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Christmas tree pests 2013
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Current insects and diseases of concern in
Christmas trees
By Karl PulsOregon Department
ofAgriculture
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Useful tools
• Pruners• Knife• Hand lens• Camera• Beating cloth• Clip board• Shovel• Chain saw
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Pests ofTrue firs
Many pests feed on the underside of needles and branches or the interior of the tree
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How to find Cinara occidentalis(Bark aphid)
• Lowest branches of noble and grand fir are more commonly effected.
• Prior season’s growth effected, not current season.
• Aphids feed at base of needle, not usually on the needle. Molt on needles.
• Leave a white to grey, waxy coating on the the branches and base of needles.
• Treat when nymphs are actively feeding.
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C. occidentalis attacks older
woody growth, not current season
growth or needles. It feeds at the base
of needles
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Cinara aphids on Noble fir
Cinara occidentalis
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Cinara aphids atbase of needles
Noble fir
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ces.ncsu.edu
Cinara sp.
Cinara sp.
C. occidentalis on Fraser fir
Syrphid fly larva feeding on aphids
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C. occidentalis damagewith sooty mold
Noble fir
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Balsam twig aphidon true fir
• BTA feeds on current season growth and twists needle growth, typically in late spring and early summer. Blue-green to gray aphid.
• Black sooty mold, which grows on the honeydew produced by BTA, becomes noticeable in Fall into the following spring.
• Yellow jackets are abundant around the new growth.
• Treat in late spring through mid-summer.• Effected branches can be pruned back in the fall.
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Balsam Twig AphidDamage
Mindarus abietinus on Grand fir
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Balsam Twig Aphidon grand fir
Mindarus abietinus
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Root AphidsProsiphilus americanus
• Chlorotic trees can sometimes be a sign of root aphids. Digging the tree up is sometimes necessary to determine whether you have root aphids or not.
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How to find root aphids
• Locate stunted, yellowing noble firs, especially young firs.
• Look for ants that forage around the base of the noble firs and travel underground. (Lasius sp.) These are honey-colored ants that move the root aphids from root to root and feed on the honeydew that the aphids excrete.
• Winged adult aphids migrate from Ash trees in spring. Nymphs can live year round on roots.
• Treatments?
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Root aphids on Noble fir
Prosiphilus americanus
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eol.org
Adelges piceae
Balsam woolly adelgid
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Balsam woollyadelgid
• Balsam woolly adelgid is an aphid-like insect that effects balsam, fraser, noble firs, etc.
• Feeds on branches and trunk. • Causes swollen nodes.• Cottony appearance, can be quite numerous
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Balsam woolly adelgidsfeeding on trunk
Adelges piceae
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Balsam Woolly Adelgiddamage in Balsam fir
Adelges piceae
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Treat BWA in June when
crawlers are active
Adelges piceae
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Cooley spruce gall adelgid
• Cooley spruce gall adelgid is an aphid-like insect with a complex 2 year life cycle.
• It effects both douglas fir and spruce.• Damage is worse on spruce trees, forming
galls on branch terminals.• On douglas fir, needles are discolored where
adelgids feed.
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Cooley spruce gall adelgid crawlers in Spring
Adelges cooleyi
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Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid adults form protective coating
Adelges cooleyi
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Douglas FirNeedle Midge
Contarinia sp.
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• Needle midge overwinters as a pupa in the soil under the tree where it has fed.
• It emerges as an adult in Spring, as early as the beginning of March.
• Control at that time is critical
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Forestry Images.
Douglas firNeedle midge
larva
Goheen & Wilhite 2006.
Contarinia spp.
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Douglas Fir Twig Weevil (DFTW)
• One species: Cylindrocopturus furnissii
• Mostly attacks Douglas fir, rare on Noble (stress symptoms)
• Quarantined on Douglas fir Christmas trees shipped to Mexico
Forestry images. Furniss 1942.Adult
Larva
1 mm
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Douglas firTwig Weevil
• Cylindrocopturus furnissi is a small dark brown weevil with mottled white markings.
• Adults can be knocked off branches in summer and viewed on a drop cloth or beating cloth.
• Nymph damage occurs in early summer as dying and/or swollen branches. Use a knife to reveal the cambium layer where they are feeding.
• No treatment; prune out effected branches before adults emerge (before Summer).
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Forestry images.
Oregon Dept. Agriculture.
Oregon Dept. Agriculture.
Oregon Dept. Agriculture.
Galleries caused by DFTW inDouglas fir branches
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Forestry images.
Furniss 1942.
DFTW Damage
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Diseases of Douglas fir and True fir
Sunburn on noble fir
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Phytophthora Root Rot
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Phytophthora root rot
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Phytophthora root rot
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Diagnosing Phytophthora root rot
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Phytophthora root rotmanagement
• Reduce by improving drainage• Remove effected trees• Clean pruning equipment when dealing with
effected trees.• Plant resistant species
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Annosus root rot
Chain saw diagnosisHeterobasidion annosum
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Swiss Needle Cast
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Swiss Needle Cast
Chal Landgren
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Swiss needle caston Douglas fir
• Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii is a fungus that attacks needles in the spring and causes dieback the following season.
• Pseudothecia, black spores, can be seen in rows on the undersides of the needles.
• Needles drop by end of summer• Treatment period in late May through June
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Swiss Needle Cast
Chal Landgren
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Rhabdocline needle cast
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Rhabdocline needle cast
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Rhabdocline needle cast
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Swiss and Rhabdocline needle cast
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Uredinopsis rust on Grand Fir
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Uredinopsis pustules on Grand Fir
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Regulatory scouting
• For shipments to Hawaii:- No yellow jackets, slugs or snails allowed- Can be eliminated by mechanical shaking just prior to loading.• For shipments to Mexico:- Among other pests, no twig weevil, needle midge or yellow jackets are allowed (zero tolerance level).- Choose your fields carefully for shipments to Hawaii and Mexico
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Christmas Tree Diseases, Insects & Disorders in the Pacific Northwest:
Identification and Management,
Editor- Gary Chastagner-Washington State
University ExtensionExcellent descriptions
and images of pests and other types of damage.
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Christmas Tree Diseases, Pests and Other Disorders- Luisa Santamaria and Chal Landgren- Oregon State University Extension
Excellent field guide, images, descriptions and waterproof PagesOnline link: SERFcertified.orgLook under ‘farm resources’
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Knowledge is power