Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA....
-
Upload
brendan-rose -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA....
![Page 1: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ChromosomesChromosomesand and CellCell
ReproductionReproduction
![Page 2: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chromosome Structure
ChromosomesChromosomes are the coiled are the coiled up version of DNA.up version of DNA.
They consist of DNA and They consist of DNA and proteins: proteins: histoneshistones and and nonhistonesnonhistones
Chromosome Packing Animation
![Page 3: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Point of Confusion: Chromatin Point of Confusion: Chromatin vs. Chromatid vs. Chromosomevs. Chromatid vs. Chromosome
What is the Difference???What is the Difference???
centromere
sister chromatids
single-strandedchromosomes
double-strandedchromosomes
![Page 5: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromatids are attached at the Chromatids are attached at the center called a center called a centromerecentromere..
Sister Chromatids
![Page 6: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is a Kinetochore?What is a Kinetochore?
Kinetochore Animation
![Page 7: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Centrosome & Centrioles Centrosome & Centrioles oh the definitions…oh the definitions…
Centrioles: ANIMAL CELLS ONLYCentrioles: ANIMAL CELLS ONLYNonmembrane-bound organelles that occur in pairs just outside the Nonmembrane-bound organelles that occur in pairs just outside the nucleus of animal cells. Each centriole is composed of a cylinder or nucleus of animal cells. Each centriole is composed of a cylinder or ring of 9 sets of microtubule triplets with none in the middle (9 + 0 ring of 9 sets of microtubule triplets with none in the middle (9 + 0 pattern). During cell division a pair of centrioles moves to each end of pattern). During cell division a pair of centrioles moves to each end of the cell, forming the poles of the mitotic spindle. Centrioles also give the cell, forming the poles of the mitotic spindle. Centrioles also give rise to basal bodies that control the origin of cilia and flagella in motile rise to basal bodies that control the origin of cilia and flagella in motile cells of protists. In cross section, flagella and cilia have 9 sets of cells of protists. In cross section, flagella and cilia have 9 sets of microtubule doublets surrounding a pair of single microtubules in the microtubule doublets surrounding a pair of single microtubules in the center (9 + 2 pattern). This characteristic pattern also occurs in motile center (9 + 2 pattern). This characteristic pattern also occurs in motile cells of higher organisms, such as human sperm.cells of higher organisms, such as human sperm.
Centrosome:Centrosome:In animal cells the centrosome includes a pair of centrioles surrounded In animal cells the centrosome includes a pair of centrioles surrounded by radiating strands of microtubules called the aster. The microtubule by radiating strands of microtubules called the aster. The microtubule organizing centre that forms the mitotic spindle in dividing cells.organizing centre that forms the mitotic spindle in dividing cells.
![Page 8: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
In Plants there is no CentrioleIn Plants there is no Centriole
They use MTOCs: Microtuble Organizing They use MTOCs: Microtuble Organizing CentersCenters
Plant cells create mitotic spindle fibers and Plant cells create mitotic spindle fibers and have a centrosome they lack centrioles. have a centrosome they lack centrioles.
![Page 9: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What are spindle fibers made of?What are spindle fibers made of?
MicrotublesMicrotubles
Microtubles grow from the centrosomes Microtubles grow from the centrosomes Polar Microtubles: Attach to other polar Polar Microtubles: Attach to other polar
microtubles spaning the cell.microtubles spaning the cell. Kinetochore microtubles: attach to the Kinetochore microtubles: attach to the
kinetochore. Breakdown From Here.kinetochore. Breakdown From Here.
Microtubuleformation
and disassembly
![Page 10: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule which guide the development of traits.
![Page 11: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cell TypesCell Types
Somatic CellsSomatic Cells
GametesGametes
![Page 12: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Chromosome NumbersChromosome Numbers
Types: Autosomes and Sex Types: Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes (XX or XY).Chromosomes (XX or XY).
Humans: 22 pair of Humans: 22 pair of homologous chromosomes homologous chromosomes and 1 pair of sex and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.chromosomes.
![Page 13: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chromosome Numbers
All of the cells in the body, other than gametes are Diploid (2n=46 in humans).
Gametes contain only one set of chromosomes: Haploid (n=23 in humans).
![Page 14: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Different species have Different species have different numbers of different numbers of chromosomes.chromosomes.
![Page 16: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Change in chromosome number
Humans who are missing even one of the 46 chromosomes usually do not survive.
Humans with more than two copies of a chromosome, result in a condition called trisomy.
![Page 17: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Abnormalities in chromosome number can be detected by analyzing a karyotype.
Nondisjunction during the production of gametes results in gametes having more or less chromosomes than normal.
Pictures called karyotypes can detect problems after conception.
![Page 18: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
How do Prokaryotes divide? How do Prokaryotes divide?
They divide by binary fission. Their DNA is They divide by binary fission. Their DNA is circular and usually only has one strand. circular and usually only has one strand.
No Mitosis!!!No Mitosis!!!
![Page 20: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bacterial cells divide to reproduce
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction that produces identical
offspring: Mitosis
![Page 21: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Cell Cycle: for Eukaryotes Fig 12.5,12.4, 12.17
The cell cycle is a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during the life of an organism.
A cell spends 90 percent of its time in the first three phases of the cycle.
![Page 22: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Time to divide& multiply!
I’m working here!
![Page 23: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Key checkpoints at which feedback signals from the cell can trigger the next phase of the cell cycle (green light).
Cell Cycle Movie/Game
Overview of the cell cycle
![Page 24: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Checkpoint control systemCheckpoint control system3 major checkpoints:3 major checkpoints: G1/S: Called “Restriction Point”
can DNA synthesis begin?can DNA synthesis begin?
G2/M
has DNA synthesis been completed has DNA synthesis been completed correctly?correctly?
commitment to mitosiscommitment to mitosis spindle checkpoint
are all chromosomes attached to are all chromosomes attached to spindle?spindle?
can sister chromatids separate can sister chromatids separate correctly?correctly?
![Page 25: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
GG11/DNA Synthesis checkpoint/DNA Synthesis checkpoint
GG11/S checkpoint is most critical/S checkpoint is most critical primary decision pointprimary decision point
““restriction point” if cell receives if cell receives “GO” signal, it divides it divides
internal signals: cell growth (size), cell nutrition internal signals: cell growth (size), cell nutrition
external signals: “growth factors”external signals: “growth factors” if cell does if cell does not receive receive
signal, it exits cycle & signal, it exits cycle & switches to switches to G0 phase
non-dividing, working statenon-dividing, working state
![Page 26: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GG00 phase phase
MMitosis
G1Gap 1
G0Resting
G2Gap 2
SSynthesis
GG00 phase phase non-dividing, differentiated statenon-dividing, differentiated state most human cells in Gmost human cells in G00 phase phase
liver cells in G0, but can be
“called back” to cell cycle by external cues
nerve & muscle cells highly specialized arrested in G0 & can
never divide
![Page 27: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What molecules control cell What molecules control cell division?division?
2 types of molecules control2 types of molecules control Cyclins oscillating levels during cell division.Cyclins oscillating levels during cell division. Cycline dependent kinasis or CDKsCycline dependent kinasis or CDKs
First CDK discovered was MPF/ p-phase First CDK discovered was MPF/ p-phase promotor factor. promotor factor.
![Page 28: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
When control is lost: cancerFig 12.19, 12.20
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells due to loss of contact inhibition / density-dependent inhibition.
Overcrowding and tumors
Mutations in genes that control cell division may result in cancer.
If Telomerase ends are left on DNA, cells don’t die after 50 or so divisions. (Built in destruction control)
HeLa Cells: Most widely used cancer cell line.Named after a woman 40 years ago with cervical cancerImmortal. Each cell has 70-80 chromosomes instead of 46.
Hit the Cancer BiologyDocumentary Link
![Page 29: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Why do cells have to divide?Why do cells have to divide?
They outgrow their nuclear capacity.They outgrow their nuclear capacity. Surface area to volume ratioSurface area to volume ratio MetabolismMetabolism
Some cells are large. How do they Some cells are large. How do they overcome the problem?overcome the problem? MultinucleatedMultinucleated
Human skeletal muscle cellsHuman skeletal muscle cells
Paramecium (2 nuclei)Paramecium (2 nuclei)
Slime Mold Fungus (1000’s of nuclei)Slime Mold Fungus (1000’s of nuclei)
![Page 30: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Phases of Mitosis The Phases of Mitosis pg 232-233pg 232-233(How to make a clone)(How to make a clone)
InterphaseInterphase
ProphaseProphase
MetaphaseMetaphase
AnaphaseAnaphase
TelophaseTelophaseCytokinesis Cytokinesis
II PPrefer refer MMy y AAwesome wesome TTeacher…eacher…CCool!ool!
MITOSIS
The Jazzy Version of
Mitosis
![Page 31: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ProphaseProphase1.Chromosomes
coil and become visible.
2.Nuclear envelope & nucleolus breaks down.
3. Mitotic Spindle fibers begin to form.
MITOTIC SPINDLE
CENTRIOLES
CENTROMERE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
HOMOLOGUES
![Page 32: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
MetaphaseMetaphase 1.Chromosomes
line up along the equator of the cell.
2.Spindle fibers attach to kinetochore.
3.Centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell.
![Page 33: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
AnaphaseAnaphase
1.Spindle fibers begin to shorten.
2.Chromatids separate.
3.Chromatids begin moving toward the poles of the cell.
![Page 34: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
TelophaseTelophase1.Nuclear envelope reforms.
2.Cleavage furrow forms pinching the cytoplasm.
3.Chromosomes uncoil.
4.Cytokinesis begins.
![Page 35: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cytokinesis Fig 12.9
During telophase, cytokinesis occurs.
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is divided in half, and the cell membrane grows to enclose each cell.
![Page 36: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cleavage In
Action
Actin and Myosin in a ring formation contract causing cleavage.
![Page 37: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
How does a cell plate form in How does a cell plate form in plants?plants?
In Telophase: Golgi apparatus filled with cell wall materials move by microtubles to the middle of the cell and fuse.
![Page 38: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Plants do not separate. Plants do not separate.
Middle Lamella holds cells together. Middle Lamella holds cells together. StickySticky
![Page 39: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Meiosis Meiosis Fig.13.7 & 13.8Fig.13.7 & 13.8
USA 300,000,000 strong and growingUSA 300,000,000 strong and growing
Meiosis produces gametes and Meiosis produces gametes and reduces the number in chromosomes reduces the number in chromosomes in half.in half.
The following presents mitosis on the The following presents mitosis on the left and the corresponding meiosis left and the corresponding meiosis phase on the right….notice the phase on the right….notice the differences.differences.
The Theory of Inheritance of GenesThe Theory of Inheritance of Genes
First Link First
![Page 42: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A forest from the trees momentA forest from the trees moment
Meiosis 1Meiosis 1 Reduction Division: Process by which Reduction Division: Process by which
homologous chromosomes separate.homologous chromosomes separate. Each Chromosome pairs up precisely with its Each Chromosome pairs up precisely with its
homologue.homologue.
Meiosis 2Meiosis 2 Separation of sister chromatids.Separation of sister chromatids. Similar to Mitosis.Similar to Mitosis.
![Page 43: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Prophase Prophase IProphase Prophase IGenetic Recombination: Cross-over
Synaptomeal Complex: Pairing of homologues (Synapsis)
The Longest Phase
![Page 44: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Chiasmata (pl) Chiasma (s)Chiasmata (pl) Chiasma (s)GeneticsGenetics The point of contact between The point of contact between paired chromatids during meiosis, paired chromatids during meiosis, resulting in a cross-shaped configuration resulting in a cross-shaped configuration and representing the cytological and representing the cytological manifestation of crossing over. manifestation of crossing over.
![Page 45: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Metaphase Metaphase IMetaphase Metaphase I
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate. (double file)
Spindle fibers attach at kinetochore.
![Page 46: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Anaphase Anaphase IAnaphase Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate
![Page 47: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Telophase Telophase I Telophase Telophase I
& Cytokinesis & Cytokinesis I & Cytokinesis & Cytokinesis I
Each pole has the monoploid number of chromosomes
May or may not go into interphase.
![Page 48: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
None Prophase II None Prophase II
![Page 49: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
None Metaphase IINone Metaphase II
![Page 50: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
None Anaphase IINone Anaphase II
![Page 51: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
None Telophase II None Telophase II
& Cytokinesis II& Cytokinesis II
![Page 52: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Formation of GametesFormation of Gametes
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
spermatids
![Page 53: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
OogenesisOogenesis
OVUM
Third LinkComparison ofOOGENESIS
&SPERMATOGENISIS
![Page 54: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
So How Do Mitosis and Meiosis So How Do Mitosis and Meiosis Compare?Compare?
..
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
![Page 55: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Types of ReproductionTypes of Reproduction
Sexual and AsexualSexual and Asexual Sexual: MeiosisSexual: Meiosis Asexual: Binary fissionAsexual: Binary fission
![Page 56: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are the coiled up version of DNA. They consist of DNA and proteins: histones and nonhistones.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/56649e355503460f94b23d84/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What are the three ways genetic What are the three ways genetic variation is produced?variation is produced?
Independent AssortmentIndependent Assortment Meiosis 1: random separation of homologous Meiosis 1: random separation of homologous
chromosomes. 50% maternal or paternal C (2^23)chromosomes. 50% maternal or paternal C (2^23)
CrossoverCrossover Recombinant chromosomes are producedRecombinant chromosomes are produced Humans: 2-3 crossovers/chromosome pairHumans: 2-3 crossovers/chromosome pair RandomRandom
Random FertilizationRandom Fertilization Human Ovum = 8 million chromosomal combos Human Human Ovum = 8 million chromosomal combos Human
Sperm = 8 million chromosomal combosSperm = 8 million chromosomal combos Fertilization = 8 million X 8 million recombinations Fertilization = 8 million X 8 million recombinations
possible. possible.
Did you know? A man and a woman Can create 64 trillion
different offspring?