Chris Final Skeen

8/13/2019 Chris Final Skeen

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2 world concept with Adams

o The old and New worldo The Old and New world will not play well together

New World concept with Monroe and Adams:o Based on agricultural productiono Revival of the Jeffersonian era of Agricultural production

John Quincy: King of the highway

o Built roadso Yeoman farmers make very good use of these roadso Grain that would wither in silos is being sold away from its place of productiono American farmers are working longer hours

New practices in farmingcrop rotationo Fertilizernot human waste (someone in class asked an Skeen clarified)

Expansion of domestic banking and credit Softening of the barter system, move towards currency Regional brokers take products to places where they have a foothold Cities in the east no longer look overseas for trade

o Increased domestic marketo Eastern cities are looking to the south and west for products

Massive boom in American Agricultural System. Francis Lieber

o German political scientisto An American wants to do in a year what others want to do in a much longer period.

1815-1850AMERICAN MOVEMENT Side note1.3 billion in art (not sure why this is here) American priorities at this point: Speed over longevity The American family reshapes itself

o American meals used to be a sit down and discuss affairs


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o The American dinner shortens Steamboats Railroadsfirst one built in 1846

oFrom Baltimore, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia

Railroads are unsafe, deadlyo No standard railroad system

Wont see a standard till post reconstruction The population of America

o Doubling every 22 years.o 1790 - 4 million populationo 185023 million Americanso American birthrate peaks in the 1840so By nature: urban families - smaller, rural families - largero National income grows as population grows

After the Napoleonic Wars:o Immigration to the U.S. is renewed and massiveo 600,000 new arrivals from Europe in the 1830s

Double the number of immigrants 30 years before the Napoleonic wars America wants to raise productivity

o Unbelievable workloadso Increased machineryo 1861-1865

America industrializing faster than it did during the industrial revolution Industrial complex: Keep costs low, maximize profit at the top.

o Payroll is the biggest money sinkholeo Solution: cut wages, not allow wages to rise as quickly as they had in the past

Causes labor unrestleads to unions One of the first UnionsUnion of cobblers

o How do you get attention? Strike.


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o The leaders of strikes are often targeted as agitatorso Wildcat strikeshut down production for one day for no reason

(?)

o Leaders are forced out and blackballedo Hire new workers who sign agreements to not strikeo Division between the workers and managementsometimes

gets to be too tense.

Always someone caught in the crossfire.American industrial process:

o No pride in the finished product. Losing pride of skilled artisans (apprenticeship system). 1830s1840s of industrial era

o Workers are no longer able to work as they see fit No more cottage industries. Couldnt have the freedom you once enjoyed in being your own boss.

No drunkenness, laziness. New symbol or order in the American Industrial society: the clock.

1834 First National Union National Trades Uniono Anyone who works in the industrial sector can be a member of this union.o Advocating against long hours, low wages.o COLAcost of living adjustmentas cost of living rises, wages stay artificially lowo Advocating for value in labor.o The idle rich are living off the pooro Shop conflictsunionized shops vs. non-union shops.o To combat low standard of living: NTU says we need increase in funds for public

education

Maybe they can advocate for themselves, or go into managemento Advocate for the abolishment of imprisonment for debt.o This is where all trade unions get their start (with NTU)


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o Were (Skeen is) talking about the industrialized North Easto Politicization of Unionsindustrial leaders meet with Roosevelt.

Panic of 1837

o All this talk of Unions goes away.Panic of 1819

o Panicswhen the economy takes a nose dive Stagnation in the labor market

o 1815-1818Cotton becoming a staple product Cotton gets to 32.5 cents a pound at its peak

o Associationalism: Federal government tells the banks what to do. Gov tells banks to extend loans with low interest rates to farmers and

merchants.

Credit becomes easier to get. Side note: past 5 years (recent times)housing rates were relaxed too much

o In 1819 - cotton price crashes Cotton doesnt need a lot of water, past few years had seen short growing

seasons.

Land values lose 50-75% of their value because of their growers inability tocompetently grow cotton. No demand for cotton land anymore.

o Economy goes slack.o Breadbasket of America is out in the west. Less people buying cotton, so the south is

buying less food.

o Remain in this market recession for 7 years.Missouri Crisis

o Nationalism is dead Era of good feelings is gone. Return to regional factionalism. If we had eliminated slavery at the time of the revolutionthere would be no

civil war.

Slavery cant eliminated free labor is needed.


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Once: that which is good for all. Now: what is good for me? Missouri applies as a slave state.

First time that slavery is a national political issue. 1808First abolition of slavery. 1812Louisiana statehoodslave state

Slavery has crossed the Mississippi river 1818Missouri has 10,000 slaves within its territorial boundaries Before Missouri became a state: 11 free states

With 11 slave states Missouri creates an imbalance in terms of slave vs. abolitionist states.

It would create 24 slave votes vs. 22 non slave votes In 1818North has 105 reps in house. South has 81 members. Slavery states could use Missouri to put their candidates first. When the territorial leaders of Maine see Missouri acting to become a slave

state, they start recruiting people to move to Maine.

1819 - NY Representative James Tallmadge suggests a gradual system ofEmancipation

First time in American history that slavery is debated as a political issueMissouri compromise

o Debate rages into the 1920so The house approves the Tallmadge amendmento Henry Clayfrom Kentucky.

Missouri compromise: Missouri comes in as a slave state Maine will come in as a free state There will be no gradual emancipation in slave states Slavery will be prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase

territory.


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Anything north of 36 degree, 30 minute line will be a free state. Texas gives its land to Oklahoma so it can be south of the 36 30 line

where Oklahoma gets its panhandle.

Thomas Jefferson: A geographical line coordinating with a markedprinciple once conceived with moral will bury it deeper and deeper(need to look up quote online)

o Greatest definition of civil waro If we protect this institution with a geographic border, we

cannot progress.

Election cycle of 1820

o Slavery is not the issue of the election of 1820.o

Native Americans are the key issue of the election cycle.

o 125 thousand Native Americans east of the Mississippi. 5 civilized tribes: Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, Cherokee, and Iroquois. Prof. Skeen has 1/96 of Cherokee in him.

o In the southwest, Native American lands are needed to grow cotton onSide note on Veterans:

World War One 1915-1918 Flanders Field Poem Veterans Day We should be in school on Martin Luther King Day - Skeen

o Education stamps out ignorance 11/11/1918Armistice

o June 28, 1919treaty of Versailles U.S. never signed off on the end of WWI Congress passes: November 11, 1926Veterans Day

o Eisenhowermakes it a certified holidayo Used to be called Armistice Day

New forms of PTSD that the veterans today deal with


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o 22 Iraq/Afghanistan veterans commit suicide dailySide note on Gettysburg Address:

2 minutes long We dont take anything from the 2 hour speech that preceded Lincolns.

1805 Monroe starts pushing the Native Americans

further west

John Q. Adams had no intention of doing thiso Even though they hold valuable lands and possibly gold lands, Adams wont move them.o Adams is a man of fairness.o Moving Indiansfirst instance of institutionalized racism.

Why is the South portrayed as racist?

o Plantation owners are racist.o Didnt see black people as equal. Church education.o Few remaining radical groups in the south. This is blown up by media portrayal of the

south.

o Slavery ownership = racism.o Uneducated.

Slavery a business venture.

o Institutional racism began with Native Americans. We needed their land so we took it. Cherokee nation has its roots in Georgia

o They have their own constitutiono Seemingly protected by the Articles of Confederation

Andrew Jackson 1828

From Tennessee Jackson sees the Indians as subhuman. Jackson takes up the cause started by Monroe. Georgia no longer recognizes the Cherokee nationall their land is imminent domain.


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o Cotton production going down, so the government raises more taxes on cotton to makeup for the loss in profit.

Slave Uprising in South Carolinao Denmark Vessey

In Vesseys world the slaves need to be freed. Plans to take Charleston harbor and stop cotton production. Sets a date in 1805, but no one follows him. The sense of security of the people of South Carolina is extremely shaken.

After Denmark Vessey, rules regarding slave ownership are codified.o The Implied Government of the state governmento South Carolina is the first state to take the step to adopt these rules.

As an institution the slave trade was ended in 1808. 1828new Tariff to fill the hole left by loss of cotton production

o Even more money out of South Carolinas pockets.o State leaders dub this tariff the Tariff of Abomination

S.C. exposition and protest.o Claim that the state government can overrule federal law.o The state can nullify any law it doesnt like theory of nullificationo John C. Calhoun is the author of this theory AND the vice president under Andrew

Jackson

o To nullify lawthe states would have to come together in a convention and vote onwhether they would follow the law.

o Jackson is underminedhis own vice president wrote this.o If this theory of nullification passes

The state could reject the law or secedeo Senator Robert Hayne of S.C. introduces the theory of Nullification as a bill into congress

in 1830.

His chief foe is Daniel Webster, Mass. No one state can change our constitution

North vs. South


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o 20thMaine saves the war for the Union Robert E. Lee General James Longstreet

oLee tells Longstreet what to do, Longstreet does it

John Bell Hoodo Corps commanderresponsible for taking the left flank of the union

George Meadeo Recently named supreme commander

Stonewall Jackson dead Lewis Armisteadonly general who breaks the Union line Seminary HillConfederate HQ General Jeb Stuartcommander of Confederate Calvary Calvary are house mounted soldiers

o Eyes and ears of the army Had Lee known that they were up against dismounted Calvary they might not have engaged Stuart had shirked his orders and created a raiding party

o No military intelligence for Lee Lone statue of the priest at Gettysburg Chamberlainprofessor of Rhetoric at Bowden College

o Only commander for 18 month before little round topo Needs to hold the high groundo Not supposed to do the door thing

But theyre out of optionso Need to hold so the rebels dont come over cemetery ridgeo If Chamberlain had fallen, the flank couldve fallen and the army could have collapsed

No abolitionists in the south.


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James K. Polk is the president at this time.o Directs Zachary Taylor to go into the Rio Grande River Valley

Ordered to be belligerent with the Mexicans However the president cant be belligerent without congressional approval.

Polk Sends John Slidell to get Mexico back to the negotiating table:o 5 million for New Mexicoo 25 million for Californiao Recognize Rio Grande as Texas border

Side note: how to declare War:o President delivers declaration of war to congress

First to the house and then to the senate. Congress can either fail the declaration of war or it can pass. The Secretary of State informs the nation that we have declared war on them.

Polk has already sent troops down to Mexico

May 9, 1845declaration of war goes to Congress The army has been fighting Mexico since April 25. Polk could have been impeached. June 1845Mexico defeated. Mexico still offered the money for California and New Mexico. NixonWhen a president does something it is not illegal

o This quote has its roots in Polks aggression in MexicoIn 1972 Congress passes the War Power Act

o Allows the president to send the army anywhere for 60 days.o Precedent in Mexican War.o Panamao Both Iraq conflictso Somalia


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Election of 1848

o Democratic: Lewis Cass Adopts popular sovereignty The people can decide who and what they want to be.

o Whig: Zachary Taylor War hero Doesnt make a lot of public statements as to his politics. Wins on his war record.

Taylors presidency:

o Runs into the problem of the organization of territorieso 1849California is flushed with people

Gold rush Wants to come in as a non-slave state.

o Right now the ballot is 15 slave and 15 non slave. California would have unbalanced the senate.

Then senate could select non-slave judiciaryo Slavery then would be declared unconstitutional

o Side note: Had slavery been declared unconstitutional there would have been massiveeconomic crashes.

o New Mexico also applies for statehoodunder the 36 30 line Supposed to be a slave state. Elects to be a free state under popular sovereignty.

o Deepening of the sectional crisis.o Henry Clay- 73.

Mississippi, using nullification, wants to call an assembly of its constituents andsecede if CA and NM come in as Free states.

1849Invites other states to meet at Nashville, TN. Abolitionist movement in D.C. to end slavery in D.C.

o One of the issues talked about in Nashville.


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Fugitive Slave Law in 1793

o If a slave escapes from one state to another, than the slave must be returned.o SC complains that the law is not being enforced.

Clay compromise of 1850o His attempt to put a patch on the problemo California will be a free state.o The Mexican CessionNM, Utah, Arizonawill be fashioned into 2 territories

These two territories will decide free or slave state by popular sovereigntyo D.C. will abolish slavery.o 1850 - Congress will abolish intercontinental slave trade.

Slaves from Caribbean, Mexico. The patch works. The breakbeginning of the Civil War. The nation is dependent upon itself

o The south is growing productscotton, wheat, corno The northlarge ports, markets, banks, turns the raw product into finished producto The south believes that the north is treating the south unfairly

North taking too much off the top for itself No truth to this.

The ports in the north are simply closer to Europe.1853 Franklin Pierce

o Youngest American elected48o Young America movementtakes American democracy and capitalism onto the world

stage.

Framed over resources Natural resourcescoal, water timber Manmade resourcesrail road

o Doesnt talk about slavery It has to exist and were not going to talk about it.


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o Moves to purchase 45,000 miles of Mexican Desert Gadsden Purchase Beginning of transcontinental railroad. Connecting Baja and Gulf

Kansas/Nebraska Act - 1820

Repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 Establish Kansas as a territory Congress says that Kansas can decide whether or not to be a slave state.

Stephen Douglas says that the people will decide to

be Free states.

Believes that morality will rule the day Missouri floods Kansas with people Slavery could have been ended. 60% of the votes cast were cast illegally by Missourians

Kansas comes in as a slave state Abolitionists in Kansas (?) draft a Free State constitution. No single political group that can fix this. Whig, Popular Sovereign, Democratic-Republicans, Free Soil all come together

to form Republican Party.

Kansas is growingfast becoming the largest slave state in the Union.James Buchanan democrat from Pennsylvania

o Supports slavery.o Beats American party Millard Fillmore and beats Republic Candidate John C. Fremont.o Emergence of moral discussions on Slavery

Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Toms Cabin Talking about the degradation of American society

o The legality of slavery: How can the constitution support slavery? Scott V. Emerson


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2 Days after Before Civil War

Scott V. Emerson - Case gotten by Roger B. Taney court

Scott V. Emerson

o Dredd Scott is a slave in Missourio Moved to Illinoiso Scott sued for his freedom

Believed that he should have been freed along the way as the family whoowned him moved

Missouri denies him, so he goes to SCOTUS. 7-2 decision the SCOTUS decides that Scott is slave in perpetuity

At the time that the constitution was written, the African race wasconsidered so inferior so as not to have any of the same rights as white

people

o Taney Fueled the fire in Kansas

The Taney court Decided that Missouri compromise was unconstitutional The people in states do not have the right to vote on whether they want

to be a slave state or not. Slavery is a protected institution

Bloody Kansas 1857

o Battles at Flint Hill, Potawadadee Creeko Gives birth to John Browns movement

Swears that his life will be devoted to the process of abolition, and if he dies sobe it.

Moves his followers into VA over 18 months Wants to create a slave revolt John Brown wants to take the arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Potomac and Shenandoah


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Railroad tracks Sino Canal

John Brown, 2 sons and 15 followersOct. 1859

Takes the arsenal

Buchanan orders the third army in a force of 20,000 to take the arsenal Slaves have massive inferiority complexdont join Brown Robert E. Lee leads the 20,000

Lieutenant Johnathan JacksonStonewall Calvary attachmentJames E Brown Stewart. John Brown escape into the firehouse

o 2 sons are killedo Stands trial for treason, and 5 days later was hung

Became a martyr Honorable, but kind of fruitless Dont die for your country, make the other poor bastard

die for his

Patton4 people run in 1860 for president

o Stephen Douglas29% of popular vote Northern Democraticwanted gradual abolition

o John Bell - %13 Constitutionalist

o John C. Brekenridge 18% Southern Democratwanted Slavery

o Abraham Lincoln from Illinois - 40% Republican

If the democrats had not split, they could have won Douglas and Lincoln were friends

o But Douglas was an alcoholic


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o 1862dies of liver failure Right after meeting with Lincolnperhaps prompting him to pass Emancipation

proclamation.

Looking at the popular vote:o 51% or morethe president has the mandate of the people to act in their favoro In this (Lincolns) election - the majority of the people voted for the person who was not

the winner

o Lincoln got 180 electoral votes but not the mandate of the people Republican party had deemed itself the party of abolition

o Lincoln didnt really talk about slavery Talked about states rights Knew that abolishing slavery would lead to a crash in the economy

With Lincolns election, the slave forces lost their mindso Lincoln wasnt even in office before S.C. secedes

Feb 7, 1861most southern states have followed SCo Except the border statesVA, TN, Maryland

The secessionists quote the argument is exhausted LincolnWe have just carried an election on principles fairly stated to the people. Now we are

told that the government must be broken up before we take office. This could be the end of

government.

March 1861Lincolns first day in officeo Receives a communique from Robert Anderson

Commander of Fort Sumter We have 6 weeks left long time South, North Carolina, Georgiagoing to be hard to get supplies into fort

Sumter

Lincoln sends a letter to governor of SCo Let thesupplies come in or else war.

Fort Sumter is in Charleston Harborcan put up a blockade Governor of SC calls upon Jefferson Davis


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o President of C.S.Ao Lincoln never recognizes Jefferson Davis as President

Dont want to recognize the South as a nation Davis tells the governor of SC that hes going to have to take the fort.

April 12, 1861 4:30 AM P.G.T. Beauregard attacks

Fort Sumter

o This is the Confederacys declaration of war on the union Siege lasts 36 hours Nobodys killed in the siege Lincoln doesnt have a competent commander in the field

o All of the good officers had gone to the south Lee, Jackson, Hood, Longstreet, Stuart

o Calls Lee to the White Houseo A lot of the Southern officers fought for their home state, not any ideology for the home

state

o Lee tells Lincoln that he cant fight against his own stateo Lincoln tells Lee If you dont accept command of these troops, I will bury the dead in

your yard

Arlington National CemetaryFort Sumter large engagement

o Confederate VictoryBattle at Aquia Creek May of 1861

o Main hub into VAo Union forces blockade the creeko Considered to be an engagement, no shots fired

June 1861 Phillipi Bridge

o Virginiao First soldier to die in the Civil warPrivate T. Bailey Brown.o Bridge necessary for the movement of troops in central V.A.


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o USA victoryJune 1861 Bethel Church, VA

o Won by CSAo Crossroads

June 1861 Battle at Booneville, MO

o Small battleo Union victoryo Control of MO countryside

July 1861 Hokes Run

o Hokes Run small engagement and Union win - VAo Falling Waterspretty much a drawWilliamsport Maryland

July 1861 - Carthage

o Carthage, MOCSA victoryJuly 1861 Cheat Mtn. - VA

o 22 uniono 13 CSAo Union win

Bull Run/ Manassas

o Major engagemento CSA Wino Stonewall gets his nicknameo Black Burns ford part of Manassas battle

CSA VictoryWilson Creek

o Oak Hills, VACSA Confederates won the major battlesbetter officers and leadership No content quizzes and none of the previous exams will be on the exam


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John Quincy Adams to today Fredericksburg, Antietam, The Valley Campaignall CSA victories Burnsideunion commander at Fredericksburg

oCouldve won if he had moved 100 yards to the east

o End of December 1862Aurora Borealis showed that night Gettysburg is going to be a major turning point in the war

o First CSA major loss As early as December 1863Lincoln preparing to win.

o Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstructiono Plan for after the waro Way to bring the states who have rebelled back into the uniono 10% of the white males on the 1860 Voter rolls would have to swear an oath of loyalty

to the U.S.

Previously rebel states could write a constitution if they did this Would have to be republican in nature Have to abolish slavery Responsible for producing an education system that education African

Americans

Does not rule out the old CSA leaders from holding office Radical Republicans in the congressincredibly far right

o Dont believe Lincoln is being harsh enougho Want him to punish the Confederates for leavingo Want congress to determine reconstructionnot a presidential proclamationo Congress should set the terms by which states reenter the union

Wade/Davis plano Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohioo Congressman Henry Winter Davis of MarylandRepresentativeo All of the old confederate states will be ruled by a military governmento 50% of all white males on the voter rolls must swear a loyalty oath


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Chris Final Skeen

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