Page 16: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sets of Chromosomes
Diploid: contains 2 sets of chromosomes, somatic cells 2n = (23 x 2) = 46
Haploid: contains 1 set of chromosomes, gamete cells n = 23
Each organism has characteristic number of chromosomes
![Page 17: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sets of Chromosomes
Fertilization: fusion of 2 haploid (n) gametes (sperm and egg) Forms diploid (2n) zygote
Zygote: a fertilized egg cell
![Page 18: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sex Chromosomes
Autosomes: chromosomes not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual 22 pairs in humans
Sex Chromosomes: contain genes that will determine the sex of an individual 1 pair out of 23 in humans
![Page 19: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sex Chromosomes
Human sex chromosomes: X Y- genes that cause fertilized egg to develop into a
male located here XX- female XY- male Sex determined by male since females only have X
X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
![Page 20: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Number
Presence of all 46 chromosomes is essential for normal development and function
Trisomy: humans with more than two copies of a chromosome Will not develop
properly
![Page 21: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Number
Karyotype: a photo of a chromosome in a dividing cell that shows the chromosome arranged by size
![Page 22: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Number
Down syndrome: Trisomy 21 Short stature, round
face with slanted eyes, varying degrees of mental retardation
How does this happen?
![Page 23: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Number
Disjunction: if one or more chromosomes fail to separate properly One new gamete ends up receiving both chromosomes
and other gamete receives none
Trisomy occurs when gamete with both chromosomes fuses with a normal gamete
![Page 24: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Activity Time!
Karyotype activity with a friend!Label:
Haploid number Diploid number
Indicate: Autosomes Sex cells If male or female
![Page 25: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Structure
Mutation: changes in chromosome structure
![Page 26: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Structure
Deletion: a piece of chromosome breaks off completely After cell division the new cell will lack a certain set of
genes
![Page 27: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Structure
Duplication: chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome Carries two copies of a certain set of genes
![Page 28: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Change in Chromosome Structure
Inversion mutation: chromosome piece reattaches to the original chromosome but in a reverse orientation
![Page 29: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Translocation mutation: if the piece reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
![Page 30: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION SECTION 1: CHROMOSOMES Chapter 6 Grade 10 Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f115503460f94c24463/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Activity Time!
Modeling Chromosomal Mutations 11 note cards Label:
1 – 5 Centromere 1 – 2 6 – 8
Demonstrate the 4 types of mutations